Training and Development

Training and development of human resources involve change: change in skills, knowledge, attitudes, and/or social behavior. To remain competitive, changes in these areas are needed. Training is, in short, an attempt to improve current or future employee performance. In most organizations, that emphasize quality, training is done in problem-solving, problem analysis, quality measurement and feedback, and team building. The following specific points are important to know about training:

• Training is a systematic process of altering employees’ behavior to further organizational goals.

• Development is the acquisition of knowledge and skills that may be used in the present or future. It is a more long-term focus.

• A formal training program is an effort by the employer to provide opportunities to the employee to acquire job-related skills, attitudes, and knowledge.

• Learning is the act by which individuals acquire skills, knowledge, and abilities that result in a relatively permanent change in their behavior.

• A skill is any behavior that has been learned and applied. Therefore, training’s goal is to improve skills. Motor skills, cognitive skills and interpersonal skills are targets of training programs.

In order to learn, a person must want to learn. In the context of training and development, motivation influences a person’s enthusiasm, keeps attention focused on the activities, and reinforces what is learned. For example, if a person is not motivated to improve the quality of his work, little can be accomplished in a training or development programs.

19. Render the following passage in English(10-12 sentences) using active

vocabulary.

Курс менеджмента является одной из важнейших дис­циплин, изучающих законы рыночных отношений.

Слова «менеджмент», «менеджер» широко применя­ются в деловой и даже повседневной жизни.

Английское слово менеджмент переводится на рус­ский язык как управление, организация, руководство, В общем плане оно означает управление, т. е. Организа­цию и руководство тем или иным видом деятельности: производством, экономикой, финансами и другими сфера­ми деловой жизни человека.

В зарубежной литературе имеется много определений понятия «менеджмент». Приведем три из них: 1)достижение целей организации посредством скоорди­нированных усилий работающих в ней людей; 2)особый вид деятельности, превращающий неорганизо­ванную толпу в эффективную, целенаправленную и про­изводительную группу (организацию); 3) процесс планирования, организации, руководства и контроля для достижения целей организации посредст­вом скоординированного использования человеческих и материальных ресурсов.

И хотя эти определения очень различны, они, тем не менее, имеют три общие черты: обязательное наличие цели при управлении; особый, интеллектуальный харак­тер этого вида деятельности; управление имеет место в организации (на этом последнем элементе мы остано­вимся несколько подробнее в следующем параграфе). В третьем определении дополнительно к перечисленным чертам содержание менеджмента характеризуется как со­вокупность пяти процессов: планирования, организации, руководства, координации и контроля.

Speaking

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of practicing management as art or science?

2. Explain why employee selection is a particularly challenging area for managers today.

3. Which motivation theory - Maslow’s or Herzberg’s - do you feel has the most practical value for today’s managers?

4. How do the planning and control functions work together?

5. Why is worker performance closely related to motivation? Why is it complex?

6. How can you define motivation? Do all people need motivation?

7. Is it possible to define some general motivations for every person?

8. Differentiate between fundamental and personal needs.

9. Explain: “Wants are many, needs are limited”.

10. Name main sources of recruitment. Speak on the most efficient from the point of view of a personnel manager.

11. From the standpoint of enhancing motivation, what advantage does job enrichment have over job enlargement?

12. Would you like to work in theory Z? Why?

Writing

Express your opinion on the following (150-200 words): a) P.Drucker: “The only choice for an institution is between management and mismanagement… Whether it is being done right or not will determine largely whether the enterprise will survive and prosper or decline and ultimately fail”.

b) Keith Davis: There are no simple, cookbook formulas for working with people”.

c) H.J. Zoffer: “It is becoming more apparent that international

competence is needed as a prerequisite for all future managers, whether or not they work abroad”.

Key Vocabulary

Management objectivity decision making staffing controlling performance management by objectives performance appraisal recruitment job advertisement dissatisfiers/satisfiers

subjectivity managerial functions organizing motivation scientific management incentive theory X theory Y job vacancy initial screening

internal recruitment preliminary external recruitment hierarchy of needs physiological needs safety needs social needs self-esteem needs self-actualization needs