Language

2. Practise reading the following words correctly. If necessary, use the dictionary.

Gender, stereotypes, identity, equity, corporate, opportunities, sexual harassment, parenthood, paternity, maternity, flexible, prejudice, masculine, consensus, alimony, minority, female, psychology, harass, freelancers, chauvinism, scheme.

2. Working in pairs, discuss the meaning of the underlined words.

1. Where women do get to run big companies, it is not by climbing the ordinary corporate ladder. 2. Men are expected to be assertive. 3. Made to choose between being thought pushy and being actually self-effacing, women tend to choose the latter. 4. Strident counter-examples … leap to mind just because they are so rare. 5. Women’s employment is much like the environment - it’s seen as essentially a window-dressing question.

Tokenism abounds. 6. The watershed diving different employers’ approaches is positive discrimination. 7. And back-of-the-envelope calculation of the costs of replacing a manager … suggest that the time it takes the new manager to get fully on top of the job is worth $25 000.

3. Study the following pairs of sentences, paying particular attention to the type of conditional used (first, second, third or mixed). How does the second sentence in each pair differ in meaning from the first?

1.	Assuming that most women are potentially as good at filling executive jobs as men … those companies are limiting their pool of available management talent by around half. If most women were potentially as good as men at filling executive jobs, companies would be limiting their pool of available management talent by around half.
2.	Given the chance, would women really be as good at running large firms as men? If women have the chance, will they really be as good at running large firms as men?
3.	If looking odd in positions of power is women’s first big barrier to top jobs, feeling odd in them is second. If looking odd in positions of power is women’s first big barrier to top jobs, feeling odd in them would be second.
4.	Made to choose between being thought pushy and being actually self-effacing, women tend to choose the latter. If women are made to choose between being thought pushy and being actually self-effacing, women have tended to choose the latter.
5.	If stockmarket analysts … cared about it, then senior managers would care too. If stockmarket analysts had cared about it, then senior managers would have done too.
6.	If a firm does genuinely want to use the talents of women more effectively, how should it go about it? If a firm does genuinely want to use the talents of women more effectively, how will it go about it?

4. Complete the sentences below using appropriate forms of the following auxiliaries: must; would; should; could; need; have to; to be able to.

Note: Some sentences will require negative forms.

1. It is recommended by the committee that women ... be given longer vacations. 2. At the end of the pilot scheme, many of the women ... get jobs in the companies to which they were attached. 3. We worded our advertisement carefully to avoid accusations of discrimination, but we ... bothered because no women applied for the job. They ... been very impressed by the employment terms we offered. 4. Some of our directors think we ... appointed a woman to the board years ago. If we had done so, we ... avoided the trouble we're now having with female staff. 5. ... you wish to study this legislation, you can buy copies of the act at government bookstores. 6. To enter certain parts of pubs in Canada, a woman ... be accompanied by a male. If she made an attempt to go in, the proprietor ... immediately ask her to leave. 7. It has been proposed that non-working wives … be paid a salary by the government to compensate them for their housekeeping responsibilities. 8.Progress towards equal rights has been slower in Britain than in Sweden. It... be that British people are conservative, and therefore they ... make quick changes in attitude. 9.When we were young, we ... joke with our sister about her boyish looks, but there's nothing boyish about her now! 10. Our company ... taken on many more females last year, but few women seemed interested in working for us. 11. To become qualified as a doctor, you ... study for many years. 12. The law in our country … changing. It... be illegal for an employee to dismiss a woman who is pregnant. 13. If only people ... realize how unfair it is for a woman to be paid less for equal work. 14. The employment office has urged that more women ... be interviewed for factory jobs. 15. A woman has been appointed to the Chief Accountant's position. She ... convinced the interview team she ... do the job successfully.

5. This exercise gives you practice in using adverbs correctly. For each blank space, supply an appropriate adverb selected from the list below. (Use an adverb more than once, if you wish.)

Highly strictly bitterly widely broadly deeply greatly vastly fully firmly utterly totally much entirely completely greately

1. The Swedish progress towards equal rights has been … admired by other nations. 2. We are … opposed to discrimination against women. 3. The Swedish government is … convinced the pilot schemes have been successful. 4. The Swedish prison system is … superior to ours. 5. Feminist associations in the US are … organized. 6. We were … disappointed when we lost our court action. 7. Anyone who thinks women in Britain have equal rights with men is... mistaken. 8. Swedish employment practices have been ... copied, in other countries. 9. I am ... bored by the whole subject of women's lib. 10. The movement for greater women's equality is ... based in our country. 11. I was ... distressed to learn she was sick. 12. We are … delighted with the success of our campaign. 13.Companies are … confused by the new law. 14. I had … forgotten I had to meet her.

15. I am ... covered against all risks. 16. The number of persons permitted to take part in the scheme will be … limited.

6. Make sentences from these notes.

1. Men/USA/now used to/women/positions of power/many sectors of the economy.

2. Even nowadays/women/difficult/get to the top/business world.

3. Russia/common/women/positions/high responsibility/industry.

4. Expected/within 30 years/President/USA/woman.

5. Modern society/progress/improving/work opportunities/all women.

6. Past/only choice/majority of women/stay at home/kitchen sink.

7. Many countries/Middle East husbands/prevent/wives/a job/outside/home.

8. Most men/not jealous/larger role/women/business life/their countries.

7. Link these sentence groups using words and phrases selected from the words given below. Make any other necessary changes.

Despite neither provided that in case even though moreover in spite of with a view to because of while yet regardless of as well as unless on the other hand.

Example: We shall go out. It may rain.

We shall go out despite the rain.

1. We employ experienced personnel. We do not care which sex they are. 2. Juanita Kreps is an attractive woman. She is also very intelligent. 3. Women frequently reach top management positions. They do not get much encouragement from men. 4. I have no objection to working under a woman boss. She must, however, be good at her job. 5. We must reword this job advertisement. We may be accused of discriminating against women. 6. She is brilliant at her job. She is very young and inexperienced. 7. This board of directors shows no concern for the problems of its male workers. It seems to be unaware female workers exist. 8. She is highly emotional. We need more spirit and passion on our board since most of the members are almost senile. 9. Our company shows no interest in promoting women. They are not even keen to employ them. 10. Some people do not appear to work very hard. They earn a lot of money. 11. The USA is a country where women directors are common. Saudi Arabia is a country where they are rare. 12. We would not normally appoint a woman to the board. She would have to possess specialist knowledge of some management function

8. Define the meaning of these words and phrases and give Russian equivalents to the following:

Job-market treadmill; to lose ground; municipal workers; to have a long way to go; underemployment rate; part-time workers; free day care; earnings gap; clerical and service work; tax revenues; unemployment benefits; an аfter-school program; tuition-free University; in-house personnel, to outsource, freelancers, date rape, paternity leave, alimony, feminists, glass ceiling, sexual harassment, pay, equity, gender stereotypes, sex discrimination, prejudice, lateral thinking, gender roles, comparable worth.

9. Rephrase the italicized words and phrases

1. Women have come a country mile since the days when the job world was an all-male preserve. 2. It's the old sad story of women being the last to be hired and the first to be fired. 3. Throughout the country, unemployment and underemployment are dramatically higher for women than for men. 4. Incredibly, women college graduates earn less than men who have not finished high school. 5. Women work because they are heads of households. 6. They need and deserve well-paying and meaningful jobs. 7. We will be making use of valuable talent presently going to waste.

10. A. Make the following words negative. Use prefixes un-, in-, mis-, dis-, ir-, and so forth.

Sensitive, equal, justified, justice, valid, valuable, tenable, action, sufficient, printable, satisfied, decided, fair, cooked, written, smoker, legal, significant, regular, moral, printed, obey.

B. Give the opposite meaning to each word. Make up your own sentence with each word.

Inside, increase, employed, traditional, experienced, approve, agreement, typical, ground, normal, thought, hope, heart, up-to-date, promoted, visible, logical, able, lead, load, count, deed, direct, deal.

C. Make a compound word in each sentence by adding one of the words given below. Do not use a word more than once.

Site, time, pay, workers, hour, sacrifice, paying, care, sitters, time, integrated, neutral, worth.

1. Few employers provide any form of child-… assistance (such as on-… day care or allowances for baby-…). 2. Our culture still expects men to be part- … parents, just filling in for Mom now and then. 3. Even in Sweden, few men take advantage of paternity leave, and those who do often are ridiculed by their co-… . 4. Most women today hold two full- ... jobs. 5. Growing numbers of women work an eight- … shift at their jobs. 6. Girls are encouraged to cultivate qualities such as deference, sensitivity, and self- … . 7. Why do so many women work in low- … occupations? 8. Most women and men do not work in gender-…or gender-… jobs. 9. Opponents argue, that equal-… provisions alone are sufficient to eliminate gender discrimination. 10. Comparable-… programs are designed to correct these inequities.

11. Give English equivalents to the following. Use them in your own sentences.

Терять прежнее положение; идти назад, регрессировать; находиться далеко от поставленной цели; разница в заработной плате; составлять в среднем; канцелярский; хорошо оплачиваемый; полный значения, смысла; серьёзное, значительное заявление; интересная, серьёзная работа; разубеждать, отговаривать; закрытие (предприятия); бесплатный (об обучении); гендерные стереотипы, гендерная идентичность, корпоративная лестница, равные возможности, сексуальное преследование, внештатные сотрудники, беспокоить, “стеклянный” потолок, феминистки, сексуальное преследование, статус родителя, гибкие часы, традиционные мужские рабочие места, алименты, женщины -менеджеры, сопоставимая ценность, гендерная социология, менеджмент с мужским лицом, феминизация, мужской менеджмент, межличностные отношения, психология пола, предрассудки, отпуск по уходу(за кем-либо).

12. Complete these headlines and articles with the words given below:

sexual harassment, glass ceiling, bullying, racial discrimination, harassed, sex discrimination, discriminated, racism

OFFICE MANAGER ACCUSED OF……….

A court heard today how an office worker was almost driven to suicide by a bullying office manager. James Blenkinsop, 27, told how boss Nigel Kemp victimized him by shouting at him, criticizing his work in front of others, tearing up his work and telling him to do it again……

SHOP MANAGERS IN ………. ………. CASE

A clothing shop's half-Burmese manageress, 24-yеar-old Marion Brown, claims her boss continually

made ….… remarks, and sacked her from her £ 110-a-week job when she objected. She claims that the company

that owns the shop has racially ……

against her ……

NATIONAL RESTAURANT CHAIN FACES ………. ………. CLAIMS

Four waitresses claim they were repeatedly…. by male bosses in a branch of a well-known national restaurant chain. All four waitresses said they were subjected to sexist remarks at the restaurant…

JAPANESE WOMEN BREAK THROUGH ………. ……….

Naomi Tanaka, 23, last year started working on the Tokyo Stock Exchange as a trader. She complained

about …….. …….. and said she did not want to be a `counter lady` answering phones and serving tea at a Japanese bank. Instead she got a job as a trader at Paribas, a French firm ...

13. Differentiate between:

1. to hire – to employ – to take on;

2. to fire – to dismiss – to sack – to kick out – to terminate.

3. to lay off – to make redundant – to offer early retirement.

14. Read the following interview and put it into indirect speech making the necessary changes. Make use of the factual material when discussing the topics and doing writing exercises.