- •Кременчук 2003
- •Витяг з протоколу № 1
- •В/о зав. Кафедри о.В. Фадєєва
- •Рецензія
- •Рецензент доц. О.В. Фадєєва Тематичний план лекцій
- •Lection 1. The noun in the contrasted languages
- •Nouns ending in vowels other than -o/-e
- •Syntax of the noun the cases
- •The nominative case
- •The accusative case
- •The genitive case
- •The dative case
- •Impersonal constructions: -ся verbs:
- •The locative case
- •The instrumental case
- •The vocative case
- •Syntax of case: the preposition
- •Alphabetical list of Ukrainian prepositions
- •Case government of Ukrainian prepositions Prepositions governing the genitive
- •Prepositions governing the genitive in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the accusative
- •Prepositions governing the accusative in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the dative
- •Prepositions governing the locative
- •Prepositions governing the locative in addition to other cases
- •Spatial constructions
- •Temporal constructions
- •Prepositions governing the instrumental
- •Substantival word formation
- •Lecture 2. The adjective
- •2. Comparison
- •Regular comparatives
- •Irregular comparatives
- •The analytic or compound comparative
- •Usage and 'than'
- •3. Using adjectives
- •Adjectives constructed with cases and prepositional phrases
- •Adjectives constructed with prepositional phrases
- •Genitive
- •Accusative
- •Instrumental
- •Locative
- •Adjectives constructed with infinitives and adverbs
- •Lection 3-4. The verb in the contrasted languages
- •2. Aspect and tense
- •Verbs of motion determinate and indeterminate
- •Imperfective:
- •Sequence of actions
- •3. The passive
- •4. The imperatives and conditionals the imperative
- •Irregular verbs
- •Inclusive ('Let's') commands
- •The conditional
- •5. Participles, gerunds,infinitive
- •Passive participles
- •The use of the infinitive
- •Verbs requiring the use of an infinitive
- •6. Transitive / intransiive verbs
- •Intransitive vs. Transitive: -ся verbs
- •Intransitive verbs without -ся
- •Intransitive verbs with -ся
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •Interrogatives
- •Indefinites
- •Interrogatives of time
- •Statements of time
- •Indefinites
- •Quantitative adverbs (adverbs of degree)
- •Indefinites
- •Сидячи сидячи стоячи стоячи лежачи лежачи
- •Adverbial modal constructions
- •It is possible that it will rain (perhaps it will rain).
- •It is impossible to open the door (it’s stuck, locked,. . .).
- •Lection 6. The numeral and pronoun in the contrasted languages
- •Summary table of cardinal, collective, and ordinal numerals
- •Два/дві, три, чотири and обидва/обидві
- •П'ять and above
- •Selected paradigms
- •Collectives
- •Distribution
- •The ordinals
- •Time expressions
- •Hours (time of day)
- •Fractions
- •Indefinite quantifiers
- •2. The pronoun: general remarks
- •2. The groups of pronouns
- •Interrogative and relative pronouns
- •'Whose?'
- •'How much?' - 'how many?'
- •Indefinite, negative, and distributive pronouns
- •Indefinites and distributives
- •Lection 7. The conjunction in the contrasted languages
- •General characteristic
- •Using conjunction
- •1. General characteristic
- •2. Using conjunctions
- •Coordination with conjunctions
- •Contrast
- •Within the composite sentence
- •The indirect y/n question
- •Other indirect questions
- •Adverbial or oblique clauses
- •Paired and repeated conjunctions
2. Comparison
COMPARATIVES
We have divided adjectives below into regular, irregular, and compound. However, one may bring the first two together as a 'simple' form, leaving aside the 'compound' form, which is created from practically any adjective using the word більш 'more' or менш 'less' in front of the basic form of the adjective. One can also precede the plain adjective with більш-менш, but there is no sense of comparison, rather one of approximation, i.e. 'more or less'.
Not all adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Most often this is for semantic reasons, which may occasionally be overridden. Such adjectives include those relating to colour and those having an attenuative or augmentative suffix, thus respectively:
(a) -ав-/-яв-, -уват-/-юват-
(b) -ущ-/-ющ-, -енн-, -езн-
Adjectives with prefixes such as пре-, архі-, ультра- also belong here.
Regular comparatives
Adjective (- -ий ending) + -іншії Adverb (- -o/e ending) + -ішe
холодніший colder холодніше
тепліший warmer тепліше
цікавіший more interesting цікавіше
Irregular comparatives
First, we have a few suppletive comparatives:
Simple adjective/adverb Predicative/adverb Attributive
великий більш(е) більший
гарний, гарно краще кращий
гарний, гарно гарніше гарніший
малий, мало менш(е) менший
добрий, добре краще, ліпше кращий, ліпший
добріше добріший kinder
поганий гірше гірший
Meanings: 'big', 'good', 'pretty/beautiful', 'small', 'good/kind', 'bad', respectively.
Second, adjectives (and adverbs) with the suffixes -к-, -ок-, -ек- lose the suffixes and take a simplified comparative formant (it is mainly these adjectives which have the suffix -ІІІ-), so we get:
далеко/далекий дальший (not *далекіший) - note далі
легко/легкий легший (not * легкіший) - легше
швидко/швидкий швидший (not *швидкіший) - швидше
глибоко/глибокий глибший - глибше
високо/високий вищий - вище
низько/низький нижчий - нижче
вузько/вузький вужчий — вужче
широко/широкий ширший - ширше
тонко/тонкий тонший - тонше
близько/близький ближчий - ближче
The meanings are, respectively: 'far', 'light/easy', 'fast', 'deep', 'high', 'low', 'narrow', 'wide/broad', 'fine/slim', 'near'. Similarly note:
дужий strong, powerful, healthy - дужчий
дорого/дорогий dear, expensive - дорожчий
старий old - старший
молодий young - молодший
дешевий cheap - дешевший важкий heavy, difficult -важчий
тяжкий heavy, difficult - тяжчий
довгий long - довший
The analytic or compound comparative
In addition to the synthetic comparative, there is an analytic or compound comparative, formed by preceding the plain adjective with більш 'more' (or менш 'less'). This form is used primarily with polysyllabic adjectives (basically, those whose stems contain more than two syllables), and then only optionally. Its optionality may be extended to more or less all adjectives. An example:
більш/менш симпатична людина
a more/less likeable person