- •Кременчук 2003
- •Витяг з протоколу № 1
- •В/о зав. Кафедри о.В. Фадєєва
- •Рецензія
- •Рецензент доц. О.В. Фадєєва Тематичний план лекцій
- •Lection 1. The noun in the contrasted languages
- •Nouns ending in vowels other than -o/-e
- •Syntax of the noun the cases
- •The nominative case
- •The accusative case
- •The genitive case
- •The dative case
- •Impersonal constructions: -ся verbs:
- •The locative case
- •The instrumental case
- •The vocative case
- •Syntax of case: the preposition
- •Alphabetical list of Ukrainian prepositions
- •Case government of Ukrainian prepositions Prepositions governing the genitive
- •Prepositions governing the genitive in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the accusative
- •Prepositions governing the accusative in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the dative
- •Prepositions governing the locative
- •Prepositions governing the locative in addition to other cases
- •Spatial constructions
- •Temporal constructions
- •Prepositions governing the instrumental
- •Substantival word formation
- •Lecture 2. The adjective
- •2. Comparison
- •Regular comparatives
- •Irregular comparatives
- •The analytic or compound comparative
- •Usage and 'than'
- •3. Using adjectives
- •Adjectives constructed with cases and prepositional phrases
- •Adjectives constructed with prepositional phrases
- •Genitive
- •Accusative
- •Instrumental
- •Locative
- •Adjectives constructed with infinitives and adverbs
- •Lection 3-4. The verb in the contrasted languages
- •2. Aspect and tense
- •Verbs of motion determinate and indeterminate
- •Imperfective:
- •Sequence of actions
- •3. The passive
- •4. The imperatives and conditionals the imperative
- •Irregular verbs
- •Inclusive ('Let's') commands
- •The conditional
- •5. Participles, gerunds,infinitive
- •Passive participles
- •The use of the infinitive
- •Verbs requiring the use of an infinitive
- •6. Transitive / intransiive verbs
- •Intransitive vs. Transitive: -ся verbs
- •Intransitive verbs without -ся
- •Intransitive verbs with -ся
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •Interrogatives
- •Indefinites
- •Interrogatives of time
- •Statements of time
- •Indefinites
- •Quantitative adverbs (adverbs of degree)
- •Indefinites
- •Сидячи сидячи стоячи стоячи лежачи лежачи
- •Adverbial modal constructions
- •It is possible that it will rain (perhaps it will rain).
- •It is impossible to open the door (it’s stuck, locked,. . .).
- •Lection 6. The numeral and pronoun in the contrasted languages
- •Summary table of cardinal, collective, and ordinal numerals
- •Два/дві, три, чотири and обидва/обидві
- •П'ять and above
- •Selected paradigms
- •Collectives
- •Distribution
- •The ordinals
- •Time expressions
- •Hours (time of day)
- •Fractions
- •Indefinite quantifiers
- •2. The pronoun: general remarks
- •2. The groups of pronouns
- •Interrogative and relative pronouns
- •'Whose?'
- •'How much?' - 'how many?'
- •Indefinite, negative, and distributive pronouns
- •Indefinites and distributives
- •Lection 7. The conjunction in the contrasted languages
- •General characteristic
- •Using conjunction
- •1. General characteristic
- •2. Using conjunctions
- •Coordination with conjunctions
- •Contrast
- •Within the composite sentence
- •The indirect y/n question
- •Other indirect questions
- •Adverbial or oblique clauses
- •Paired and repeated conjunctions
Lection 7. The conjunction in the contrasted languages
General characteristic
Using conjunction
1. General characteristic
Conjunctions may be denned as: forming a closed lexical category, or a lexical item belonging to this category, whose members serve to construct coordinate structures, such as "and", "or" and "but" in English'. In this grammar, however, we retain the traditional approach, including conjunctions, or 'subordinates', which introduce subordinate clauses. Conjunctions thus cover a rather diffuse area, from linking elements of simple sentences to linking the clauses of composite sentences.
In other words, they are used to convey the coordination of parts of the clause and of separate clauses, and to convey the subordination of one clause to another. They may be:
(i) simple, for example,
і (й) and a and, but
бо because, for що that
та and (а)ні neither/nor, and not
чи or (also question particle) як how, that
(ii) compound, for example,
щоб so that проте therefore, from (what) reason, but, besides
якщо if ніби as if
або or зате instead, moreover, however
(iii) composite, for example,
через те що since, because незважаючи на те що in spite of the fact that
для того щоб in order to/that подібно до того як like
тому що because
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS EITHER
(і) correlate, for example,
і (й) and та and
також also, too як... так і... both . . ., and . . .
(а)ні... (а)ні... neither ..., nor… не тільки ... а й ... not only .. ., but also . . .
же and, but
(also emphatic, enclitic (after first accent-bearing element), many interpretations and in combination with various other particles)
(ii) contrast, for example,
a but але but
та but проте but
зате but однак but, still, however, or
(iii) separate, for example,
або or чи or
або ... або ... either . . ., or . . . чи ... чи ... either . . ., or . . .
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS MAY BE
(i) causal, for example,
тому що because тим що because, since
через те що because, since бо for
оскільки (in)sofar as у зв'язку з тим що since, in connection
with. . .
(ii) temporal, for example,
як and в міру того як as, in proportion as
як тільки as soon as як лиш as soon as
щойно as soon as, hardly тільки но hardly, just, no sooner . . .
скоро when, if, as soon as коли when
відколи since доки ... не until
поки while, as long as поки ... не until
перед тим як before після того як after
з того часу як since
(iii) spatial, for example,
де where куди (to) where, whither
звідки from where, whence
(iv) conditional, for example,
як if якщо if
коли if коли б if only
якби if, if only раз if
(v) purposive (= aim), for example,
щoб(и) so that для того щоб in order that
з тим щоб so that затим щоб so that
аби in order that, so that
(vi) comparative, for example,
як as, since що as
(не)мoв as if, as it were немовби as if, as it were
наче(бто) as if, as it were ніби as if
неначе as if, as though буцім би/буцім то/буцім би то as if
(vii) consequential, for example,
так що so that
(viii) concessive, for example,
хоч/хоча although хай let
нехай let дарма що although
незважаючи на те що despite, in spite of the fact that
(ix) explanatory, for example,
тобто that is себто that is
а саме that is, in other words
to which we may add the general subordinator що 'that' and the relatives який and що.
We may also add the markers of indirect speech, namely що 'that', чи 'yes/ no' interrogative particle, and all the various question words, some of them already listed above and elsewhere, for example,
хто who що what
чий whose чому/навіщо/пощо why
коли when де where
куди where (to) звідки where from (and many other variants)
Subordinating conjunctions may also occur in pairs (like coordinating conjunctions), for them one in the main clause and the other in the subordinate clause, for example,
чим + comparative . . ., тим + comparative . . . the x-er . . ., the x-er . . .
дарма що/хоч ..., а(ле)... although .......
тільки ..., як ... hardly . . ., than . .
який ..., такий ... like . . ., like .
як ..., так ... since/as. . ., (thus)
коли ..., тоді... when . . ., (then). . .
де ..., там ... where . . ., (there)
відкіля ..., відтіля ... from where, (from there). . .
не тільки ..., але й/а й/а також/а навіть ... not only . .., but also/even . . .
(о)скільки ..., (о)стільки ... insofar as ...
якщо ..., то ... if. . ., (then). .
The pairs may be repetitions, for example,
і..., і... both . . ., and ... то ..., то... now . . ., now .. .
або ..., або ... either . . ., or . . . чи ..., чи ... either . . ., or . ..