- •Preface
- •Acknowledgements
- •Contents
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Classical Physics Between the End of the XIX and the Dawn of the XX Century
- •1.2.1 Maxwell Equations
- •1.2.2 Luminiferous Aether and the Michelson Morley Experiment
- •1.2.3 Maxwell Equations and Lorentz Transformations
- •1.3 The Principle of Special Relativity
- •1.3.1 Minkowski Space
- •1.4 Mathematical Definition of the Lorentz Group
- •1.4.1 The Lorentz Lie Algebra and Its Generators
- •1.4.2 Retrieving Special Lorentz Transformations
- •1.5 Representations of the Lorentz Group
- •1.5.1 The Fundamental Spinor Representation
- •1.6 Lorentz Covariant Field Theories and the Little Group
- •1.8 Criticism of Special Relativity: Opening the Road to General Relativity
- •References
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Differentiable Manifolds
- •2.2.1 Homeomorphisms and the Definition of Manifolds
- •2.2.2 Functions on Manifolds
- •2.2.3 Germs of Smooth Functions
- •2.3 Tangent and Cotangent Spaces
- •2.4 Fibre Bundles
- •2.5 Tangent and Cotangent Bundles
- •2.5.1 Sections of a Bundle
- •2.5.2 The Lie Algebra of Vector Fields
- •2.5.3 The Cotangent Bundle and Differential Forms
- •2.5.4 Differential k-Forms
- •2.5.4.1 Exterior Forms
- •2.5.4.2 Exterior Differential Forms
- •2.6 Homotopy, Homology and Cohomology
- •2.6.1 Homotopy
- •2.6.2 Homology
- •2.6.3 Homology and Cohomology Groups: General Construction
- •2.6.4 Relation Between Homotopy and Homology
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 A Historical Outline
- •3.2.1 Gauss Introduces Intrinsic Geometry and Curvilinear Coordinates
- •3.2.3 Parallel Transport and Connections
- •3.2.4 The Metric Connection and Tensor Calculus from Christoffel to Einstein, via Ricci and Levi Civita
- •3.2.5 Mobiles Frames from Frenet and Serret to Cartan
- •3.3 Connections on Principal Bundles: The Mathematical Definition
- •3.3.1 Mathematical Preliminaries on Lie Groups
- •3.3.1.1 Left-/Right-Invariant Vector Fields
- •3.3.1.2 Maurer-Cartan Forms on Lie Group Manifolds
- •3.3.1.3 Maurer Cartan Equations
- •3.3.2 Ehresmann Connections on a Principle Fibre Bundle
- •3.3.2.1 The Connection One-Form
- •Gauge Transformations
- •Horizontal Vector Fields and Covariant Derivatives
- •3.4 Connections on a Vector Bundle
- •3.5 An Illustrative Example of Fibre-Bundle and Connection
- •3.5.1 The Magnetic Monopole and the Hopf Fibration of S3
- •The U(1)-Connection of the Dirac Magnetic Monopole
- •3.6.1 Signatures
- •3.7 The Levi Civita Connection
- •3.7.1 Affine Connections
- •3.7.2 Curvature and Torsion of an Affine Connection
- •Torsion and Torsionless Connections
- •The Levi Civita Metric Connection
- •3.8 Geodesics
- •3.9 Geodesics in Lorentzian and Riemannian Manifolds: Two Simple Examples
- •3.9.1 The Lorentzian Example of dS2
- •3.9.1.1 Null Geodesics
- •3.9.1.2 Time-Like Geodesics
- •3.9.1.3 Space-Like Geodesics
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Keplerian Motions in Newtonian Mechanics
- •4.3 The Orbit Equations of a Massive Particle in Schwarzschild Geometry
- •4.3.1 Extrema of the Effective Potential and Circular Orbits
- •Minimum and Maximum
- •Energy of a Particle in a Circular Orbit
- •4.4 The Periastron Advance of Planets or Stars
- •4.4.1 Perturbative Treatment of the Periastron Advance
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Locally Inertial Frames and the Vielbein Formalism
- •5.2.1 The Vielbein
- •5.2.2 The Spin-Connection
- •5.2.3 The Poincaré Bundle
- •5.3 The Structure of Classical Electrodynamics and Yang-Mills Theories
- •5.3.1 Hodge Duality
- •5.3.2 Geometrical Rewriting of the Gauge Action
- •5.3.3 Yang-Mills Theory in Vielbein Formalism
- •5.4 Soldering of the Lorentz Bundle to the Tangent Bundle
- •5.4.1 Gravitational Coupling of Spinorial Fields
- •5.5 Einstein Field Equations
- •5.6 The Action of Gravity
- •5.6.1 Torsion Equation
- •5.6.1.1 Torsionful Connections
- •The Torsion of Dirac Fields
- •Dilaton Torsion
- •5.6.2 The Einstein Equation
- •5.6.4 Examples of Stress-Energy-Tensors
- •The Stress-Energy Tensor of the Yang-Mills Field
- •The Stress-Energy Tensor of a Scalar Field
- •5.7 Weak Field Limit of Einstein Equations
- •5.7.1 Gauge Fixing
- •5.7.2 The Spin of the Graviton
- •5.8 The Bottom-Up Approach, or Gravity à la Feynmann
- •5.9 Retrieving the Schwarzschild Metric from Einstein Equations
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction and Historical Outline
- •6.2 The Stress Energy Tensor of a Perfect Fluid
- •6.3 Interior Solutions and the Stellar Equilibrium Equation
- •6.3.1 Integration of the Pressure Equation in the Case of Uniform Density
- •6.3.1.1 Solution in the Newtonian Case
- •6.3.1.2 Integration of the Relativistic Pressure Equation
- •6.3.2 The Central Pressure of a Relativistic Star
- •6.4 The Chandrasekhar Mass-Limit
- •6.4.1.1 Idealized Models of White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars
- •White Dwarfs
- •Neutron Stars
- •6.4.2 The Equilibrium Equation
- •6.4.3 Polytropes and the Chandrasekhar Mass
- •6.5 Conclusive Remarks on Stellar Equilibrium
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.1.1 The Idea of GW Detectors
- •7.1.2 The Arecibo Radio Telescope
- •7.1.2.1 Discovery of the Crab Pulsar
- •7.1.2.2 The 1974 Discovery of the Binary System PSR1913+16
- •7.1.3 The Coalescence of Binaries and the Interferometer Detectors
- •7.2 Green Functions
- •7.2.1 The Laplace Operator and Potential Theory
- •7.2.2 The Relativistic Propagators
- •7.2.2.1 The Retarded Potential
- •7.3 Emission of Gravitational Waves
- •7.3.1 The Stress Energy 3-Form of the Gravitational Field
- •7.3.2 Energy and Momentum of a Plane Gravitational Wave
- •7.3.2.1 Calculation of the Spin Connection
- •7.3.3 Multipolar Expansion of the Perturbation
- •7.3.3.1 Multipolar Expansion
- •7.3.4 Energy Loss by Quadrupole Radiation
- •7.3.4.1 Integration on Solid Angles
- •7.4 Quadruple Radiation from the Binary Pulsar System
- •7.4.1 Keplerian Parameters of a Binary Star System
- •7.4.2 Shrinking of the Orbit and Gravitational Waves
- •7.4.2.1 Calculation of the Moment of Inertia Tensor
- •7.4.3 The Fate of the Binary System
- •7.4.4 The Double Pulsar
- •7.5 Conclusive Remarks on Gravitational Waves
- •References
- •Appendix A: Spinors and Gamma Matrix Algebra
- •A.2 The Clifford Algebra
- •A.2.1 Even Dimensions
- •A.2.2 Odd Dimensions
- •A.3 The Charge Conjugation Matrix
- •A.4 Majorana, Weyl and Majorana-Weyl Spinors
- •Appendix B: Mathematica Packages
- •B.1 Periastropack
- •Programme
- •Main Programme Periastro
- •Subroutine Perihelkep
- •Subroutine Perihelgr
- •Examples
- •B.2 Metrigravpack
- •Metric Gravity
- •Routines: Metrigrav
- •Mainmetric
- •Metricresume
- •Routine Metrigrav
- •Calculation of the Ricci Tensor of the Reissner Nordstrom Metric Using Metrigrav
- •Index
326 8 Conclusion of Volume 1
urdo = (∂coordi[[f ]]Gam[[a,g,b]]− ∂coordi[[g]]Gam[[a,f,b]]);
urdo = Simplify[urdo, Trig → True];
mdim
= [ −
weggio Simplify Gam[[a,f,z]] Gam[[z,g,b]]
z=1
mdim
→ ];
Gam[[a,g,z]] Gam[[z,f,b]], Trig True
z=1
Rie[[a, b, f, g]] = Simplify[ 12 (urdo + weggio)
, Trig → True]; }, {f, 1, mdim}], {g, 1, mdim}]; }, {b, 1, mdim}]; }, {a, 1, mdim}]; Print["Finished"];
Print["————————-"];
Print["Now I evaluate the curvature 2-form of your space"]; RR = Table[0, {i, 1, mdim}, {j, 1, mdim}];
mdim mdim
[ [{ [[ ]] = }
Do Do RR i, j 2 Rie[[i,j,a,b]] (holviel[[a]]**holviel[[b]]) ,
a=1 b=a+1
{i, 1, mdim}], {j, 1, mdim}];
Print["I find the following answer"];
Do[Do[Print["R[", i, j, "] = ", RR[[i, j]]], {j, 1, mdim}], {i, 1, mdim}]; Print["The result is encoded in a tensor RR[i,j]"];
Print["Its components are encoded in a tensor Rie[i,j,a,b]"]; Print["—————————"];
Print[" Now I calculate the Ricci tensor"]; ricten = Table[0, {a, 1, mdim}, {b, 1, mdim}];
Do[ricten[[b, e]] = Simplify[Sum[Rie[[xx, b, xx, e]], {xx, mdim}]]; ulla = 0;
If[ricten[[b, e]]=!=0, {
Print[b, " ", e, " ", " non-zero"]; Print["Ricci[", b, e, "]= ", ricten[[b, e]]];
ulla = ulla + 1; }],
{b, mdim}, {e, mdim}];
Print["I have finished the calculation"];
If[ulla == 0, {Print["The Ricci tensor is zero"]; }, { Print[" The tensor ricten[a,b]] giving the Ricci tensor "]; Print[" is ready for storing on hard disk"]; }]; Print["—————————-"];
-
-
Calculation of the Ricci Tensor of the Reissner Nordstrom Metric Using Metrigrav
mainmetric
OK I calculate your space, Give me the data
Give me the dimension of your space
B Mathematica Packages |
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Your space has dimension n = 4
Now I stop and you give me two vectors of dimension 4 vector coordi = vector of coordinates
vector diffe = vector of differentials Next you give me the metric as ds2 =
Then to resume calculation you print metricresume {Null}
coordi = {t, r, θ, ϕ}; |
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diffe = {dt, dr, dθ, dϕ}; |
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metricresume |
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I resume the calculation |
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First I extract the metric coefficients from your data |
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Then I calculate the inverse metric |
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Done! |
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and I calculate also the metric determinant |
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I perform the calculation of the Christoffel symbols |
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I finished |
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the Levi Civita connection is given by: |
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Γ [12] = |
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Γ [13] = 0 |
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Γ [14] = 0 |
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Γ [21] = dt(−2Q+Ar 2r5 + |
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Γ [22] = |
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Γ [23] = dθ A − Q+r r2 |
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Γ[31] = 0
Γ[32] = drθ
Γ[33] = drr
Γ[34] = −dϕCos[θ ]Sin[θ ]
Γ[41] = 0
Γ[42] = drϕ
Γ[43] = dϕCot[θ ]
Γ[44] = drr + dθ Cot[θ ] Task finished
The result is encoded in a tensor Gam[a,b,c]
—————–
328 |
8 Conclusion of Volume 1 |
Now I calculate the Riemann tensor I tell you my steps:
a = 1 b = 1 b = 2 b = 3 b = 4 a = 2 b = 1 b = 2 b = 3 b = 4 a = 3 b = 1 b = 2 b = 3 b = 4 a = 4 b = 1 b = 2 b = 3 b = 4
Finished
————————-
Now I evaluate the curvature 2-form of your space I find the following answer
R[11] = 0
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R[22] = 0 |
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R[23] = |
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R[33] = 0 |
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R[42] = |
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R[43] = |
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R[44] = 0
B Mathematica Packages |
329 |
The result is encoded in a tensor RR[i,j]
Its components are encoded in a tensor Rie[i,j,a,b]
—————————
Now I calculate the Ricci tensor
11 non-zero |
Q(Q+r(−6 A+r)) |
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Ricci[11] = |
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Ricci[22] =− |
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33 non-zero Ricci[33] = 44 non-zero Ricci[44] =
I have finished the calculation
The tensor ricten[[a,b]] giving the Ricci tensor is ready for storing on hard disk
—————————-
{Null}
MatrixForm[gg]
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