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Irregular verbs

дати: дай, дайте, даймо!

їсти: їж, їжте, їжмо!

Imperatives are not formed from the -повісти stems; thus, for оповісти 'to relate', відповісти 'to answer', an imperative will be formed from the corre­sponding imperfective: оповідай! відповідай!

One final form requires a short note, viz. the imperatives of стояти 'to stand' and боятися 'to fear': although they are end-stressed (стою, стоїш, and so on), the stems are стой-, бой-; in the presence of a zero ending о becomes i, as seen in the masculine past tense of verbs such as могти - міг. Thus: стій, стійте, стіймо! бійся, бійтеся, біймося!

The use of imperatives

As described in the section on the formation of the imperative, there are distinct imperative forms for the 2sg., 2pl, and 1pl. The ти form is used with individual friends, students, and family members, while the Ви form is used with individuals as a mark of respect (i.e. with people one either does not know or whose position requires respect) or in reference to more than one person.

Positive commands: ти and Ви

The aspect of an imperative is crucial to the correct delivery of an intended message. Commands of a general nature - in the form of suggestions, guide­lines as to manner of action, and likewise - will require the imperfective aspect, while a specific command (pertaining to most situations) will usually be formed from perfective verbs. Compare the following two groups of examples, the first of which can be described as 'general', the second as 'specific':

1 Говоріть повільно, будь ласка. Speak slowly, please.

Говори українською (мовою), Ольго. Speak in Ukrainian, Ol'ha.

Пишіть ясно, будь ласка. Please write clearly.

Відповідайте, коли знаєте відповідь. Answer when you know the answer.

2 Скажіть, будь ласка, де Іван. Please tell (me) where Ivan is. Запиши свою відповідь. Write down your answer. Прочитайте восьму лекцію. Read lesson eight.

Візьми книжку - вона дуже цікава. Take the book - it's very interesting. Вибачте! Sorry! (Excuse me!)

The imperfective may be used for specific commands if there is some urgency to the request; thus (i) if the action is required immediately or (ii) if the request had been made once (using the normal perfective) but had not been acted upon and needed repeating. Note the following examples:

Іване, відчиняй вікно! Ivan, open the window!

Прочитайте першу сторінку. Ну, читайте! Read the first page. Well, read!

Стій! Stop! (lit. 'Stand!')

Negative commands: ти and Ви

The rule of thumb for negative commands is: (a) imperfective for neutral statements and (b) perfective when a sense of warning is implied; the latter might express 'be careful', 'not to', 'lest. ..'. Compare:

He говори мені про це - це нецікаво. Don't tell me about this - it's uninteresting

He скажи йому: це таємниця. Don't tell him: it's a secret.

He читай цей розділ. Don't read this chapter.

Іде дощ; не забудь парасольку. It's raining; don't forget the umbrella.

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