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Файл:Практический курс английского языка лексико-грамматические упражнения и тесты
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5. Our business partners suggested that we … the terms of
payment and delivery in detail.
a) should discuss b) would discuss c) discussed
6. It is of vital importance that the government … the economic
growth of industry in the country.
a) predicts b) would predict c) should predict
7. He … in the championship but he has broken his leg.
a) would take part b) should take part c) take
8. I wish you … with everybody when you fail to achieve
something.
a) should not nd
fault
9. Take regular exercise and strengthen your health lest you …
b) do not nd
fault
c) would not nd
fault
ill.
a) should fall b) would fall c) should not fall
10. It was very important that she … a chance of getting a job in
the company.
a) would not miss b) did not miss c) should not miss
Unit
NINETEEN
I.
Выделите слово или фразу, которые не вписываются в общий семантический ряд остальных слов или предполагают участников разных сторон
одной ситуации. Первый пример дан в качестве образца:
1) a bag, a bottle, a carton, a packet — a bottle;
2) a loaf, a piece, a slice, a lump;
3) beans, peas, berries, lentils;
4) a stationery, a bakery, a grocery, a greengrocery;
5) spacious, vast, enormous, tiny;
6) boiled, stu ed, stewed, baked;
7) shrimps, crabs, oysters, whales;
8) a shopper, a shop assistant, a cashier, a manager;
9) garlic, onion, pepper, marmalade;
10) tasty, delicious, nasty, attractive.
II.
Выберите подходящее слово или фразу для завершения каждой ситуа-
ции.
1. … food is high in saturated fat, which is linked with a higher
risk of cancer.
a) Fast b) Junk c) Undercooked
2. Someone who spends a lot of time sitting at home watching
television is called a couch … .
a) cabbage b) potato c) watermelon
3. You should limit the amount of chocolate you eat if you want
to … weight.
a) gain b) cut down on c) lose
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4. More and more people are rejecting meat … more fruit and
vegetables.
a) due to b) in favour of c) because of
5. Nutritionists are predicting that junk food … will increase in
the near future.
a) digestion b) consumption c) swallowing
6. Indian food is o en very … .
a) spicy b) salty c) sour
7. e meat was … because she forgot to take it from the oven
on time.
a) overcooked b) undercooked c) well done
8. is loaf is … . Haven’t we got any fresh bread?
a) hard b) rough c) stale
9. … drinks are very sugary and can be bad for your teeth.
a) Fizzy b) Gaseous c) Strong
10. Do you always add salt … your food at the table?
a) into b) to c) on
III.
Прочитайте текст.
Bee Keeping
Honey, the sweetest of natural foods, was the main source of
sugar in ancient times. It was highly prized both as a foodstu
and a medicine. In those days, the art of bee keeping was known
only to a select few members of secret societies, who were treated
with great respect. Nowadays, of course, bee keeping is not
surrounded by such mystique. It is a popular pastime which can
be taken up by anyone with a little money to spend and some
space in their garden.
It would be wrong to say that bees are domestic creatures,
farmed in the same way as cows or sheep. e beekeeper provides
a home for the bees, and takes care of them, but the bees remain
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wild. In a sense, the relationship between bee and beekeeper is
one of mutual exploitation. Both bene t from the relationship,
and neither one is a slave to the other.
Many people have an irrational fear of bees. eir anxiety is
usually based on an ignorance of the true nature of these adorable
insects. ey are not naturally aggressive creatures. True, their
sting is rather painful, but it is seldom as serious for the victim as
it is for the bee, who dies soon a er.
(David McKeegan. First Certi cate Pass Key.
Grammar Practice with Key. —
Oxford : Heinemann ELT, 1998. P. 90.)
Отметьте высказывания знаком плюс или минус в зависимости от того, соответствуют они содержанию текста (+) или нет (–).
1. In ancient times honey was widely used both as a foodstu and
a drug.
3. Bee keeping was a real art, and beekeepers were treated with
2. In those times honey was successfully replaced by sugar.
respect. 4. Bee keeping has very much in common with farming
cows — bees as well as cows are considered domestic creatures.
5. Bees are adorable creatures rather than aggressive ones. 6. e
fear of bees is based on an ignorance of the true nature of the
insects. 7. When the bee stings its victim, it dies soon a er.
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Сослагательное наклонение в сложноподчинённом
предложении с придаточным предложением условным
The Subjunctive Mood in Conditional Sentences
Так называемые условные предложения (the conditional
sentences) являются сложноподчинёнными предложениями с
придаточным предложением, выражающим нереальное усло-
вие, и главным, в котором заключается значение нереального
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следствия. Термин «нереальное» означает воображаемое или
желаемое. В таких предложениях встречаются две формы сосла-
гательного наклонения: синтетическая и аналитическая. Син-
тетическая форма (past и perfect subjunctive) употребляется в
придаточном предложении, а аналитическая (would, could или
may (might) в сочетании с инфинитивом) — в главном.
IV.
Дайте совет своему собеседнику, употребляя фразу If I were you (Если
бы я был на вашем месте) в ответ на его (её) заявление. Первое предложение дано в качестве образца.
1. I’m busy and very o en I have to drop in a fast food café
for lunch. (To refuse junk food at all) — If I were you I would
refuse junk food at all. 2. I know that it is harmful to eat lots of
chocolate but I like it very much. (To cut down on salt and sugar)
3. I don’t want to be overweight so I avoid fat food. (To take
exercise) 4. I haven’t decided yet what course to take rst, driving
or informatics. (To take а foreign language course rst) 5. I have
some problems with my health. Do you think I should consult
an aromatherapist? (Not to rely on alternative medicine) 6. I like
foreign cuisine because it is spicy. (To cut down on spicy food)
7. I know that exercise plays an important part in keeping the body
t and healthy, but I am too lazy. (To be more active) 8. I don’t
want to become a doctor; there are too many doctors in our family.
(To follow in your parents’ footsteps) 9. Tomorrow is my brother’s
birthday but I haven’t decided yet what present to buy for him. (To
present him with the latest CDs) 10. I’m bored and disappointed.
I can’t see any prospects in my career. (To make a fresh start)
Обычно past subjunctive в придаточном предложении условном соотносится с формой would + неперфектный инфинитив в
главном предложении, в то время как perfect subjunctive коррелирует с формой would + перфектный инфинитив. Выбор между перфектными и неперфектными формами определяется тем,
275
к какому времени относится нереальное действие. Если такое
действие рассматривается применительно к настоящему или
будущему, используются неперфектные формы; если действие
связано с прошлым, это передаётся перфектными формами:
If he were appointed to this position,
he would be a good manager.
(Perhaps he will be appointed the manager of the company.)
Что показывают или имплицируют выделенные формы? Они обозначают, что у человека есть шанс быть назначенным управляющим и проявить себя хорошо на этом посту. Вероятно, именно
так и случится в недалёком будущем. Иными словами, действие
описываемой ситуации относится к настоящему или будущему,
то есть к тому периоду времени, которое оставляет надежду на
изменение положения вещей.
Рассмотрим другой пример:
Why didn’t you come to the party yesterday? —
Nobody told me about it. If I had known,
I would certainly have come.
(But I didn’t know, that is why I didn’t come.)
Ситуацию, описываемую в этом предложении, можно рассматривать как утраченную возможность, которую нельзя вернуть,
потому что всё это было в прошлом. («Поезд ушёл».) События
такого рода передаются перфектными формами.
V.
Найдите синтетические и аналитические формы сослагательного наклонения в главном и придаточном предложении и объясните употребление перфектных и неперфектных форм. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He would make things so much easier for himself if he were a
little more human.
2. I give this story here because it is a curious
little incident concerning persons whose names at least will live
in the social history of the Victorian Era and I think it would
be a pity if it were lost.
3. If the o cers of this Government had
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hesitated to take unjusti able risks it would never have become
a province of the British Empire.
4. If you had been killed, the
country would have su ered an irreparable loss. 5. Do you
think she would come to my birthday party if I invited her? 6. If
I had a chance to make a fresh start, I would try to correct all
serious mistakes I have made during all my life.
7. You wouldn’t
have failed in the exam if you hadn’t missed so many classes.
8. Everybody believes they would be a happy couple if they got
married. 9. If I had plenty of money, I would rst make a trip to
Japan and China. 10. I’m sure if he applied for a job dealing with
computer graphics, he would be given it.
VI.
Поставьте инфинитив, данный в скобках, в правильную форму сосла-
гательного наклонения в главном или придаточном предложении.
1. If you had kept to a strict diet, you (not to gain) weight.
2. I would nd a job in some foreign country if I (to know)
English well. 3. If the weather (to be) ne next weekend, we (to
go) to the country and (to arrange) a picnic.
4. If you (not to
be late) for the performance, you would have witnessed a very
amusing scene.
5. If I were, say, ve or six years younger, I (take
up) mountaineering. 6. If I (not to give) them my word of honour
that I would support them in business, I (to change) my decision,
but I couldn’t because I was bound by my obligation. 7. If he (to
listen) to the weather forecast, he wouldn’t have sailed in such
stormy weather. 8. e driver (to avoid) the accident if he had
been driving more carefully. 9. If I were stuck on a desert island,
I (to use) ares to signal my position. 10. If I (to see) someone
trying to break in the house, I would have called the police.
Существует также смешанный тип предложений с придаточными условными, в которых главное и подчинённое предложение
имеют разную временну´ю отнесённость. В первом виде таких
предложений время придаточного предложения (условие) отно-
277
сится к прошлому, а время главного предложения (следствие) —
к настоящему или будущему:
If you hadn’t missed the yesterday’s lecture,
you would know what we are speaking about now.
Во втором варианте смешанного типа условие не ограничено
никаким временем, а следствие связано с прошедшим:
If he were not so absent-minded,
he wouldn’t have confused the time of meeting.
VII.
Найдите формы сослагательного наклонения в сложноподчинённых
предложениях смешанного типа, проанализируйте их употребление и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. If I hadn’t been there myself, I wouldn’t believe in what he is
telling us. 2. If he were a good swimmer, he would have taken
part in the swimming competition which was held last week.
3. e boy wouldn’t have been so frightened when he lost his way
in the forest if he were a little older.
4. I would be very surprised
if she had passed her driving test. 5. If they had been treated well
by the hotel sta , they wouldn’t be complaining now. 6. He would
be more kind-hearted and easy-going if he hadn’t been punished
so severely when a child. 7. If he were more competent, he
wouldn’t have given them the unprofessional advice. 8. If I were
you I wouldn’t have believed that nonsense; besides, I wouldn’t
have taken the false step. 9. She would have coped with all the
problems long ago if she were hard-working. 10. If I were as
experienced and knowledgeable as you, I would have found a
new job long ago.
Придаточные предложения условия, содержащие глаголы were
и had, часто вводятся без союза. В этом случае наблюдается ин-
версия:
If he were not so generous = Were he not so generous
(Не будь он таким великодушным)
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If I had known about the event in advance =
Had I known about the event in advance
(Знай я об этом событии заранее)
VIII.
Напишите следующие предложения без союза, используя инвер-
сию. Переведите полученные варианты на русский язык.
1. If I were better quali ed, I would send an application for a
job to a foreign company.
such a large company, I would hire a bodyguard.
had seen the dog, he would have braked the car to a halt.
they were treated well, they wouldn’t complain.
2. If I were the executive director of
3. If the driver
4. If
5. If the river
hadn’t ooded its banks, the crops wouldn’t have been ruined.
6. If she had agreed to look a er him, she would have inherited
the house.
whole year.
greatly.
promotion.
7. If the at were cheaper, they would rent it for the
8. If they were so far from me now, I would miss them
9. If she had been more disciplined, she would have got
10. If we had known all the details about the event
beforehand, we would have predicted the result.
IX.
Закончите предложения, опираясь на русский вариант.
1. If you drove carefully, (тебя бы так часто не штрафовали).
2. I would buy a new car, (если бы я выиграл крупную сумму
денег).
3. (Если бы она не была такой упрямой), she would
have listened to your advice and wouldn’t have invested her
money in the scheme.
бы ты её пригласил). Just think, maybe you’ll phone her.
they had le in time, (они бы не опоздали на концерт).
were you, (я бы снял другую квартиру).
водительские права), if you hadn’t passed the test.
would you go, (если бы сейчас было лето)?
с деньгами), if you were a millionaire?
4. She would come to the party, (если
5. If
6. If I
7. (Ты бы не получил
8. Where
9. (Что бы вы делали
10. If I knew English well,
(я бы уже давно был управляющим компанией).
279
X.
Напишите четыре-пять предложений с придаточными условными,
развивая предложенное высказывание.
1. If I had a lot of money, I would buy a larger at. If I bought a
larger at, …
2. I would become an interpreter if I knew English well. If I
became an interpreter, …
XI.
Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Если бы они работали вместе, они бы добились хороших
результатов. 2. Если бы он не был музыкантом, он бы стал
хорошим художником. 3. Мы бы не успели на поезд, если
бы не взяли такси. 4. Что бы вы разрешили или запретили в
своей компании, если бы были исполнительным директором?
5. Если бы мы не забронировали номер в отеле заранее, нам
бы сейчас пришлось снимать квартиру. 6. Чувствовали бы
вы себя счастливой, если бы вышли замуж за миллионера?
7. Что бы вы предприняли, если бы хотели похудеть? 8. Если
бы она не заболела, она пришла бы на вчерашний концерт.
9. Если бы я водил машину, я бы соблюдал все правила до-
рожного движения. 10. Он бы не одолжил тебе такую сумму
денег, если бы не считал тебя надёжным человеком.
XII.
Выберите правильную форму сослагательного наклонения.
1. If I were you, I … too much in public about your plans.
a) would not talk b) did not talk c) could not talk
2. If he had been informed about your arrival beforehand, he …
to meet you, but he was not.
a) should have
come
3. If the group of tourists started now, they … to the camp by
b) would come c) would have
come
the evening.
a) should have got b) would have got c) would get
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