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been all this time? — We went to Greece. We returned only yesterday.
e lm got the rst prize at the festival in Cannes.
7. I have just seen a new lm by our young lm-maker.
8. Have you
ever been to the Far East? — Yes, I was there some years ago. —
How did you like it? — e place is wonderful. It was a pleasure to go there. (I enjoyed the trip.)
9. I have known him for
six years. We got acquainted when we were rst-year students.
10. Have they come yet? — Yes, they came back an hour ago.
XI. 1) b; 2) a; 3) b; 4) c; 5) c; 6) a; 7) b; 8) c; 9) b; 10) b
XII. 1) had just le ; 2) was; 3) had changed; 4) had sold; 5) were asleep;
6) had already gone; 7) had just graduated; 8) was out; 9) had al-
ready le ;
10) had never seen
XIII. 1) had died; 2) had broken; 3) rang, answered; 4) read, made,
gave;
5) returned, had … gone to sleep; 6) didn’t recognise, had
changed;
9) came, didn’t watch; 10) found out, had disappeared
7) had … gathered, wasn’t; 8) refused, had … promised;
XIV. Ориентиром, который прогнозирует употребление настоя-
щего совершённого времени в предложениях A, является
форма сказуемого в предыдущей части — оно дано в настоящем простом времени. Ориентиром для использования
прошедшего совершённого времени в предложениях Б является форма сказуемого в предыдущей части высказывания, которое употреблено в прошедшем простом времени.
1. А. Я устал. Я проделал большую работу в саду. Б. Я очень
устал, когда вернулся домой. Я много работал в са ду.
не знаю. Я никогда не встречал его раньше.
Я никогда раньше его не встречал.
пообедал.
Б. Я не был голоден. Я недавно пообедал. 4. А. Я не
3. А. Я сыт. Я только что
Б. Я не знал его.
могу попасть в квартиру, потому что потерял ключи.
мог попасть в квартиру, так как потерял ключи.
2. А. Я его
Б. Я не
5. А. У неё
в комнате беспорядок. Похоже, она не убирала здесь много
дней.
Б. В комнате у неё был беспорядок. Чувствовалось, что
уборка не проводилась здесь много дней.
XV. 1. By the time the summer began we had already known about
our plans for the holidays.
and went to the seaside for a rest.
comfortable (at home). You’ve come just in time.
in (wasn’t at home) when we came. He had just le .
2. We passed the exams successfully
3. Come in, make yourself
4. John wasn’t
5. ere was
a car by the side of the road. It had broken down and we stopped
291
to help the driver. 6. I have known her since I was a child, we
went to school together.
I hadn’t eaten for a long time.
7. I wasn’t (didn’t feel) hungry though
8. When I came to (arrived in)
my native town many years later, I saw that a lot of things had
changed there.
hadn’t seen each other for ve years.
9. I was very glad to meet my old friend — we
10. When I phoned (called)
John, he wasn’t at home. He was at the concert.
XVI. 1) b; 2) c; 3) a; 4) c; 5) a; 6) b; 7) a; 8) c; 9) a; 10) c
XVII. 1) will have redecorated; 2) will have moved; 3) will have visited;
4) will have learnt; will have known; 5) will have learnt; 6) will
have forgotten;
9) will have recovered; 10) will have informed
7) will have … bought; 8) will have discussed;
XVIII. 1. I hope we will have met by the end of the next week. 2. By the
time you return (come back) we will have settled the problem.
3. We won’t go to the country if the weather is rainy. 4. By the
time we graduate from the University much will have changed.
5. I think he will be late as usual. 6. By the beginning of May we
will have nished the work.
8. I will have read the novel before I see a lm version. 9. I am not
sure but probably I will take part in the conference.
7. We hope everything will be OK.
10. By this
time next year I will have already visited six foreign countries.
XIX. 1) c; 2) b; 3) a; 4) a; 5) c; 6) b; 7) a; 8) a; 9) b; 10) a
UNIT FIVE
I. 1) b; 2) c; 3) a; 4) c; 5) a; 6) a; 7) c; 8) b; 9) c; 10) a
II.
1–2+3–4+5+6+7
–
III. 2) is blowing; 3) are sitting; 4) are playing; 5) is jogging; 6) are rid-
ing;
7) is walking; 8) are playing; 9) is reading; 10) are talking
IV. 1. A young woman is turning over the pages. 2. I am revising for
my report.
from the shelves.
and schemes in the book.
necessary books on the shelves.
through the catalogue.
some problem.
his future lectures.
292
3. Some readers are borrowing books and magazines
4. A rst-year student is examining diagrams
5. Some readers are looking for the
6. An elderly reader is looking
7. e reader next to me is thinking over
8. A professor is making notes that he may use for
9. One reader is asking a librarian about some-
thing and the librarian is listening to him attentively. 10. Two girls
are laughing at a funny story.
V. 2. It is not (isn’t) raining heavily, it is drizzling. 3. ey are not
(aren’t) fast sleeping, they are laughing.
ing in his study, he is reading a magazine.
conducting a test in the laboratory, they are having lunch.
4. He is not (isn’t) work-
5. ey are not (aren’t)
6. He
is not (isn’t) waiting for me there, he is drinking beer in the bar.
7. ey are not (aren’t) enjoying their time in the forest, they are
sitting at home.
it.
9. He is not (isn’t) nishing his interrogation, he is only begin-
ning it.
10. Peter is not (isn’t) sur ng the Internet, he is e-mailing
8. She is not (isn’t) cooking dinner, she is serving
his friend.
VI. 1. Is it raining outside? — No, it is not. e weather is ne. 2. Is
the sun shining now? — Yes, it is, it is shining brightly. (No, it’s
not. e weather is dull.)
e weather is windy. (No, it’s not. It’s nice outside.)
3. Is the wind blowing? — Yes, it is.
4. Is the
weather changing a bit now? — I think it is. (I don’t think so.)
5. What are you thinking about at the moment? — I am thinking
about my future career.
6. Why are you wearing these clothes? —
I am wearing them because jeans and a T-shirt are comfortable.
7. What is the student next to you doing now? — He (she) is
looking a new word up in the dictionary.
last desk? — Student A is.
attentively? — I think they are.
9. Are they listening to the teacher
10. What is going on in your at
8. Who is sitting at the
now? — Everybody has gone and the dog is guarding the at.
VII. 1) is working; 2) is … recovering; 3) is improving; 4) is revising;
5) am reading; 6) is rising, is becoming; 7) are losing; 8) is grow-
ing;
9) is getting; 10) is decreasing
VIII. 1) keeps; 2) prefer; 3) is coming; 4) Are … working; 5) learn; 6) is
ringing;
10) Do … believe; 11) Do … think, are looking for; 12) pays
7) doesn’t understand; 8) is learning; 9) know, know;
IX. 1) will speak; 2) will do; 3) are leaving; 4) are negotiating; 5) will
make;
6) are redecorating; 7) will tell; 8) am working; 9) will at-
tend;
10) are going
X. 1) is starting; 2) start; 3) leaves; 4) am leaving; 5) is arriving; 6) be-
gins;
7) am seeing; 8) starts, arrives; 9) are … taking; 10) Does …
begin
XI. 1. Look out of the window. Is it raining? 2. In spring nature awak-
ens and the birds return from the South.
3. Every morning Tom
293
jogs in the park. 4. Be quiet, the children are sleeping. 5. Where
is Kate? She is having her English class. She has her classes three
times a week.
friend sends me e-mails every other day.
snowing heavily.
10. Generally he drives carefully, but now he is driving ignoring
the tra c signs.
12. Do you understand what I am speaking about? 13. Next
boss?
Sunday we are ying to London.
6. In autumn in our town it o en rains. 7. My
8. It is cold outside. It is
9. On Sundays they have dinner at a restaurant.
11. Who is that woman who is speaking with the
14. e nal examinations begin
very soon — on the rst of June.
XII. 1) b; 2) b; 3) a; 4) c; 5) c; 6) a; 7) a; 8) c; 9) a; 10) c
XIII. 1) broke (З), was doing (НЗ); 2) was shining (НЗ), decided (З);
3) were staying (НЗ), visited (З); 4) were having (НЗ); 5) met (З),
was hurrying (НЗ);
ing (НЗ);
8) was having breakfast (НЗ), rang (З); 9) were going
(НЗ), began to rain (З);
6) was driving (НЗ), outran (З); 7) was revis-
10) were sleeping (НЗ), were having sup-
per (НЗ)
XIV. 1) were playing; 2) was speaking; 3) was laying; 4) was making;
5) was smoking and (was) thinking; 6) was wagging; 7) was wait-
ing
XV. 1) conducted; 2) was waiting, began; 3) came, were discussing;
4) learnt, began; 5) was driving, happened; 6) were discussing, was
negotiating;
10) brought, got
7) visited, met; 8) phoned, was working; 9) cooked;
XVI. 2. She wasn’t reading a new science ction novel at that time, she
was reading a magazine.
time, they were swimming in the swimming pool.
cooking dinner, she was washing up.
3. ey weren’t playing basketball at that
4. She wasn’t
5. She wasn’t walking her
dog, she was sitting on the bench and (was) eating an ice cream.
6. He wasn’t driving fast at that moment, he was driving at a slow
7. I wasn’t sleeping when you phoned me, I was taking a
speed.
8. When I got o the train it wasn’t raining, it was snowing
bath.
heavily.
they were having an English exam.
9. ey weren’t having their history exam at that time,
10. He wasn’t repairing his
car, he was washing it.
XVII. 1. What were you doing at three o’clock on Sunday? — At three
o’clock on Sunday I was having a rest.
2. Were you revising for a
test at ve o’clock yesterday? — No, I wasn’t. I was meeting my
friend.
Yes, I was. We were having our English class.
3. Were you learning English at twelve o’clock today? —
4. Were you watch-
294
ing TV at eight p.m. yesterday? — Yes, I was. e programme
was very interesting.
that time? — I was watching a sport programme.
5. What programme were you watching at
6. What class
were you having at one o’clock on Monday? — at time we
were having a history class.
7. Were you meeting your friends on
Saturday evening at seven o’clock? — No, I was not. I was out of
8. What were you doing when I phoned you? — I was hav-
town.
ing lunch.
9. Were yo u s u r ng the Internet at ten o’clock in the
evening? — Yes, I was. I was looking for some information about
the history of England.
10. Where were you walking when I met
you? — When you met me, I was walking home.
XVIII. 1) b; 2) b; 3) c; 4) b; 5) a; 6) b; 7) c; 8) a; 9) c; 10) c
XIX. 1. I hope this time tomorrow we’ll be having an English class
with a native speaker.
my friends who have just returned from their foreign trip.
2. I think when you come I’ll be meeting
3. I’m
sure at 12.30 I’ll be discussing a very important problem with
my chief.
5. I know when I phone her, my sister will be doing the wash-
ing.
4. I think when you return he’ll be sur ng the Internet.
6. I don’t think we’ll be having supper this time. 7. I believe
when you come home your husband will be watching a football
match on TV.
playing with my little sister.
an important project this time, so don’t disturb them.
8. Next Sunday just a er breakfast, I think, I’ll be
9. I believe they’ll be thinking over
10. I don’t
think I’ll be reading a detective story this time, I’ll be rather doing
something di erent.
XX. 2. No, I won’t be repairing my car, I’ll be dining out at a restau-
rant with my friends.
working in the garden.
having a shower.
be having a lecture on literature.
3. No, she won’t be doing the at, she’ll be
4. No, I won’t be sleeping this time, I’ll be
5. No, we won’t be having grammar classes, we’ll
6. No, he won’t be having a talk
with a foreign representative this time, he’ll be presiding over a
meeting.
business letters, I’ll be looking through new letters.
7. No, at twelve o’clock tomorrow I won’t be translating
8. No, I won’t
be doing the shopping this time tomorrow, I’ll be meeting my
friends at home.
ence this time, they’ll be having a long break.
9. No, they won’t be participating in the confer-
10. No, I won’t be
taking an exam this time tomorrow, I’ll be still revising for it.
XXI. 1. What will you be doing at six o’clock tomorrow? — I will be
sleeping.
day? — No, I’ll be taking my exam at 11 a.m. on Monday.
2. Will you be taking your exam at nine a.m. on Mon-
3. Will
295
you be using your computer tomorrow at eleven o’clock? — Yes, I
will. I will be writing my report.
4. What class will you be having
at ten o’clock on Tuesday? — At ten o’clock on Tuesday we will
be having a maths class.
5. Will your chief be negotiating with a
foreign representative at twelve o’clock on Friday? — Yes, they
will be discussing investment problems.
6. Will you be meeting
your friends at six o’clock on Saturday? — Yes, we will be celebrating my sister’s birthday.
breakfast at eight o’clock tomorrow? — I’ll be sleeping.
7. Will you be sleeping or having
8. Will
you be still revising for the test at the library at six o’clock in the
evening? — I think I will. I will be still at the library.
9. Will you be
still working in the o ce at half past six tomorrow? — No, I will
not (won’t). My working day nishes at six o’clock.
10. Will you
be redecorating your at this time on Sunday? — No, we will not
(won’t) be redecorating our at this time. We have already done it.
XXII. 1) c; 2) a; 3) a; 4) a; 5) c; 6) b; 7) c; 8) a; 9) a; 10) b
XXIII. 2. ey have been playing tennis on the court for half an hour.
3. He has been waiting for you for a long time. 4. ey have been
discussing environmental issues at the conference for the last
two hours.
since eleven o’clock.
her friend for more than an hour.
lm since one o’clock.
for almost an hour.
time.
5. He has been revising for tomorrow’s examination
6. She has been speaking on the phone with
7. He has been watching the
8. He has been learning the poem by heart
9. e baby has been crying for quite a long
10. He has been repairing his TV set since the a ernoon.
XXIV. 2. She has been eating bilberry. 3. It has been raining. 4. ey
have been ghting in the yard.
6. Somebody has been smoking heavily here. 7. She has been
playing tennis on the court.
been swimming in the cold water.
5. He has been repairing his car.
8. He has been running. 9. ey have
10. She has been exercising.
XXV. 1) am reading, have you been reading it, have been reading the
novel for two days, have you read, Not many
2) is translating, has she been translating it, has been translating
the text since the morning, has she translated, Half the text
3) am washing up, have you been doing it, have been washing up
for half an hour, have you washed, almost all
4) is sur ng, has he been sur ng the Internet, has been doing it
since he came back home, has he visited, A lot
XXVI. 1. We are having our English class. We have been studying Eng-
lish since ten o’clock.
2. My sister is speaking with her friend
296
on the phone. She has been talking with her for an hour and a
3. Denis is working for a foreign company now. He has been
half.
working for it for more than a year.
in the garage. He has been repairing it since the morning.
4. John is repairing his car
5. It is
raining. It has been raining since two o’clock.
XXVII. 1. How long have you been learning English? 2. How long have
you been living in St. Petersburg?
sports? How long have you been doing this?
board game? How long have been playing it?
musical instrument? How long have you been playing it?
3. Do you go in for any kind of
4. Do you play any
5. Do you play any
6. Do
you jog in the morning? For how many years have you been jog-
7. Do you earn a living yourself? Since what year have you
ging?
been earning a living?
been driving it?
been riding it?
10. Do you sometimes visit the site “Classmates”?
8. Do you drive a car? How long have you
9. Do you ride a bicycle? How long have you
How long have you been visiting it?
1. I have been learning English since I was in the second form of
school.
een years).
I got in the University).
since I le school.
guitar since I went to school.
the mornings for quite a long time.
ing a living myself for two years.
a car since I got a driving licence two years ago.
been riding a bicycle since I was a child.
2. I have been living in St. Petersburg since I was born (for
3. I have been going in for sport for ve years (since
4. Yes, I do. I have been playing chess
5. Yes, I do. I play guitar. I have been playing
6. Yes, I do. I have been jogging in
7. Yes, I do. I have been earn-
8. Yes, I do. I have been driving
9. Yes, I do. I have
10. Yes, I do. I have been
doing it for two years.
XXVIII. 1) c; 2) a; 3) c; 4) a; 5) c; 6) a; 7) b; 8) c; 9) a; 10) c
XXIX. 1) had been ghting; 2) has been crying; 3) has been learning;
4) had been learning; 5) had been smoking; 6) has been waiting;
7) had been enjoying; 8) have been conducting; 9) had been ne-
gotiating;
10) have been playing
XXX. 1) a; 2) b; 3) c; 4) a; 5) a; 6) a; 7) c; 8) c; 9) a; 10) c
UNIT SIX
I. 1) b; 2) a; 3) b; 4) a; 5) c; 6) c; 7) a; 8) b; 9) b; 10) c; 11) a; 12) b
II.
1+2–3+4–5+6–7
–
297
III. 1) can speak; 2) can’t lend; 3) can’t nd; 4) can give; 5) can’t visit;
6) can watch; 7) can’t do; 8) can swim, can’t dive; 9) can borrow;
10) can drive
IV. 1. Can you speak English well? — Yes, I can. I can speak it uently.
(No, I can’t. I can speak English a little.)
2. Can you speak any oth-
er languages? — I am sorry, I can’t. I can’t speak any other foreign
languages. (Yes, I can. I can speak Spanish a little. It is our second
language.)
speak French a little.
I can. I like board games.
I can play chess and draughts.
can. (No, I can’t.)
I can. (No, I can’t.)
I can play the piano (the violin).
ters? — I think I can. (I am sorry I can’t.)
3. What other foreign language can you speak? — I can
4. Can you play any board games? — Yes,
5. What board games can you play? —
6. Can you drive a car? — Yes, I
7. Can you play any musical instrument? — Yes,
8. What musical instrument can you play? —
9. Can you write business let-
10. How much money
can you earn a week? — Not much, about 10,000 rb.
V. 2) could…do; 3) could run; 4) could … swim; 5) couldn’t come;
6) could speak; 7) couldn’t attend; 8) couldn’t say; 9) could do;
10) could… make
VI. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11
VII. 1) could; 2) was able to; 3) could / was able to; 4) could / was …
able to;
able to;
5) was able to; 6) were able to; 7) could / was able; 8) was
9) could / was…able to; 10) could; 11) could / was able
VIII. Group I — 1, 4, 6, 7, 9
Group II — 2, 3, 5, 8, 10
1. Билл, должно быть, устал после напряжённой работы
в саду.
перед ней за это.
лы возможного.
Вот почему ты получил четвёрку.
ны ответить на вопросы.
детям. Она, должно быть, хорошая мать.
2. Ваш сын плохо себя вёл. Он должен извиниться
3. Нужно понимать, что существуют преде-
4. У тебя в диктанте, должно быть, ошибка.
5. Прежде всего вы долж-
6. Всё своё время она посвятила
7. Джордж, долж-
но быть, готовится к экзамену. Он добросовестный студент.
8. Вы должны непременно прийти к нам как-нибудь ещё.
9. Телефон занят. Она, должно быть, разговаривает со своей
подругой.
10. Все должны посмотреть выставку импрессио-
нистов — она великолепна.
IX. 1) needn’t hurry; 2) needn’t take a bus; 3) mustn’t be late; 4) needn’t
5) mustn’t walk; 6) mustn’t tell; 7) needn’t phone; 8) needn’t
take;
9) mustn’t smoke; 10) mustn’t tell lies
learn;
298
X. 1) had to; 2) will have to; 3) must; 4) must; 5) had to; 6) will have
to;
7) must; 8) had to; 9) must; 10) had to
XI. 1) must; 2) must; 3) has to; 4) must; 5) must; 6) has to; 7) has to; 8)
have to;
9) must; 10) must
XII. 2) doesn’t have to; 3) don’t have to; 4) doesn’t have to; 5) doesn’t
have to;
9) doesn’t have to; 10) don’t have to
6) doesn’t have to; 7) doesn’t have to; 8) doesn’t have to;
XIII. 2. I didn’t have to keep late hours when I worked for the com-
pany.
3. ey didn’t have to pay for their education because they
were students of a state-owned University.
do much work about the house when she was unmarried.
didn’t have to repair his car — he had it repaired.
didn’t have to answer the phone calls a er 5 p.m.
have to travel much when he was a student.
4. She didn’t have to
5. He
6. e secretary
7. Steve didn’t
8. Mother didn’t have
to remind them about their duties when they were schoolchildren.
9. My sister didn’t have to cook dinner on Sundays — they
ate out at restaurants.
10. ey didn’t have to take care of this; it
was somebody else’s duty.
XIV. 2.Where did you have to spend the summer? 3. What did you
have to spend much money on?
the party earlier?
iour?
6. How much does he have to pay for his education? 7. How
5. Why do you have to put up with his behav-
long did they have to wait for her?
his examination?
10. Why did you have to complain to the manager?
9. When did they have to come to a decision?
4. Why will you have to leave
8. Why will he have to retake
XV. 1. What time do you have to get up on weekdays? — On week-
days I have to get up rather early, at 7.30.
2. How do you have to
get to the University? — I have to get to the University by bus
which is always overcrowded.
3. Do you have to spend much
time at the library? — I don’t have to spend much time at the
library because we have many books at home.
for your education? — My parents have to do this.
4. Who has to pay
5. Do you
have to work to pay for your education? — No, I don’t have to
do this because my parents help me.
6. What do you have to do
about the house? — I have to do much: to clean the at, to wash
up, to walk the dog and so on.
7. Do you sometimes have to tell
lies? — No, never. (Yes, occasionally.) In what case do you have
to do this? — I sometimes have to tell lies not to tell the sad
truth.
8. Do you have to help your relatives? — Yes, I do, es-
299
pecially when they are in trouble. 9. How o en do you have to
visit your friends? — I have to visit them twice a week.
10. Do
you sometimes have to argue with your teachers? — No, never. I
avoid doing it.
XVI. 1. I don’t have to take our dog for a walk (to walk our dog) as it’s
my sister’s duty.
a lot about the house.
day.
5. Did you have to work hard at your English? 6. In this situ-
ation they had to rely on luck only.
about her future, her parents think (do this) for her.
I have to remind you about your duties.
go shopping on weekdays?
2. I have to do this job regularly. 3. She has to do
4. We have to visit our parents every Sun-
7. She doesn’t have to think
8. Sorry, but
9. Do you o en have to
10. She was very busy, that was why
she had to rest very seldom.
XVII. 1) b; 2) c; 3) b; 4) a; 5) b; 6) c; 7) a; 8) c; 9) a; 10) c
XVIII. 2. May I phone you late in the evening? 3. May I smoke in the
room?
4. May I help you with your test? 5. May I use your com-
puter?
6. May I keep your book for ve more days? 7. May I give
you a piece of advice?
over the TV channel?
8. May I read your letter? 9. May I switch
10. May I use your pen?
XIX. 1. I may (might) go to a concert of my favourite group with my
friends.
3. I may (might) work at my report if there is nothing interest-
ing on TV.
games.
2. I may (might) visit my school friends or stay at home.
4. I may (might) do the homework or play computer
5. I may (might) entertain my guests if they risk going out
in such awful weather.
XX. 1. She may (might) be talking on the phone with her friend.
2. Daniel may (might) be repairing his car in the garage. 3. His
parents may (might) be visiting their friends.
goods may (might) be increasing.
her homework in the next room.
for us outside.
supermarket.
the library.
10. e police may (might) be investigating the case.
7. ey may (might) be doing the shopping at the
8. Dan may (might) be revising for his exams at
9. Lizzie may (might) be taking her dog for a walk.
5. Ann may (might) be doing
6. He may (might) be waiting
4. e prices of the
XXI. 1) be; 2) be playing; 3) hope; 4) know; 5) go; 6) be watching; 7) be
waiting;
8) think; 9) be looking; 10) be sleeping
XXII. 2. I haven’t decided yet but I may (might) go to Japan for my
summer holidays.
in a day or two.
3. I don’t know yet but I may (might) meet her
4. We haven’t decided yet but we may (might)
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