- •Кременчук 2003
- •Витяг з протоколу № 1
- •В/о зав. Кафедри о.В. Фадєєва
- •Рецензія
- •Рецензент доц. О.В. Фадєєва Тематичний план лекцій
- •Lection 1. The noun in the contrasted languages
- •Nouns ending in vowels other than -o/-e
- •Syntax of the noun the cases
- •The nominative case
- •The accusative case
- •The genitive case
- •The dative case
- •Impersonal constructions: -ся verbs:
- •The locative case
- •The instrumental case
- •The vocative case
- •Syntax of case: the preposition
- •Alphabetical list of Ukrainian prepositions
- •Case government of Ukrainian prepositions Prepositions governing the genitive
- •Prepositions governing the genitive in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the accusative
- •Prepositions governing the accusative in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the dative
- •Prepositions governing the locative
- •Prepositions governing the locative in addition to other cases
- •Spatial constructions
- •Temporal constructions
- •Prepositions governing the instrumental
- •Substantival word formation
- •Lecture 2. The adjective
- •2. Comparison
- •Regular comparatives
- •Irregular comparatives
- •The analytic or compound comparative
- •Usage and 'than'
- •3. Using adjectives
- •Adjectives constructed with cases and prepositional phrases
- •Adjectives constructed with prepositional phrases
- •Genitive
- •Accusative
- •Instrumental
- •Locative
- •Adjectives constructed with infinitives and adverbs
- •Lection 3-4. The verb in the contrasted languages
- •2. Aspect and tense
- •Verbs of motion determinate and indeterminate
- •Imperfective:
- •Sequence of actions
- •3. The passive
- •4. The imperatives and conditionals the imperative
- •Irregular verbs
- •Inclusive ('Let's') commands
- •The conditional
- •5. Participles, gerunds,infinitive
- •Passive participles
- •The use of the infinitive
- •Verbs requiring the use of an infinitive
- •6. Transitive / intransiive verbs
- •Intransitive vs. Transitive: -ся verbs
- •Intransitive verbs without -ся
- •Intransitive verbs with -ся
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •Interrogatives
- •Indefinites
- •Interrogatives of time
- •Statements of time
- •Indefinites
- •Quantitative adverbs (adverbs of degree)
- •Indefinites
- •Сидячи сидячи стоячи стоячи лежачи лежачи
- •Adverbial modal constructions
- •It is possible that it will rain (perhaps it will rain).
- •It is impossible to open the door (it’s stuck, locked,. . .).
- •Lection 6. The numeral and pronoun in the contrasted languages
- •Summary table of cardinal, collective, and ordinal numerals
- •Два/дві, три, чотири and обидва/обидві
- •П'ять and above
- •Selected paradigms
- •Collectives
- •Distribution
- •The ordinals
- •Time expressions
- •Hours (time of day)
- •Fractions
- •Indefinite quantifiers
- •2. The pronoun: general remarks
- •2. The groups of pronouns
- •Interrogative and relative pronouns
- •'Whose?'
- •'How much?' - 'how many?'
- •Indefinite, negative, and distributive pronouns
- •Indefinites and distributives
- •Lection 7. The conjunction in the contrasted languages
- •General characteristic
- •Using conjunction
- •1. General characteristic
- •2. Using conjunctions
- •Coordination with conjunctions
- •Contrast
- •Within the composite sentence
- •The indirect y/n question
- •Other indirect questions
- •Adverbial or oblique clauses
- •Paired and repeated conjunctions
Syntax of the noun the cases
In this section we examine the occurrence of the noun in all seven cases first without the presence of specific elements (such as prepositions or verbs) that require the use of a particular non-accusative case. As the occurrence of the accusative is most commonly tied to the presence of a verb (and the majority of transitive verbs will involve the accusative case rather than the oblique cases), we must treat the construction 'verb + accusative noun' here: in other words, they are 'unmarked', and basic to the definition of the accusative case. All other cases that are dependent upon the presence of a particular verb are described in the context of the 'Syntax of the Verb'.
The nominative case
The nominative case is the case of the subject; it is the naming case, as the English and Ukrainian terms indicate: Eng. nomin- < Lat. nomen, nominis 'name', Ukr. назив- < the Ukrainian verb 'to name', 'to call'.
(1) A noun-subject is free to occur either before or after a verb because the nominative marker prevents misunderstanding or ambiguity. English, on the other hand, requires fixed word order because the declensional system characteristic of Old English was lost over the centuries: 'The cat saw Peter' does not = 'Peter saw the cat', whereas Ukrainian allows:
Петро побачив вовка.
and Petro saw the wolf.
Вовка побачив Петро.
Although the word order can change, the subject is still 'Petro', as this form is in the nominative case. However, even though the basic idea is the same, a change in word order does shift the emphasis: the second version is more likely to mean 'It was Petro who saw the wolf; i.e. new or significant information is placed last.
(2) The lack of overt definite/indefinite articles in Ukrainian ('a' and 'the' in English) does not mean that such differentiation cannot be made; indeed, placement of the subject (nominative element) first or last in an utterance makes this possible:
Студент стукнув у двері. The student knocked at the door. (The student is a known quantity, what he is doing is new information.)
У двері стукнув студент. A student knocked at the door. (The student is new information.)
(3) A noun in the nominative can appear as a thought on its own, with the verb 'to be' understood:
Зима. (It is/was*) winter.
Літо. (It is/was*) summer.
* depending on context.
(4) A subject (noun or pronoun) can be equated with or defined by another noun simply by means of a dash, implying the presence of the verb 'to be' (as in X = Y):
Київ - столиця України. Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine.
Шевченко (Він) - творець Shevchenko (He) is the creator (father)
сучасної української of the modern Ukrainian literary
літературної мови. language.
Іван - геолог. Ivan is a geologist.
Ми - і рядові,... і генерали We - privates (army), . . . and generals,
- солдати. are soldiers.
(О. Єфімов)
The hyphen is replaced by suitable forms of бути 'to be' for like expressions in the past or future. When a form of this verb is present, the second, or defining, noun can also appear in the instrumental case depending on style; the instrumental can imply a more temporary state - especially with professions:
Шевченко був поет / поетом. Shevchenko was a poet.
Ахматова не була росіянка/росіянкою. Akhmatova was not Russian.
Ігор був студентом. Ihor was a student.
(5) Finally, a phenomenon that is widely found is that of double-barrelled, hyphenated nouns. The two nouns will always agree in case, number, and gender with one another, whether as subjects or other elements of a statement; this pattern is an economical way to provide information (without the use of conjunctions or relative clauses), as the second element more closely defines or identifies the first element:
генерал-полковник, генерал-майор brigadier-general, major-general посланник-нунцій envoy, but no ordinary envoy, viz.
the Papal nuncio
швейцар-бородач a doorman who has a long beard
(lit. 'doorman-man with a long beard', Б. Олійник)
This is just a small sampling of possible combinations; needless to say, the number of possible pairs is theoretically infinite ('worker' + 'bald man' = 'The worker who is/was bald').