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7. e newspaper reported that nobody … in the explosion.
a) is injured b) was injured c) had been
injured
8. She said she … a new at in the centre of the city for quite a
reasonable price.
a) rented b) has rented c) had rented
9. When I looked out of the window, I saw that the ground was
wet. It … the whole night.
a) had been
raining
10. He asked me how long Bob and Alice … .
a) are married b) were married c) had been
b) was raining c) has been
raining
married
Unit
SIX
I.
Используйте подходящее слово или фразу для завершения каждого
предложения.
1. Television was invented in 1926 by … .
a) Alexander
Fleming
2. People of di erent … of life can choose a favourite TV
programme.
a) walks b) strata c) layers
3. ey say TV is responsible for the … in cinema-going.
a) absence b) decline c) stoppage
b) John Logie
Baird
c) Alexander
Popov
4. TV … were looking forward to a new serial of the lm
director.
a) viewers b) spectators c) audience
5. If you are interested … politics, you can choose a programme
to your taste.
a) at b) to c) in
6. Educational programmes are popular both … students and
middle-aged people.
a) among b) for c) with
7. Viewers can watch a lot of … broadcasts on the TV screen.
a) live b) alive c) in life
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8. If the programme sounds too loud, you should … .
a) make it louder b) make it quieter c) turn o the
TV-set
9. ey recommend watching TV … .
a) lying on the
sofa
b) from the distance
not less than
c) with the lights
o
three metres
10. If you are interested in real historic events, you can watch … .
a) westerns b) feature lms c) documentaries
11. Let’s nd something interesting on the other channel. Please,
switch it … .
a) over b) o c) on
12. ere is a new feature lm on tonight. Don’t … it.
a) slip b) miss c) leave
II.
Прочитайте текст.
Salt
Salt is essential to life. At one time it was considered so valuable
that it was actually worshipped as a god. Roman soldiers used to
be paid “salt money”, which is where the word “salary” originated
from. Nowadays, however, salt is so common that few people
even bother to think about it. But perhaps they should.
e human body needs so little salt to survive that it is very
easy to consume too much of it. An excess of salt in the diet can
lead to high blood pressure, which in turn can increase the risk
of heart disease. Cooking with salt also reduces the nutritional
quality of the food. For example, spinach boiled in salted water
loses 50% of its iron, compared to only 19% when boiled in saltfree water.
Many people have the habit of adding salt to their food when
they are at the table. Some even do this before they have tasted
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the food. is is one of the reasons why the average person in
Britain eats two and a half to three teaspoons of salt every day.
e maximum recommended dose is one and a half, and the
ideal dose is just half a teaspoon.
(David McKeegan. First Certi cate Pass Key.
Grammar Practice with Key. —
Oxford : Heinemann ELT, 1998. P. 48.)
Отметьте высказывания знаком плюс или минус в зависимости от того, соответствуют они содержанию текста (+) или нет (–).
1. Roman soldiers were paid with salt as a salary. 2. e human
body needs a large quantity of salt. 3. High blood pressure can
be causes by an excess of salt in the diet. 4. Cooking with salt doesn’t
a ect the nutritional quality of the food. 5. People care little about
the harmful e ect of salt. 6. e maximum recommended dose
of salt per person is two and a half to three teaspoons every day.
7. An average person in Britain eats more salt a day than sugar.
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МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
MODAL VERBS
Модальные глаголы can и could
The Modal Verbs can and could
Модальный глагол can употребляется, когда мы говорим, что
что-то является возможным или кто-то обладает физической
или умственной способностью делать что-то. Русские эквива-
ленты этого глагола — могу, можешь, может, можем, можете,
могут или умею, умеешь, умеет, умеем, умеете, умеют. Мо-
дальный глагол can сочетается с инфинитивом без частицы to.
Отрицательная форма глагола can — cannot (can’t).
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III.
Закончите предложения, употребляя can или can’t с одним из глаго-
лов, данных ниже:
to borrow, to dive, to do, to drive, to nd, to give, to lend, to swim,
to speak, to visit, to watch.
1. A polyglot is a person who … several languages. 2. I … you
any money because I’m broke.
anywhere.
advice.
4. If you want to change your lifestyle, I … some
5. We … you tonight. We are busy. 6. Our room faces the
East. We … the sunrise from our window.
She … this.
8. I like swimming. I … very well but … . 9. If you
want to read this book, you … it from the library.
3. Where are my keys? I … them
7. e girl is too little.
10. He … fast
and carefully. He is an experienced driver.
В вопросительных предложениях (кроме вопросов к подлежа-
щему или определению к нему) модальные глаголы, как и вспо-
могательные, ставятся перед подлежащим:
Can I (he, she, it, we, you, they) do …?
IV.
Задайте своему собеседнику вопросы относительно следующего:
1) if he (she) can speak English well;
2) if he (she) can speak any other languages;
3) what other foreign language he (she) can speak;
4) if he (she) can play any board games;
5) what board games he (she) can play;
6) if he (she) can drive a car;
7) if he (she) can play any musical instrument;
8) what musical instrument he (she) can play;
9) if he (she) can write business letters;
10) how much money he (she) can earn a week.
Пусть он (она) ответит на эти вопросы.
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Прошедшим временем от глагола can является форма could.
В утвердительном, отрицательном и вопросительном предло-
жениях используется соответственно модель could; could not
(couldn’t); сould I (he, she, it, we, you, they) …?
V.
Закончите следующие предложения, употребляя в зависимости от
ситуации глагол could или couldn’t. Первое предложение дано в качестве
образца.
1. My brother can’t play the violin as well as he (to play) when
he was younger. — … as well as he could play when he was
younger. 2. I can keep to a strict diet as long as possible now but
two years ago I hardly (to do) that. 3. My father can’t run fast
now but when he was a schoolboy he (to run) faster than anyone
else. 4. I never (to swim) very far. Now I can do it easily. 5. He (to
come) to her birthday party and he awfully regrets it. 6. When my
grandmother was younger she (to speak) four foreign languages.
7. She (to attend) lectures as she fell ill. 8. She (to say) a word, so
frightened was she. 9. I can’t drive a car as fast and carefully as
I (to do) at the age of thirty. 10. Anne can do a lot of work about
the house. When she was seven, she only (to make) her bed.
В некоторых случаях вместо глагола can употребляется его эквивалент to be able to. Это происходит потому, что у глагола
can, как и у других модальных глаголов, ряд форм отсутствует.
Так, глагол can не имеет формы инфинитива, и тогда его значение представлено выражением to be able to:
He might not be able to participate in the party.
Can не имеет будущего времени, и для выражения действия в
будущем также употребляется его эквивалент:
Will you be able to come at fi ve tomorrow?
Хотя в этом случае глагол can также возможен:
Can you come at fi ve tomorrow?
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У глагола can нет формы перфектного времени, поэтому, чтобы выразить это значение, также используется фраза to be
able to:
I haven’t been able to meet him for the last two weeks.
Если глагол can употребляется применительно к физическим или
умственным способностям кого-то делать что-то (за исключением трёх случаев, упомянутых выше), возможны обе формы —
can и to be able to, но первая предпочтительна:
Can you work hard at your English?
Are you able to work hard at your English?
В прошедшем простом времени используется форма could, но
если реализуется значение «кому-то удалось (кто-то ухитрился) сделать что-то в особой ситуации», используется выражение was (were) able to do something:
He tried a lot. Finally he was able to get good results.
(Форма could не может быть употреблена, так как здесь
реализуется значение «ему удалось чего-то добиться».)
VI.
Отметьте предложения, в которых выражение to be able to не может
быть заменено глаголом can.
1. He may be able to help you, ask him. 2. Have they been able to
nd a new way of solving the problem at last?
inform you about his arrival in case of necessity.
3. I will be able to
4. ough the
team didn’t work hard that season, they were able to win the nal
game.
she might be able to lend you this sum of money.
able to attend my birthday party next Saturday?
5. He was not able to go further, so tired was he. 6. Perhaps
7. Will you be
8. He opposed
all the terms but at last the manager was able to persuade him
to accept them.
a long time.
9. We haven’t been able to settle the problem for
10. Harry was an excellent chess player. But once
he had a di cult game with Steven. ough Steven played very
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well, Harry in the end was able to beat him. 11. It began to snow
and we realised that soon we might not be able to nd the path at
all. 12. I think she will be able to perform the task herself.
VII.
Вставьте глагол could или его эквивалент to be able to.
1. When we went into the house, we … hear some strange noise.
2. ough I overslept, I … come to the classes on time. 3. I can’t
play hockey now but I … play it very well when I was younger.
4. He regrets that he … not help her when she needed. 5. e
policeman chased the thief but he … escape. 6. at day our car
broke down and it took us quite a long time to x it. In spite
of the delay we … get to the place before the sunset. 7. When I
looked carefully, I … see a gure of John’s in the distance. 8. David
missed a lot of classes. Everybody expected he would fail in the
exams but he … pass all exams successfully. 9. I … not recognise
the voice on the phone. 10. My mother loved music. She … sing
and play the piano. 11. I wish I … sing like you.
Модальный глагол must
The Modal Verb must
Модальный глагол must используется в ситуациях, когда:
1) выражается уверенность в чём-то:
Carol knows a lot about the history of cities and towns.
She must travel a lot.
Кэрол много знает об истории больших и малых городов.
Она, должно быть, много путешествует.
В этом значении must может сочетаться с инфинитивом в форме
continuous:
Don’t bother him, he must be sleeping.
Не беспокой его, он, должно быть, спит.
88
2) подчёркивается необходимость или важность в совершении
какого-либо действия:
The book is very interesting. Everybody must read it.
Книга очень интересная. Все должны её прочитать.
VIII.
Разделите предложения на две группы в зависимости от значения
модального глагола must. Он может передавать мысль об уверенности в
чём-либо (I) или обозначать необходимость (важность) совершения какоголибо действия (II). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Bill must be tired a er hard work in the garden. 2. Your son
behaved badly. He must apologise to her for that. 3. People must
realise that there are limits to what we can do. 4. ere must be
а mistake in your dictation. at’s why you’ve got a four. 5. First
you must answer the questions. 6. She devoted all her time to her
children. She must be a good mother. 7. George must be revising
for his exam. He is a diligent student. 8. You must come and visit
us again some time. 9. e line is busy. She must be speaking
with her friend.
10. Everybody must see the Impressionists
exhibition — it’s really wonderful.
В отрицательных предложениях используется форма must not
(mustn’t), чтобы сказать, что нельзя что-то делать. Иногда эта
форма выражает запрет:
It’s high time to move, we mustn’t be late.
You mustn’t cross the street under the red light.
It is dangerous.
Следует упомянуть о различии между модальными глаголами
mustn’t и needn’t. Последний употребляется только в отрицательной форме. Модальный глагол mustn’t переводится на русский как «не должен, нельзя», в то время как needn’t соответ-
ствует значению «не нужно, нет необходимости».
89
IX.
Закончите предложения, употребляя mustn’t или needn’t в сочета-
нии с одним из глаголов, данных ниже:
to phone, to tell lies, to hurry, to learn, to be late, to smoke, to take,
to walk, to take a bus, to tell.
1. We … , we have plenty of time. 2. I live near the University,
so I … and I o en go on foot. 3. Hurry up! We … . 4. You … an
umbrella with you. ey promised ne weather. 5. You … on the
grass, it is prohibited. 6. is is a secret. You … it anybody. 7. Yo u
… him because I have informed him of the meeting. 8. You …
the poem by heart. 9. According to the latest rule you … in the
public place. 10. You … . It is dishonest.
В вопросительных предложениях используется модель must I
(he, she, it, we, you, they) do something? Однако сфера употре-
бления must в вопросительных предложениях ограничена:
I’ve told you the truth. Must I keep repeating it?
You mustn’t break the traffi c rules, must you?
Модальный глагол must имеет только одну временну´ю форму.
Для выражения действия в прошлом или в будущем используется
эквивалент have to do something в соответствующем времени:
I had to go to the bank yesterday to get some money.
He’ll have to do the work himself.
X.
Употребите модальный глагол must или его эквивалент had to / will
have to с данной формой инфинитива.
1. I … phone him yesterday to remind him of his promise. 2. She
… get up early tomorrow to catch the rst train. 3. e room is
untidy. You … clean it regularly. 4. You … cross the street only at
a crossing. 5. He visited the party but he … leave it early. 6. Ann
… take her little brother from the kindergarten as her mother
will be busy that time.
8. I overslept so I … take a taxi. 9. Come on! We … hurry or
it.
7. e fruit salad is delicious. You … taste
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