Emphasis

We can put emphasis on certain words or parts of a sentence with:

• It is/was … who/which/that

The dog’s barking didn’t wake me up, the alarm clock did.

It wasn’t the dog’s barking which/that woke me up, it was the alarm clock.

Note: we use who, which or that to put emphasis on the subject. We normally use that to put emphasis on the object or the adverbial phrase.

• All (that) = the only thing

All (that) he did was call me to say goodbye.

• What

I need a holiday. (object)

WhatI need is a holiday.

OR A holiday is what I need.

• What … do (to put emphasis on verbs)

Greg updated the files.

What Greg did was (to) update the files.

• Question word + ever (usually shows surprices)

Where everdid you find this old map?

Note: Question words+ ever (except for why) can be written as one word. E.g. Whoever told you …? We also use ever to put emphasis on negative sentences.

Nobody ever explained this to me.

• We use do/does/did + bare infinitive in the present simple, past simple or the imperative to give emphasis.

Stay a little longer.

Do stay a little longer.

APPENDIX 11

CONDITIONALS: SUMMARY Here is a chart to help you to visualize the basic English conditionals. Do

not take 50% and 10% figures too literally. They are just to help you.

probability	conditional	Example	time
100%	zero conditional	If you heat ice, it melts.	Any time
50%	first conditional	If it rains, I will stay at home.	future
10%	second conditional	If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.	future
0%	third conditional	If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car	past

First Conditional: real possibility

IF	condition	result
	present simple	WILL + base verb
If	it rains	I will stay at home.

Second Conditional: unreal

possibility or dream

IF	condition	result
	past simple	WOULD + base verb
	If I won the lottery	I would buy a car.

Third Conditional: no possibility

IF	condition	result
	Past Perfect	WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
If	I had won the lottery	I would have bought a car.

Zero Conditional: certainty

IF	Condition	result
	present simple	present simple
If	you heat ice	it melts.

APPENDIX 12

GERUND

	Active	Passive
Simple	Не likes telling tales.	He likes being told tales.
Perfect	He is proud of having spoken to this person .	He is proud of having been spoken to

Gerund is used after:

as a result of besides in spite of by

in favour of without despite for

against what about instead of after

as well as how about on before

Gerund is used after expressions:

to be afraid of	to be interested in
to be busy	to be responsible for
to be engaged in	to be tired of
to be fond of	to be used to
to be good at	to be worth

Gerund is used after certain verbs:

to avoid	to keep
to admit	to like
to burst out	To mind (в вопросит. и отриц. предлож.)
cannot help	to need
to consider	to postpone
to deny	to practise
to dislike	to prefer
to excuse	to put off
to forgive	to regret
to give up	to remember
to go on	to stop
toinvolve	to try

Gerund is used after verbs with prepositions:

to accuse of	to insist on
to agree to	to look forward to
to apologize for	to object to
to approve of	to persist in
to congratulateon	to prevent from
to depend on	to rely on
to dream of	to succeed in
to feel like	to suspect of
to give up the idea of	to thank for
to inform of	to think of