- •Кременчук 2003
- •Витяг з протоколу № 1
- •В/о зав. Кафедри о.В. Фадєєва
- •Рецензія
- •Рецензент доц. О.В. Фадєєва Тематичний план лекцій
- •Lection 1. The noun in the contrasted languages
- •Nouns ending in vowels other than -o/-e
- •Syntax of the noun the cases
- •The nominative case
- •The accusative case
- •The genitive case
- •The dative case
- •Impersonal constructions: -ся verbs:
- •The locative case
- •The instrumental case
- •The vocative case
- •Syntax of case: the preposition
- •Alphabetical list of Ukrainian prepositions
- •Case government of Ukrainian prepositions Prepositions governing the genitive
- •Prepositions governing the genitive in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the accusative
- •Prepositions governing the accusative in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the dative
- •Prepositions governing the locative
- •Prepositions governing the locative in addition to other cases
- •Spatial constructions
- •Temporal constructions
- •Prepositions governing the instrumental
- •Substantival word formation
- •Lecture 2. The adjective
- •2. Comparison
- •Regular comparatives
- •Irregular comparatives
- •The analytic or compound comparative
- •Usage and 'than'
- •3. Using adjectives
- •Adjectives constructed with cases and prepositional phrases
- •Adjectives constructed with prepositional phrases
- •Genitive
- •Accusative
- •Instrumental
- •Locative
- •Adjectives constructed with infinitives and adverbs
- •Lection 3-4. The verb in the contrasted languages
- •2. Aspect and tense
- •Verbs of motion determinate and indeterminate
- •Imperfective:
- •Sequence of actions
- •3. The passive
- •4. The imperatives and conditionals the imperative
- •Irregular verbs
- •Inclusive ('Let's') commands
- •The conditional
- •5. Participles, gerunds,infinitive
- •Passive participles
- •The use of the infinitive
- •Verbs requiring the use of an infinitive
- •6. Transitive / intransiive verbs
- •Intransitive vs. Transitive: -ся verbs
- •Intransitive verbs without -ся
- •Intransitive verbs with -ся
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •Interrogatives
- •Indefinites
- •Interrogatives of time
- •Statements of time
- •Indefinites
- •Quantitative adverbs (adverbs of degree)
- •Indefinites
- •Сидячи сидячи стоячи стоячи лежачи лежачи
- •Adverbial modal constructions
- •It is possible that it will rain (perhaps it will rain).
- •It is impossible to open the door (it’s stuck, locked,. . .).
- •Lection 6. The numeral and pronoun in the contrasted languages
- •Summary table of cardinal, collective, and ordinal numerals
- •Два/дві, три, чотири and обидва/обидві
- •П'ять and above
- •Selected paradigms
- •Collectives
- •Distribution
- •The ordinals
- •Time expressions
- •Hours (time of day)
- •Fractions
- •Indefinite quantifiers
- •2. The pronoun: general remarks
- •2. The groups of pronouns
- •Interrogative and relative pronouns
- •'Whose?'
- •'How much?' - 'how many?'
- •Indefinite, negative, and distributive pronouns
- •Indefinites and distributives
- •Lection 7. The conjunction in the contrasted languages
- •General characteristic
- •Using conjunction
- •1. General characteristic
- •2. Using conjunctions
- •Coordination with conjunctions
- •Contrast
- •Within the composite sentence
- •The indirect y/n question
- •Other indirect questions
- •Adverbial or oblique clauses
- •Paired and repeated conjunctions
Irregular verbs
дати: дай, дайте, даймо!
їсти: їж, їжте, їжмо!
Imperatives are not formed from the -повісти stems; thus, for оповісти 'to relate', відповісти 'to answer', an imperative will be formed from the corresponding imperfective: оповідай! відповідай!
One final form requires a short note, viz. the imperatives of стояти 'to stand' and боятися 'to fear': although they are end-stressed (стою, стоїш, and so on), the stems are стой-, бой-; in the presence of a zero ending о becomes i, as seen in the masculine past tense of verbs such as могти - міг. Thus: стій, стійте, стіймо! бійся, бійтеся, біймося!
The use of imperatives
As described in the section on the formation of the imperative, there are distinct imperative forms for the 2sg., 2pl, and 1pl. The ти form is used with individual friends, students, and family members, while the Ви form is used with individuals as a mark of respect (i.e. with people one either does not know or whose position requires respect) or in reference to more than one person.
Positive commands: ти and Ви
The aspect of an imperative is crucial to the correct delivery of an intended message. Commands of a general nature - in the form of suggestions, guidelines as to manner of action, and likewise - will require the imperfective aspect, while a specific command (pertaining to most situations) will usually be formed from perfective verbs. Compare the following two groups of examples, the first of which can be described as 'general', the second as 'specific':
1 Говоріть повільно, будь ласка. Speak slowly, please.
Говори українською (мовою), Ольго. Speak in Ukrainian, Ol'ha.
Пишіть ясно, будь ласка. Please write clearly.
Відповідайте, коли знаєте відповідь. Answer when you know the answer.
2 Скажіть, будь ласка, де Іван. Please tell (me) where Ivan is. Запиши свою відповідь. Write down your answer. Прочитайте восьму лекцію. Read lesson eight.
Візьми книжку - вона дуже цікава. Take the book - it's very interesting. Вибачте! Sorry! (Excuse me!)
The imperfective may be used for specific commands if there is some urgency to the request; thus (i) if the action is required immediately or (ii) if the request had been made once (using the normal perfective) but had not been acted upon and needed repeating. Note the following examples:
Іване, відчиняй вікно! Ivan, open the window!
Прочитайте першу сторінку. Ну, читайте! Read the first page. Well, read!
Стій! Stop! (lit. 'Stand!')
Negative commands: ти and Ви
The rule of thumb for negative commands is: (a) imperfective for neutral statements and (b) perfective when a sense of warning is implied; the latter might express 'be careful', 'not to', 'lest. ..'. Compare:
He говори мені про це - це нецікаво. Don't tell me about this - it's uninteresting
He скажи йому: це таємниця. Don't tell him: it's a secret.
He читай цей розділ. Don't read this chapter.
Іде дощ; не забудь парасольку. It's raining; don't forget the umbrella.