Педагогика продленного дня. Учебное пособие

ƭǕNJnjNJ ƬǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ —

ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǜǘǚ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjNJ njǑǚǘǛǕǏǗǒǩ

ƻǙǏǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǛǜǦ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǚǏǐǒǖNJ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǗǏǛǖǘǜǚǩ ǗNJ ǛǘǕǒǎǗǝǨ ǒǛǜǘǚǒǨ ǧǜǘǓ Ǟǘǚǖǥ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǏǣǪ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǛǔǕNJǎǥnjNJǏǜǛǩ ǒ ǗǏǜ ǎǘǛǜNJǜǘǡǗǘ ǙǘǕǗǘǓ ǏǪ ǙǚǘǞǏǛǛǒǘǍǚNJǖǖǥ Ƭ ǗNJǡNJǕǦǗǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǏ ǗǏ ǚǏǎǔǘ ǚNJNjǘǜǝ nj ǔNJǡǏǛǜnjǏ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǙǚǏǎǕNJ ǍNJǨǜ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩǖ ǘǛǗǘnjǗǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǙǚǘǩnjǒnjǢǒǖ ǛǏNjǩ ǛǕNJNjǥǖǒ ǙǚǏǎǖǏǜǗǒ ǔNJǖǒ ǒǕǒ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩǖ ǙǏǗǛǒǘǗǗǘǍǘ njǘǑǚNJǛǜNJ Ƭ ǧǜǒǟ ǛǕǝǡNJǩǟ ǚNJNjǘǜNJ njǘǛǙǒ ǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǚNJǛǛǖNJǜǚǒnjNJǏǜǛǩ ǔNJǔ ǗǏǛǕǘǐǗNJǩ nj ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǖ ǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǒ nj ǛǚNJnjǗǏǗǒǒǛǙǚǏǙǘǎNJnjNJǗǒǏǖǗNJǝǚǘǔNJǟ ǔNJǔǖNJǕǘǑǗNJǡǒǜǏǕǦǗNJǩǙǘǘǜǗǘ ǢǏǗǒǨ ǔ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ǔǕNJǛǛǗǘǍǘ ǚǝǔǘnjǘǎǒǜǏǕǩ ƶǏǐǎǝ ǜǏǖ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦ ǗǘǛǜǦ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǛǕǘǐǗNJ ǖǗǘǍǘǘNjǚNJǑǗNJ Ǚǘ Ǜnjǘǒǖ ǜǚǏNjǘnjNJǗǒǩǖ ǔ ǏǍǘ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǒ ǒ ǒǖǏǏǜ ǛǙǏǠǒǞǒǡǏǛǔǒǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǏ ǘǛǘNjǏǗǗǘǛǜǒ

ƸǛǗǘnjǗǥǏ ǘNjǩǑNJǗǗǘǛǜǒ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǔǕNJǛǛNJ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǚǏǍǕNJǖǏǗǜǒǚǝǏǜ ƾǏǎǏǚNJǕǦǗǥǓ ǑNJǔǘǗ mƸNj ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǒ nj ƺǘǛǛǒǓǛǔǘǓ ƾǏǎǏǚNJǠǒǒ} ǍǎǏ nj ǛǜNJǜǦǏ ǡNJǛǜǦ ǛǔNJǑNJǗǘ mƬ ǍǚǝǙǙǏ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǘǛǝǣǏǛǜnjǕǩǏǜǛǩ ǙǚǒǛǖǘǜǚ ǒ ǝǟǘǎ ǑNJ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ ǒǟ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǏ ǒ ǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔNJ ǔ ǝǡǏNjǗǥǖ ǑNJǗǩǜǒǩǖ NJ ǜNJǔǐǏ ǖǘǍǝǜ ǙǚǘnjǘǎǒǜǦǛǩ ǞǒǑǔǝǕǦǜǝǚǗǘ-ǘǑǎǘǚǘ njǒǜǏǕǦǗǥǏǒǔǝǕǦǜǝǚǗǥǏǖǏǚǘǙǚǒǩǜǒǩ} ƷNJǘǛǗǘnjǏǑNJǔǘǗNJmƸNjǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJ Ǘǒǒ nj ƺǘǛǛǒǓǛǔǘǓ ƾǏǎǏǚNJǠǒǒ} ƾǏǎǏǚNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǍǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǘNjǚNJǑǘ njNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǛǜNJǗǎNJǚǜNJ ǗNJǡNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǘNjǣǏǍǘ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǩ ƾƭƸƻ ƷƸƸ mƹǘǕǘǐǏǗǒǩ ǘ njǗǏǝǚǘǡǗǘǓ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ nj ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǜǏǕǦǗǥǟ ǝǡǚǏǐǎǏ Ǘǒǩǟ} ǛǙǏǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǟ ƶǏǜǘǎǒǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǙǒǛǏǖ ƶǒǗǒǛǜǏǚǛǜnjNJ ǙǚǘǛnjǏǣǏǗǒǩ ƺƾ ǒǗǛǜǚǝǔǠǒǓ ǍǕNJnjǗǘǍǘ ǛNJǗǒǜNJǚǗǘǍǘ njǚNJǡNJ ƺƾ nj ǔNJǐǎǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǏ ǚNJǑǚNJ NjNJǜǥnjNJǏǜǛǩ ǕǘǔNJǕǦǗǥǓ ǗǘǚǖNJǜǒnjǗǥǓ ǎǘǔǝǖǏǗǜ mƹǘǕǘǐǏǗǒǏ ǘ ǍǚǝǙǙNJǟǒǕǒ ǔǕNJǛǛNJǟ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ} ƼNJǔǘǏ mƹǘǕǘǐǏǗǒǏ} ǙǚǒǗǒǖNJǏǜǛǩ ǙǏǎNJ ǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǖ ǛǘnjǏǜǘǖ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǒ njnjǘǎǒǜǛǩ nj ǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǏ ǙǚǒǔNJǑǘǖ ǎǒǚǏǔǜǘǚNJ

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Ƭ ǧǜǒǟ ǎǘǔǝǖǏǗǜNJǟ ǘǜǖǏǡǏǗǘ ǡǜǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǝǡǒǜǥnjNJǩ ǚǏǐǒǖ ǔǘǗǔǚǏǜǗǥǏ ǝǛǕǘnjǒǩ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǚNJǑǚNJNjNJǜǥnjNJǏǜ ǒ ǛǘǍǕNJǛǘnjǥ njNJǏǜ Ǜ ǚǝǔǘnjǘǎǛǜnjǘǖ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǚǏǐǒǖ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ƸǗ ǎǘǕǐǏǗ ǎǘNjǒ njNJǜǦǛǩ ǧǞǞǏǔǜǒnjǗǘǓ ǚǏNJǕǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǑNJǎNJǡ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ nj ǔNJǐǎǘǖ ǒǑ ǖǘǖǏǗ ǜǘnj ǧǜǘǍǘ ǚǏǐǒǖNJ ǗNJ ǛNJǖǘǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǏ ǙǚǘǍǝǕǔǏ Ǚǚǒ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǙǒǜNJ Ǘǒǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ nj ǔǚǝǐǔǘnjǘǓ ǔǕǝNjǗǘǓ ǛǙǘǚǜǒnjǗǘ-ǘǑǎǘǚǘnjǒǜǏǕǦǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǏ

ƬǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǎǘǕǐǏǗ ǟǘǚǘǢǘ ǑǗNJǜǦ ǝǡǏNjǗǥǏ ǙǚǘǍǚNJǖǖǥ ǝǡǏNjǗǒǔǒ ǒ ǙǘǛǘNjǒǩ ǎǕǩ ǝǡǏǗǒǔǘnj njǛǏǟ ǔǕNJǛǛǘnj ǙǘǛǏǣNJǨǣǒǟ ǍǚǝǙǙǝ ƺNJNjǘǜNJǩ Ǜǘnj ǖǏǛǜǗǘ Ǜ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǏǖ NJ ǡNJǣǏ Ǜ ǗǏǛǔǘǕǦǔǒǖǒ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩǖǒ ǚNJǑǗǥǟ ǔǕNJǛǛǘnj njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǨ ǜǚǏNjǝǏǜǛǩ ǝǡǒǜǥnjNJǜǦ ǔNJǔǒǏ ǚNJǑǎǏǕǥ ǘǜǎǏǕǦǗǥǟ ǙǚǏǎǖǏǜǘnj ǜǚǝǎǗǘǝǛnjNJǒnjNJǨǜǛǩǎǏǜǦǖǒǒnjǘnjǚǏǖǩǙǚǏǎǝǛǖǘǜǚǏǜǦǖǏǚǥ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǏǙǘ ǖǘǍǝǜ ǗNJ ǑNJǗǩǜǒǩǟ ǛNJǖǘǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǘǓ ǙǚǏǎǝǙǚǏǎǒǜǦ ǒǕǒ ǙǚǏǘǎǘǕǏǜǦ ǧǜǒ ǜǚǝǎǗǘǛǜǒ

ƻ ǔǕNJǛǛǗǥǖǒ ǚǝǔǘnjǘǎǒǜǏǕǩǖǒ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǛǘǍǕNJǛǘnjǥnjNJǏǜ ǙǚǘnjǏǎǏǗǒǏ ǔǘǕǕǏǔǜǒnjǗǥǟ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǎǏǕ ǙǘǖǘǍNJǏǜ ǒǖ ǒǑǝǡNJǜǦ ǒǗǎǒnjǒǎǝNJǕǦǗǥǏ ǘǛǘNjǏǗǗǘǛǜǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǙǚǒǗǒǖNJǏǜ ǝǡNJǛǜǒǏ nj ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ Ǜ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǩǖǒ Ƭ ǔǕNJǛǛǏ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǔǕNJǛǛǗǥǖ ǚǝǔǘnjǘǎǒǜǏǕǏǖ ǖǘǐǏǜ NjǥǜǦ ǗǏ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǦ NJ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǜNJǔ ǔNJǔ ǒǖǏǗǗǘ ǘǗ ǚǏNJǕǒǑǝǏǜ nj ǛnjǘǏǓ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ njǛǏ ǞǝǗǔǠǒǒ ǔǕNJǛǛ ǗǘǍǘ ǚǝǔǘnjǘǎǒǜǏǕǩ

Ƭ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǒ ǙǚǘnjǏǎǏǗǒǒ ǝǡǏNjǗǘ-njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ njǘǛǙǒ ǜNJǜǏǕǦǎǘǕǐǏǗǙǘǎǎǏǚǐǒnjNJǜǦǙǘǛǜǘǩǗǗǝǨǛnjǩǑǦǛNJǎǖǒǗǒǛǜǚNJǠǒǏǓǢǔǘǕǥ ƮǒǚǏǔǜǘǚ ǚǏǢNJǏǜ njǘǙǚǘǛǥ ǖNJǜǏǚǒNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǘNjǏǛǙǏǡǏǗǒǩ ǍǚǝǙǙ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗ ǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǑNJǖǏǛǜǒǜǏǕǦ ǎǒǚǏǔǜǘǚNJ Ǚǘ ǝǡǏNjǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǏ ǔǝǚǒǚǝǏǜ ǛNJǖǘǙǘǎǍǘ ǜǘnjǔǝnjǍǚǝǙǙǏǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘǎǗǩ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǜǘǚnjǗǏǔǕNJǛǛǗǘǓǒnjǗǏǢǔǘǕǦǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǝǛǜNJǗNJnjǕǒnjNJǏǜ ǛnjǩǑǒ Ǜ ǝǡǚǏǐǎǏǗǒǩǖǒ ǎǘǙǘǕǗǒǜǏǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJ Ǘǒǩ ǙǘǖǘǍNJǏǜ ǘNjǏǛǙǏǡǒnjNJǜǦ ǔNJǎǚNJǖǒ ǔǚǝǐǔǘnjǝǨ ǒ ǔǕǝNjǗǝǨ ǚNJNjǘǜǝ

ƻǘnjǖǏǛǜǗǘ Ǜ NjǒNjǕǒǘǜǏǔNJǚǏǖ ǢǔǘǕǥ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǙǚǒǘNjǣNJǏǜ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǔ ǡǜǏǗǒǨ ǔǗǒǍ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǝǏǜ ǒǟ ǘNjǛǝǐǎǏǗǒǏ ǘǔNJǑǥnjNJǏǜ ǙǘǖǘǣǦ Ǚǚǒ Ǚǚǘ njǏǎǏǗǒǒ ǑNJǗǩǜǒǓ njǗǏǔǕNJǛǛǗǘǍǘ ǡǜǏǗǒǩ ǕǒǜǏǚNJǜǝǚǗǥǟ ǙǚNJǑǎǗǒǔǘnj

ƴǚǘǖǏǜǘǍǘ ǛǘnjǖǏǛǜǗǘǛǖǏǎǒǠǒǗǛǔǒǖǙǏǚǛǘǗNJǕǘǖǢǔǘǕǥnjǘǛǙǒǜNJ ǜǏǕǦ ǘNjǏǛǙǏǡǒnjNJǏǜ ǗNJǎǕǏǐNJǣǒǓ ǛNJǗǒǜNJǚǗǘ-ǍǒǍǒǏǗǒǡǏǛǔǒǓ ǚǏǐǒǖ ǍǚǝǙ-

Ǚǥ ǙǘǚǏǔǘǖǏǗǎNJǠǒǒnjǚNJǡNJǙǚǒǗǒǖNJǏǜǖǏǚǥǔǝǔǚǏǙǕǏǗǒǨǑǎǘǚǘnjǦǩǎǏ ǜǏǓ ƬǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǘNjǘǚǝǎǝǏǜ ǒ ǘǞǘǚǖǕǩǏǜ ǙǘǖǏǣǏǗǒǏ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗ ǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǩǏǜ ǚNJNjǘǡǏǏ ǖǏǛǜǘ ǔNJǐǎǘǖǝ ǝǡǏǗǒǔǝ

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ƮNJǐǏ ǜNJǔǘǏ ǎǘǛǜNJǜǘǡǗǘ ǔǚNJǜǔǘǏ ǙǏǚǏǡǒǛǕǏǗǒǏ ǘNjǩǑNJǗǗǘǛǜǏǓ njǘǛ ǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǚǏǐǒǖNJ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǝNjǏǐǎNJǏǜ ǡǜǘ ǏǍǘ ǚǘǕǦ nj ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJ ǜǏǕǦǗǘǖ ǙǚǘǠǏǛǛǏ ǗNJǡNJǕǦǗǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǑǗNJǡǒǜǏǕǦǗǘ ǘǜǕǒǡNJǏǜǛǩ ǘǜ ǚǘǕǒ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ ƺNJǛǔǚǘǏǖ ǙǘǎǚǘNjǗǏǏ ǧǜǘ ǛǝǐǎǏǗǒǏ

ƽǡǒǜǏǕǦ ǘǛǘNjǏǗǗǘ nj ǗNJǡNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǔǕNJǛǛNJǟ — ǗǏǙǚǏǚǏǔNJǏǖǥǓ NJnjǜǘǚǒ ǜǏǜ ǗNJ ǝǚǘǔǏ ƸǗ njǥǙǘǕǗǩǩ ǝǡǏNjǗǥǓ ǙǕNJǗ ǒ ǙǚǘǍǚNJǖǖǝ Ǜ ǙǘǕǗǥǖ ǙǚNJnjǘǖ ǜǚNJǗǛǕǒǚǝǏǜ ǑNJǕǘǐǏǗǗǝǨ nj Ǘǒǟ ǙǘǑǗNJnjNJǜǏǕǦǗǝǨ ǒǗǞǘǚǖNJǠǒǨ ƻǘǎǏǚǐNJ ǗǒǏǝǡǏNjǗǥǟǙǚǏǎǖǏǜǘnjnjǗNJǡNJǕǦǗǘǓǢǔǘǕǏǛǜǚǘǒǜǛǩǗNJǘNjǣǏǒǑnjǏǛǜǗǘǓnjǘ njǑǚǘǛǕǘǖ ǖǒǚǏ ǗNJǝǡǗǘǓ ǒǗǞǘǚǖNJǠǒǒ ǒ ǝ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ ǗǏǜ ǘǛǗǘnjNJǗǒǩ nj ǗǏǓ Ǜǘ ǖǗǏnjNJǜǦǛǩǒǕǒǎǘNjNJnjǕǩǜǦǡǜǘ-ǜǘǘǜǛǏNjǩ ƴǚǘǖǏǜǘǍǘ ǛǝǣǏǛǜnjǝǨǜǝǡǏNjǗǒǔǒ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ ǙǘǎǜnjǏǚǐǎNJǨǜ ǑNJǔǚǏǙǕǩǨǜ ǗǏǘǛǙǘǚǒǖǘǛǜǦ ǒǑǝǡNJǏǖǥǟ ǑǗNJǗǒǓ

ƽǡǒǜǏǕǦnjǛnjǘǏǓǚNJNjǘǜǏǩnjǕǩǏǜǛǩnjǘǛǗǘnjǗǘǖǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǜǘǚǘǖǙǘǑǗNJ njNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǓ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ǝǡNJǣǒǟǛǩ ǒ ǎǕǩ njǘǑǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǩ ǗNJ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǦ ǖǕNJǎ ǢǏǍǘ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǒǔNJ ǘǗ ǒǛǙǘǕǦǑǝǏǜ Ǟǘǚǖǥ ǒ ǖǏǜǘǎǥ ǝǡǏNjǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ Ƭ ǎǒ ǎNJǔǜǒǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǛǒǜǝNJǠǒǩǟ ǎǏǜǒ njǛǏǍǎNJ ǡǝnjǛǜnjǝǨǜ ǙǚǏnjǘǛǟǘǎǛǜnjǘ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ nj ǑǗNJǗǒǩǟ nj ǘǙǥǜǏ nj ǝǖǏ ǒ ǧǜǘ nj ǑǗNJǡǒǜǏǕǦǗǘǓ ǛǜǏǙǏǗǒ ǛǎǏǚǐǒnjNJǏǜ ǘNjǣǏ ǗǒǏ Ǜ Ǘǒǖ

ƬǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǐǏ ǩnjǕǩǏǜǛǩ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǜǘǚǘǖ ǒ ǝǡNJǛǜǗǒǔǘǖ njǛǏǍǘ ǖǗǘ ǍǘǘNjǚNJǑǒǩ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ nj ǙǘǑǗNJnjNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǏ nj ǝǛǕǘnjǒǩǟ ǛNJ ǖǘǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǒ ǒǍǚNJǟ ǜǚǝǎǏ ǘNjǣǏǗǒǒ LJǜǘ ǗǏǛǘǖǗǏǗǗǘ ǎǏǕNJǏǜ ǏǍǘ Njǘ ǕǏǏ NjǕǒǑǔǒǖ ǎǏǜǩǖ ǡǏǕǘnjǏǔǘǖ ǙǘǑnjǘǕǩǏǜ ǛǘǑǎNJnjNJǜǦ ǏǛǜǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǏ ǛǒǜǝNJ Ǡǒǒ ǎǕǩ njǑNJǒǖǘǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǩ ǒ ǛǘǜǚǝǎǗǒǡǏǛǜnjNJ Ǜ Ǘǒǖǒ

ƬǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ njǥǛǜǝǙNJǏǜ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǜǘǚǘǖ ǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǓ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǔ ǜǏǖ ǑǗNJǗǒǩǖ ǝǖǏǗǒǩǖ ǒ ǗNJnjǥǔNJǖ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ ǞǘǚǖǒǚǝǨǜǛǩ nj ǝǛǕǘnjǒǩǟ ǛNJǖǘ ǛǜǘǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǓ ǝǡǏNjǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǔ ǜǘnjNJǚǒǣNJǖ ǘǔǚǝǐNJǨǣǒǖ ǕǨǎǩǖ ǒ ǛǘNjǥ ǜǒǩǖ ǔ ǙǚǒǚǘǎǏ ǒ ǒǛǔǝǛǛǜnjǝ ǔ ǛNJǖǘǖǝ ǛǏNjǏ ƸǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǩ ǗǏnjǘǑǖǘǐǗǘ NJnj ǜǘǚǒǜNJǚǗǘ ǗNJnjǩǑNJǜǦ ƮǏǜǒ njǛǏǍǎNJ ǒǑNjǒǚNJǜǏǕǦǗǥ nj Ǜnjǘǒǟ ǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǩǟ ǗǏǕǦǑǩ ǑNJǛǜNJnjǒǜǦ ǙǘǕǨNjǒǜǦ ǡǜǘ-ǜǘ ǒǕǒ ǑNJǒǗǜǏǚǏǛǘnjNJǜǦ ǡǏǖ-ǜǘ ǎNJǐǏ Ǚǘǎ ǛǜǚNJǟǘǖ ǘǠǏǗǔǒ ƪ ǏǣǪ nj ǘNjǣǏǗǒǒ Ǜ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǏǖ ǎǏǜǒ ǐǎǝǜ ǙǚǘǩnjǕǏǗǒǩ ǏǍǘ ǛǘNjǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǗǘǍǘ ǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǩ ǔ ǜǘǖǝ ǡǜǘ ǘǗ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǝǏǜ Ǜǘnj ǖǏǛǜǗǘ Ǜ Ǘǒǖǒ ƮNJǐǏ ǖǕNJǎǢǒǏ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǒǔǒ ǡǝnjǛǜnjǝǨǜ ǡǜǘ ǧǜǘ ǗǏǙǚNJ njǒǕǦǗǘ ǔǘǍǎNJ njǑǚǘǛǕǥǏ ǛǘǟǚNJǗǩǨǜ ǐǏǛǜǔǘǛǜǦ ǒ ǘǞǒǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǛǜǦ nj ǘǜǗǘ ǢǏǗǒǒ ǔ Ǘǒǖ ǙǘǛǕǏ ǝǚǘǔǘnj ƮǏǜǩǖ ǟǘǡǏǜǛǩ ǡǝnjǛǜnjǘnjNJǜǦ ǛǏNjǩ ǛnjǘNjǘǎǗǏǏ nj ǘNjǣǏǗǒǒ Ǜ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǏǖ ǘǗǒ ǐǎǝǜ ǘǜ ǗǏǍǘ ǜǪǙǕǥǟ ǒǗǜǘǗNJǠǒǓ Ǣǝǜǘǔ ǘǠǏǗǔǒ ǒǟ ǎǏǜǛǔǒǟ ǛǝǐǎǏǗǒǓ NjǏǑ ǘNjǚNJǣǏǗǒǩ ǔ ǔǕNJǛǛǗǘǖǝ ǐǝǚǗNJǕǝ

33

ƬǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǚǏǐǒǖNJ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ njǥǙǘǕǗǩǏǜ ǗǏǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ ǞǝǗǔǠǒǒ ǛǏǖǦǒ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǩ ǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǑNJNjǘǜNJ ǘ ǍǒǍǒǏǗǏ ǒ ǑǎǘǚǘnjǦǏ ǎǏ ǜǏǓ ǒ Ǚǘǧǜǘǖǝ ǙǚǏǎǛǜNJǪǜ ǙǏǚǏǎ ǖǕNJǎǢǒǖǒ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǒǔNJǖǒ ǗǏ ǜNJǔ NJǔNJǎǏ ǖǒǡǗǘ ǔNJǔ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǦ NJ ǔNJǔ Njǥ nj ǚǘǕǒ mnjǜǘǚǘǓ ǖNJǖǥ} LJǜǘ ǎǏǕNJǏǜ ǘǜǗǘǢǏ Ǘǒǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǔ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǨ NjǘǕǏǏ ǜǪǙǕǥǖǒ ǎǘnjǏǚǒǜǏǕǦǗǥǖǒ ǡǜǘ ǙǘǑnjǘ ǕǩǏǜ ǜǘǡǗǏǏ ǘǜNjǒǚNJǜǦ ǛǚǏǎǛǜnjNJ ǒ ǖǏǜǘǎǥ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǍǘ njǑNJǒǖǘǎǏǓ Ǜǜnjǒǩ

ƽǡǒǜǥnjNJǩ ǡǜǘ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǦ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǘǟnjNJǜǥnjNJǏǜ ǘNjǢǒǚǗǝǨ njǗǏǝǚǘǡǗǝǨ ǘNjǕNJǛǜǦ ǘǗNJ ǖǏǗǦǢǏ ǡǏǖ ǚNJNjǘǜNJ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ ǚǏǍǕNJǖǏǗǜǒǚǘ njNJǗNJ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǜǏǕǦǗǥǖ ǛǜNJǗǎNJǚǜǘǖ Ǘǘ ǒ ǖǏǗǦǢǏ ǙǘǎǙǒǜǥnjNJǏǜǛǩ ǖǏǜǘ ǎǒǡǏǛǔǒǖǒǖNJǜǏǚǒNJǕNJǖǒǒǙǘǛǘNjǒǩǖǒ ƹǘǧǜǘǖǝǎǏǚǑǗǪǖǝǜnjǏǚǐǎNJǜǦ ǡǜǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǗǏǒǑNjǏǐǗǘ ǘǔNJǑǥnjNJǏǜǛǩ ǙǏǚǏǎ ǗǏǘNjǟǘǎǒǖǘǛǜǦǨ ǙǘǛǜǘǩǗǗǘ ǙǚǘǩnjǕǩǜǦ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǜnjǘ

ƲǑnjǏǛǜǗǥǓ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍ Lj ƹ ƪǑNJǚǘnj njǥǎǏǕǒǕ ǚǩǎ ǜǒǙǒǡǗǥǟ ǙǚNJǔǜǒǡǏ Ǜǔǒǟ ǝǖǏǗǒǓ ǗNJǕǒǡǒǏ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǟ nj ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǟNJǚNJǔǜǏǚǒ ǑǝǨǜ ǏǪ ǔNJǔ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǔǝǨ

xmǝǖǏǗǒǏ ǙǚNJnjǒǕǦǗǘ njǘǛǙǚǒǗǒǖNJǜǦ ǜǏ ǙǚǘǠǏǛǛǥ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ Ǚǚǘ ǒǛǟǘǎǩǜnjǖǒǚǏǎǏǜǏǓ ǔNJǐǎǘǍǘǘǜǎǏǕǦǗǘǍǘǚǏNjǪǗǔNJnjǚNJǑǕǒǡǗǥǟ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǛǒǜǝNJǠǒǩǟ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏ NJǗNJǕǒǑǒǚǘnjNJǜǦ ǛǘǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǏ mǠǏǕǦ — ǛǚǏǎǛǜnjǘ — ǚǏ ǑǝǕǦǜNJǜ} ǙǚǒǖǏǗǒǜǏǕǦǗǘ ǔ njǥNjǘǚǝ ǛǒǜǝNJǠǒǒ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǘnjǥnjNJǜǦ ǐǒǑǗǦ ǎǏǜǏǓ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏ ǜǚǏNjǘnjNJǜǦ ǒ ǎǘnjǏǚǩǜǦ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏ NjǥǛǜǚǘ ǘǚǒǏǗǜǒǚǘnjNJǜǦǛǩ ǒ ǙǏǚǏǔǕǨǡNJǜǦ njǗǒǖNJǗǒǏ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏ ǒǍǚNJǜǦ Ǜ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏ ǘǠǏǗǒnjNJǜǦ ǛǒǜǝNJǠǒǨ Ǜ ǚNJǑǕǒǡǗǥǟ ǛǜǘǚǘǗ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏ ǒǑ ǖǗǘǍǘǘNjǚNJǑǒǩ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǞNJǔǜǘnj njǥǎǏǕǒǜǦ Ǜǝ ǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǏ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏ nj ǛǕǝǡNJǓǗǘǖ ǞNJǔǜǏ ǝnjǒǎǏǜǦ ǛǝǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǏ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏnjǘǎǗǘǓǒǜǘǓǐǏǛǒǜǝNJǠǒǒǙǘǕǦǑǘnjNJǜǦǛǩǚNJǑǗǘǚǘǎǗǥǖǒ ǙǚǒǪǖNJǖǒ njǘǑǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǩ

xǝǖǏǗǒǏ ǜǘǡǗǘ ǙǏǚǏǎNJnjNJǜǦ Ǜnjǘǒ ǗNJǛǜǚǘǏǗǒǩ ǡǝnjǛǜnjNJ ǒ ǖǥǛǕǒ ǛǕǘnjǘǖ ǖǒǖǒǔǘǓ ǎnjǒǐǏǗǒǩǖǒ}8.

8 ƪǑNJǚǘnj Lj ƹ ƲǛǔǝǛǛǜnjǘ njǘǛǙǒǜǥnjNJǜǦ — ƶ — ƻ –419.

34

Ƽǘ ǔNJǔnjǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǛǘǚǒǏǗǜǒǚǝǏǜǛǩǗNJǧǜǒǝǖǏǗǒǩ ǔNJǔǒǏNjǝǎǏǜǛǡǒ ǜNJǜǦ ǙǏǚnjǘǛǜǏǙǏǗǗǘ ǑǗNJǡǒǖǥǖǒ ǎǕǩ ǛǏNjǩ ǑNJnjǒǛǒǜ ǘǜ ǎǝǟǘnjǗǘǍǘ ǝǚǘnjǗǩ ǏǍǘ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǒ ǒ ǝǚǘnjǗǩ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ ǖNJǛǜǏǚǛǜnjNJ

ƸǡǏnjǒǎǗǘ ǡǜǘ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǦ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǗǏ Ǚǚǘ Ǜǜǘ ǚNJǑǗǘǘNjǚNJǑǗNJ ǘNjǢǒǚǗNJ Ǘǘ ǒ ǔNJǔ ǝǐǏ ǖǘǐǗǘ NjǥǕǘ ǑNJǖǏǜǒǜǦ ǖǗǘ ǍǘǞǝǗǔǠǒǘǗNJǕǦǗNJ ƺNJǛǛǖNJǜǚǒnjNJǩ ǙǚǘǩnjǕǏǗǒǩ ǧǜǘǓ ǖǗǘǍǘǞǝǗǔǠǒǘǗNJǕǦǗǘ Ǜǜǒ ǗǏ Ǜǜǘǒǜ ǝǍǕǝNjǕǩǜǦǛǩ nj ǟNJǚNJǔǜǏǚǒǛǜǒǔǝ ǛǙǏǠǒǞǒǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǙǚǘǞǏǛǛǒǘ ǗNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǓ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ nj ǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǪǗǗǥǏ ǚǏǐǒǖǗǥǏ ǖǘǖǏǗǜǥ nj ǛǜǘǕǘnjǘǓ ǗNJǛNJǖǘǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǏ ǗNJǙǚǘǍǝǕǔǏǒǑNJǗǩǜǒǩǟǔǚǝǐǔNJ ƬǧǜǘǖǛǕǝ ǡNJǏ nj ǠǏǗǜǚǏ njǗǒǖNJǗǒǩ ǘǔNJǐǏǜǛǩ ǚǏǐǒǖ LJǜǘ NjǏǛǛǙǘǚǗǘ njNJǐǗǥǓ ǔǘǖǙǘ ǗǏǗǜ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjNJ Ǘǘ ǏǛǕǒ ǘǗ ǛǜNJǗǘnjǒǜǛǩ ǙǏǚnjǘǛǜǏ ǙǏǗǗǥǖ ǜǘ NJǜǚǒNjǝǜǥ ǛǝNjǤǏǔǜNJ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǙǚǒǛnjNJǒnjNJǨǜ ǛǏNjǏ ǘNjǏǑǕǒ ǡǏǗǗǥǏ ǒǗǛǜǚǝǔǠǒǒ ǙǘǛǜNJǗǘnjǕǏǗǒǩ ǘǚǍNJǗǘnj ǝǙǚNJnjǕǏǗǒǩ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǏǖ

NJǎǖǒǗǒǛǜǚNJǜǒnjǗǥǓ Ǚǘǚǩǎǘǔ ƼNJǔ ǔ ǛǘǐNJǕǏǗǒǨ ǝǐǏ NjǥǕǘ nj ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǖ ǎǗǏ nj –1980-Ǐ Ǎǘǎǥ ƶǥ ǧǜǘ ǝǐǏ ǙǚǘǟǘǎǒǕǒ

ƸǛnjNJǒnjNJǩ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǗǘ ǘǚǒǏǗǜǒǚǘnjNJǗǗǝǨ ǙNJǚNJǎǒǍǖǝ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǩ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǎǘǕǐǏǗ ǛǜǚǘǒǜǦ ǛnjǘǨ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦ ǗǘǛǜǦ ǒǛǟǘǎǩ ǒǑ ǙǘǜǚǏNjǗǘǛǜǏǓ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǒ ǚǏNjǪǗǔNJ ƼǘǍǎNJ ǏǍǘ ǞǝǗǔǠǒǒ ǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǩǨǜǛǩ nj ǜNJǔǒǟ ǑǗNJǡǒǖǥǟ ǘNjǕNJǛǜǩǟ ǔNJǔ

xǑNJNjǘǜNJ ǘ ǑǎǘǚǘnjǦǏ ǎǏǜǏǓ

xǑNJNjǘǜNJǘNjǘǛnjǘǏǗǒǒǎǏǜǦǖǒǜǚNJǎǒǠǒǘǗǗǥǟǚǘǛǛǒǓǛǔǒǟǎǝǟǘnjǗǘ-

ǗǚNJnjǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǟ ǠǏǗǗǘǛǜǏǓ

xǑNJNjǘǜNJ ǘNj ǒǟ ǝǛǙǏǢǗǘǛǜǒ nj ǝǡǏǗǒǒ

xǑNJNjǘǜNJ ǘ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǒ ǔǝǕǦǜǝǚǥ ǘNjǣǏǗǒǩ nj ǎǏǜǛǔǘǓ ǛǚǏǎǏ

xǑNJNjǘǜNJ ǘ ǙǘǑǒǜǒnjǗǘǓ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ

xǑNJNjǘǜNJǘǛǜNJǗǘnjǕǏǗǒǒǒǗǎǒnjǒǎǝNJǕǦǗǘǛǜǒǔNJǐǎǘǍǘǚǏNjǪǗǔNJǒǏǍǘ

ǍǘǜǘnjǗǘǛǜǒ ǔ ǐǒǑǗǏǗǗǘǖǝ ǛNJǖǘǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǏǗǒǨ ƱNJǖǏǜǒǖ ǔǕǨǡǏnjǘǏ ǙǘǗǩǜǒǏ mǑNJNjǘǜNJ} ƯǍǘ njnjǪǕ nj ǘǞǒǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǓ ǙǏ

ǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǓ ǘNjǒǟǘǎ ǑNJǖǏǡNJǜǏǕǦǗǥǓ ǕǏǗǒǗǍǚNJǎǛǔǒǓ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍ Ʋ ƹ ƲnjNJ Ǘǘnj ǙǘǛǜǚǘǒnjǢǒǓ mǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǔǝ ǘNjǣǏǓ ǑNJNjǘǜǥ} ǒǗǛǜǚǝǖǏǗǜǘǖ ǔǘǜǘǚǘǓ ǩnjǕǩǏǜǛǩ ǒǑnjǏǛǜǗNJǩ ǖǗǘǍǒǖ ǜǏǟǗǘǕǘǍǒǩ ǔǘǕǕǏǔǜǒnjǗǥǟ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǎǏǕ ƹǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǔNJ ǘNjǣǏǓ ǑNJNjǘǜǥ ǒǕǒ ǔNJǔ ǏǪ ǏǣǪ ǗNJǑǥnjNJǕ Ʋ ƹ ƲnjNJǗǘnj mǙǏǎNJ ǍǘǍǒǔNJ ǐǒǑǗǒ} ǙǚǒǗǠǒǙǒNJǕǦǗǘ ǘǜǕǒǡNJǏǜǛǩ ǘǜ mǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǔǒ ǝǚǘǔNJ} ǔǘǜǘ ǚNJǩ njǛǨ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǝǨ ǐǒǑǗǦ ǎǏǜǏǓ Ǜnjǘǎǒǜ ǔ ǝǛnjǘǏǗǒǨ ǝǡǏNjǗǘǓ ǒǗǞǘǚǖNJ Ǡǒǒ ǎǒǎNJǔǜǒǡǏǛǔǘǖǝ njǑNJǒǖǘǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǨ Ǜ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǏǖ

35

Ƭ ǝǡǏNjǗǘǖ ǙǚǘǠǏǛǛǏ njǏǎǝǣǝǨ ǚǘǕǦ ǒǍǚNJǨǜ ǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǩ ǘǙǏǔǒ nj ǗNJ-

ǡNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǔǕNJǛǛNJǟ ǘǗǒ ǎNJǐǏ ǡǚǏǑǖǏǚǗǥ ƼNJǔǘnjǥ ǑNJǔǘǗǥ ǔǕNJǛǛǗǘ-ǝǚǘǡǗǘǓ ǛǒǛǜǏǖǥ ǡǜǘ ǛNJǖNJ ǙǚǒǚǘǎNJ ǝǚǘǔNJ ǛǜNJnjǒǜ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ nj ǙǘǑǒǠǒǨ ǗǘǛǒǜǏǕǩ ǑǗNJǗǒǓ ǜǚNJǗǛǕǩǜǘǚNJ ǔǝǕǦǜǝǚǥ NJ ǝǡǏǗǒǔNJ — nj ǙǘǑǒǠǒǨ ǙǘǜǚǏNjǒǜǏǕǩ Ǎǘ ǜǘnjǘǍǘ ǑǗNJǗǒǩ ǖǏǜǘǎǒǡǏǛǔǒ NJǎNJǙǜǒǚǘnjNJǗǗǘǍǘ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǏǖ LJǜǘ njǏǕǒǔǘǏ ǒǑǘNjǚǏǜǏǗǒǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǓ ǖǥǛǕǒ ǙǘǑnjǘǕǩǏǜ ǗǏ ǘǎǗǘ ǛǜǘǕǏǜǒǏ NjǘǕǏǏ ǒǕǒ ǖǏǗǏǏ ǚǏǑǝǕǦǜNJǜǒnjǗǘ ǝǡǒǜǦ ǎǏǜǏǓ Ʒǘ njǏǎǦ ǚǏNjǪǗǘǔ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ ǗǏ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǙǘǜǚǏNjǒǜǏǕǦ ǑǗNJǗǒǓ

ƬǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘǎǗǩǔNJǔǚNJǑǒ ǙǚǒǑnjNJǗ ǙǚǏǘǎǘǕǏnjNJǜǦ ǑNJ ǛǒǕǒǏ mǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǔǒ ǝǚǘǔNJ} ǘǜǔǚǥnjNJǜǦ ǎǏǜǩǖ ǑNJ ǙǚǏǎǏǕNJǖǒ ǝǚǘǔǘnj ǘǍǚǘǖǗǥǓ ǖǒǚ ǐǒǑǗǏǗǗǥǟ ǠǏǗǗǘǛǜǏǓ ǙǏǚǏnjǘǎǩ ǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǩ ǘǙǏǔǒ nj ǘǜ ǗǘǢǏǗǒǩ ǑNJNjǘǜǥ Ƭ ǧǜǘǖ ǡǝnjǛǜnjǝǏǜǛǩ ǗǏǡǜǘ ǗǏǝǕǘnjǒǖǘ ǜǪǙǕǘǏ ǖNJǜǏ ǚǒǗǛǔǘǏ

ƷǏ Ǜǜǘǒǜ ǘǙNJǛNJǜǦǛǩ ǜNJǔǘǓ ǛǏǖǏǓǗǘǓ ǗNJǙǚNJnjǕǏǗǗǘǛǜǒ ǞǝǗǔǠǒǓ njǘǛ ǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ƱǎǏǛǦ ǔǕǨǡ ǏǍǘ njǑNJǒǖǘǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǩ ǒ ǛǘǜǚǝǎǗǒǡǏǛǜnjNJ Ǜ ǚǘǎǒǜǏ Ǖǩǖǒ ǖǕNJǎǢǒǟ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǒǔǘnj ǔNJǔNJǩ ǖNJǜǦ ǒ ǔNJǔǘǓ ǘǜǏǠ ǗǏ ǛǜNJǗǝǜ ǛǘǨǑǗǒ ǔǘǖǙǏǎNJǍǘǍNJ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǓǜǏǙǕǘǒǎǘNjǚǘǐǏǕNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǘǜǗǘǛǒǜǛǩǔǒǟǚǏNjǪǗǔǝ ǙǘǗǒǖNJǏǜ ǏǍǘ ǒ ǑNJNjǘǜǒǜǛǩ ǘ ǗǪǖ ƱǎǏǛǦ ǔǕǨǡ ǔ ǘǎǝǟǘǜnjǘǚǏǗǒǨ ǛNJǖǘǓ njǘǛ ǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ Ǜ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ ǑNJNjǘǜNJ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǙǘNjǝǐǎNJǏǜ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǔ ǑNJ NjǘǜǏ ǎǚǝǍ ǘ ǎǚǝǍǏ ǘ Ǜnjǘǒǟ NjǕǒǑǔǒǟ ǒ ǎNJǐǏ ǗǏǑǗNJǔǘǖǥǟ ǕǨǎǩǟ

ƶǗǘǍǘǞǝǗǔǠǒǘǗNJǕǦǗǘǛǜǦ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ Ǚǚǒnjǘǎǒǜ ǔ ǜǘǖǝ ǡǜǘ nj ǘNjǣǏǗǒǒ Ǜ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ ǒǟ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǩǖǒ NJǎǖǒǗǒǛǜǚNJǠǒǏǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǒ ǔǘǕǕǏǍNJǖǒ-ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩǖǒǘǗǗǏǒǑNjǏǐǗǘǙǚǘǩnjǕǩǏǜǛǏNjǩnjǚNJǑǗǥǟǚǘǕǩǟ ƻǘnj ǖǏǣǏǗǒǏ ǗǏǛǔǘǕǦǔǒǟ ǚǘǕǏǓ ǘNjǩǑNJǜǏǕǦǗǘ ǎǕǩ ǜNJǔǘǍǘ ǢǒǚǘǔǘǍǘ ǘNjǣǏǗǒǩ ǛǘǏǎǒǗǪǗǗǘǍǘ Ǜ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǗǥǖ njǑNJǒǖǘǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǏǖ ƴǚǘǖǏ ǜǘǍǘ ǔǘǍǎNJ njǘǛǙǒ ǜNJǜǏǕǦ njǥNjǒǚNJǏǜ ǜǝ ǒǕǒ ǒǗǝǨ Ǟǘǚǖǝ ǎǕǩ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ǎǏ ǜǏǓ ǔǘǗǔǝǚǛǡǜǏǠǘnj ǧǔǛǙǏǎǒǠǒǨǎǘNjǚǥǟǎǏǕ ǚNJNjǘǜǝǕNJNjǘǚNJǜǘǚǒǒǕǨNjǒ ǜǏǕǏǓ ǙǜǒǠ ǙǚǘǏǔǜǗǝǨ ǍǚǝǙǙǝ ǛǜǝǎǒǨ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǜnjNJ ǒ ǎǚ ǘǗ ǗǏǒǑNjǏǐǗǘ ǑNJǗǒǖNJǏǜ ǔǚǘǖǏ ǛnjǘǏǓ ǛǘNjǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǓ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǓ ǏǣǪ ǒ ǚǘǕǏnjǝǨ Ǚǘ ǑǒǠǒǨ ǎǚǝǍǘǓ ǙǚǘǞǏǛǛǒǘǗNJǕǦǗǘǓ ǘNjǕNJǛǜǒ ǟǝǎǘǐǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǓ njǘǏǗǗǘǓ ǒǛǛǕǏǎǘnjNJǜǏǕǦǛǔǘǓ ƷǏnjǘǑǖǘǐǗǘ nj ǘǜǔǚǥǜǘǓ ǚǘǕǏnjǘǓ ǙǘǑǒǠǒǒ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ njǏǛǜǒ njǏǛǪǕǥǓ ǔǘǗǔǝǚǛ ǒǕǒ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǘnjǥnjNJǜǦ ǜǚǝǎǘnjǘǓ ǎǏǛNJǗǜ Ǚǘ NjǕNJǍǘ ǝǛǜǚǘǓǛǜnjǝ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǎnjǘǚNJ ƺǘǕǏnjǘǓ ǚǏǙǏǚǜǝNJǚ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǘNjǢǒǚǏǗ ǘǗ ǒ ǑNJǜǏǓǗǒǔ NJǚǜǒǛǜ ǔǘǗǜǚǘǕǪǚ ǒ ǘǙǏǔǝǗ ǗNJǛǜNJnjǗǒǔ ǒ ǛǘnjǏǜǡǒǔ ǛǜNJǚ ǢǒǓ ǎǚǝǍ ǒ ǚǝǔǘnjǘǎǒǜǏǕǦ ƹǚǒ ǧǜǘǖ ǛǚǏǎǒ ǧǜǘǍǘ ǖǗǘǐǏǛǜnjNJ ǘNjǗNJǚǝǐǒnjNJ

36

ǨǜǛǩ ǛǔǚǥǜǥǏ ǖNJǕǘǑNJǖǏǜǗǥǏ ǚǘǕǒ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ ǗǏǝǕǘnjǒǖǘ ǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǩǨǜ nj ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǙǘǎǡNJǛ ǛNJǖǘǏ ǛǝǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǏ ƸǚǍNJǗǒǡǏǛǔNJǩ ǛǖǏǗNJ ǚǘǕǏǓ ǛǘǛǜNJnjǕǩǏǜ ǘǎǗǘ ǒǑ njNJǐǗǥǟ ǙǚǘǩnjǕǏǗǒǓ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ ǖNJǛǜǏǚǛǜnjNJ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ

Ƭ ǙǚNJǔǜǒǔǏ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǗǏǚǏǎǔǘ njǘǑǗǒǔNJǨǜ ǜNJǔǒǏ ǘNjǛǜǘǩ ǜǏǕǦǛǜnjNJ ǔǘǍǎNJ ǒǛǔNJǐNJǏǜǛǩ ǎNJǐǏ ǎǏnjNJǕǦnjǒǚǝǏǜǛǩ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗNJǩ Ǜǘ ǛǜNJnjǕǩǨǣNJǩǘǜǚǘǕǒǔǚǘǕǒ njǏǛǪǕǥǓǑNJǜǏǓǗǒǔ ǗǏǛǙǘǛǘNjǗǥǓǝǛǜNJǗǘnjǒǜǦ ǎǘǕǐǗǥǟ ǍǚNJǗǒǠ Ǜnjǘǒǖ ǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǩǖ ǙǚǏnjǚNJǣNJǏǜǛǩ nj ǔǕǘǝǗNJ ǘǜnjǏǜǛǜnjǏǗ ǗǥǓ ǘǙǏǔǝǗ nj NjǏǛǜǘǕǔǘnjǝǨ ǒ ǛǝǏǜǕǒnjǝǨ ǗǩǗǦǔǝ ǛǜǚǘǍǒǓ ǒ ǝnjNJǐNJǏǖǥǓ ǗNJǛǜNJnjǗǒǔ nj ǐǏǛǜǔǘǍǘ ǗNJǎǛǖǘǜǚǣǒǔNJ ƷNJǙǚǘǜǒnj ǛǔǚǘǖǗǘǏ ǜǚNJǎǒǠǒǘǗ ǗǘǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǏ ǚǘǕǏnjǘǏ ǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǏ ǖǘǐǏǜ njǎǘǟǗǘnjǏǗǗǘ njǥǚNJǛǜǒ ǎǘ njǥǛǘǔǒǟ ǚǘǕǏnjǥǟ ǙǚǘǩnjǕǏǗǒǓ ǘǜ ǙǚǘǛǜǘǍǘ ǚNJǛǛǔNJǑǡǒǔNJ ǎǘ ǙǚǘǙǘnjǏǎ ǗǒǔNJ njǕNJǛǜǒǜǏǕǩ ǎǝǖ ǘǜ ǎǘNjǚǘǓ ǝǜǏǢǒǜǏǕǦǗǒǠǥ ǎǘ njǚNJǡNJ ǛǙNJǛNJǨǣǏǍǘ ǐǒǑǗǦ ǒ ǛǝǎǦNjǝ njǚNJǡǝǨǣǏǍǘ ǎǝǢǝ ǘǜ ǙǚǘǞǏǛǛǒǘǗNJǕNJ ǎNJǨǣǏǍǘ ǜǚǒnjǒ NJǕǦǗǥǏ ǛǘnjǏǜǥ ǎǘ ǔǝǖǒǚNJ ǘNjǚNJǑǠNJ ǎǕǩ ǙǘǎǚNJǐNJǗǒǩ ǘǜ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǜǘǚNJ ǒǛǙǘǕǗǩǨǣǏǍǘ ǒǗǛǜǚǝǔǠǒǒ ǎǘ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ ǙǚǘǏǔǜǒǚǘnjǣǒǔNJ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒ ǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ ǙǚǘǠǏǛǛNJ

ƻǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǏ ǙǛǒǟǘǕǘǍǒ ǑNJǖǏǜǒǕǒ ǡǜǘ ǚǏNjǪǗǔǝ ǎǕǩ ǙǘǕǗǘǠǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǩ njǏǛǦǖNJ ǙǘǕǏǑǗǘ njǑNJǒǖǘǎǏǓǛǜnjǘnjNJǜǦ Ǜ ǕǨǎǦǖǒ ǒǍǚNJǨǣǒǖǒ ǘǎ ǗǘnjǚǏǖǏǗǗǘ ǠǏǕǥǓ ǚǩǎ ǚǘǕǏǓ Ʋ ǧǜǘ ǗǏ ǛǕǝǡNJǓǗǘ ƹǚǘǒǍǚǥnjNJǗǒǏ njǘǛǙǒ ǜNJǜǏǕǏǖ ǢǒǚǘǔǘǍǘ ǚǘǕǏnjǘǍǘ ǚǏǙǏǚǜǝNJǚNJ ǏǍǘ NJǔǜǒnjǗǘǛǜǦ ǘǜǔǚǥǜǘǛǜǦ Ǘǘ njǘǖǝ ǘǙǥǜǝ ǛǙǘǛǘNjǗǘǛǜǦ ǝǛǙǏǢǗǘ ǘǛnjNJǒnjNJǜǦ ǗǘnjǥǏ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǏ ǛǒǜǝNJ Ǡǒǒ ǩnjǕǩǨǜǛǩ ǙǘǔNJǑNJǜǏǕǏǖ ǏǍǘ njǥǛǘǔǘǓ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǓ ǔǝǕǦǜǝǚǥ ƻǜǘǒǜ Ǖǒ ǍǘnjǘǚǒǜǦ ǔNJǔ njNJǐǗǘ ǘNjǣǏǗǒǏ Ǜ ǜNJǔǒǖ ǡǏǕǘnjǏǔǘǖ ǎǕǩ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǒ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ

ƮnjǒǐǏǗǒǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍNJ Ǚǘ njǏǔǜǘǚǝ njǏǚǟǗǒǟ ǍǚNJǗǒǠ ǚǘǕǏnjǘǍǘ ǙǘǕǩ njǘǛ ǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ njǘ ǖǗǘǍǘǖ ǑNJnjǒǛǒǜ ǘǜ ǏǍǘ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǓ ǙǘǑǒǠǒǒ ǘǜ ǛǙǕNJnjNJ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǗǥǟ ǒ ǙǚǘǞǏǛǛǒǘǗNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǝNjǏǐǎǏǗǒǓ ǘǛǗǘnjNJǗǗǥǟ ǗNJ ǍǕǝNjǘǔǘǖ ǑǗNJǗǒǒ ǗNJǝǔǒ ǘ ǚǏNjǪǗǔǏ ǒ ǑNJǔǘǗǘǖǏǚǗǘǛǜǩǟ ǏǍǘ njǑǚǘǛǕǏǗǒǩ

ƻ ǚNJǛǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǏǗǒǏǖ nj ǗNJǢǏǓ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǔǏ ǔǘǗǠǏǙǠǒǒ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǗǘ ǘǚǒǏǗǜǒǚǘnjNJǗǗǘǍǘ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǩ ǝ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj-ǙǚNJǔǜǒǔǘnj njǥǛǜǚNJǒnjNJǏǜǛǩ ǗǘnjǘǏ ǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǏ ǔ ǛNJǖǘǖǝ ǞǏǗǘǖǏǗǝ ǎǏǜǛǜnjNJ ƮǏǜǛǜnjǘ — ǙǚǏǐǎǏ njǛǏǍǘ ǛǕǘǐǗǥǓ ǙǚǘǠǏǛǛ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǩ ǙǚǘǠǏǛǛ ǞǒǑǒǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ ǚǘǛǜNJ ǒ ǗNJǔǘǙǕǏǗǒǩ ǙǛǒǟǒǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǗǘnjǘǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǓ ǚNJǛǢǒǚǏǗǒǩ ǔǘǗǜNJǔǜǘnj Ǜǘ njǑǚǘǛǕǥǖǒ ǒ ǛnjǏǚǛǜǗǒǔNJǖǒ Ƶ ƻ ƬǥǍǘǜǛǔǘǖǝ ǙǚǒǗNJǎǕǏǐǒǜ ǘǡǏǗǦ njNJǐǗNJǩ ǖǥǛǕǦ ǘ

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ǜǘǖ ǡǜǘ ǒǛǜǘǡǗǒǔ ǙǛǒǟǒǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǩ ǗNJǟǘǎǒǜǛǩ ǗǏ njǗǝǜǚǒ ǚǏNjǪǗǔNJ NJ nj ǏǍǘ ǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǩǟ Ǜ ǘǔǚǝǐNJǨǣǒǖǒ ǕǨǎǦǖǒ

ƮǏǜǛǜnjǘ — ǧǜǘ njǚǏǖǩ NJǔǜǒnjǗǘǓ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǔǘǜǘǚNJǩ ǙǚǏǎǙǘǕNJ ǍNJǏǜ ǗǏ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǘǛnjǘǏǗǒǏ ǚǏNjǪǗǔǘǖ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǛnjǩǑǏǓ nj ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏ Ǘǘǚǖ ǠǏǗǗǘǛǜǏǓ ǘǎǘNjǚǩǏǖǥǟ Ǟǘǚǖ ǙǘnjǏǎǏǗǒǏ Ǘǘ ǒ ǛNJǖǘǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǏǗǒǏ ǏǍǘ nj ǛǘǠǒǝǖǏ ƼǘǕǦǔǘ nj ǚǏNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǟ ǔǘǗǜNJǔǜNJǟ nj ǛNJǖǘǛǜǘǩǜǏǕǦ Ǘǥǟ ǙǘǛǜǝǙǔNJǟ ǝ ǚǏNjǪǗǔNJ ǙǚǘǒǛǟǘǎǒǜ ǘǛǘǑǗNJǗǒǏ ǛǏNjǩ ǔNJǔ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǒ ǚNJǑ njǒnjNJǏǜǛǩ ǚǏǞǕǏǔǛǒǩ ƹǛǒǟǘǕǘǍǒ ǘǜǖǏǡNJǨǜ ǡǜǘ ǡǏǖ NjǘǕǏǏ ǙǘǑǒǜǒnjǗNJ Ǜǘ ǠǒNJǕǒǑNJǠǒǩ ǚNJǛǜǝǣǏǍǘ ǡǏǕǘnjǏǔNJ ǜǏǖ nj NjǘǕǦǢǏǓ ǛǜǏǙǏǗǒ ǘǗ ǒǗǎǒnjǒǎǝNJ ǕǒǑǒǚǝǏǜǛǩ ǛǜNJǗǘnjǒǜǛǩ ǛNJǖǒǖ ǛǘNjǘǓ

ƶNJǜǏǚǒNJǕǥ ǛǙǏǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǙǛǒǟǘǕǘǍǘ-ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǒǛǛǕǏǎǘnjNJǗǒǓ ǙǘǔNJǑǥnjNJǨǜ ǡǜǘ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǥǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒ nj ǘǛǗǘnjǗǘǓ ǛnjǘǏǓ ǖNJǛǛǏ ǙǘǗǒǖNJǨǜ ǒ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǝǨǜ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǏ ǔNJǔ ǠǏǕǏǗNJǙǚNJnjǕǏǗǗǘǏ njǘǑǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǏ ǗNJ Ǖǒǡ ǗǘǛǜǦ ǚǏNjǪǗǔNJ NJ ǛǏNjǩ ǙǚǏǎǛǜNJnjǕǩǨǜ ǟǘǑǩǒǗǘǖ nj ǔǕNJǛǛǏ ǛǝǎǦǪǓ ǒ ǗNJǡNJǕǦ Ǘǒǔǘǖ ƹǘǗǩǜǗǘ ǡǜǘ ǜNJǔNJǩ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔNJǩ ǙǘǑǒǠǒǩ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǗǏ ǖǘ ǐǏǜ ǘNjǏǛǙǏǡǒǜǦ ǎǏǜǩǖ ǗNJǛǜǘǩǣǏǍǘ njǑǚǘǛǕǏǗǒǩ ǔǘǜǘǚǘǏ ǩnjǕǩǏǜǛǩ Ǚǘ ǜǘǡ Ǘǘǖǝ ǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǏǗǒǨ ǒǑnjǏǛǜǗǘǍǘ ǙǛǒǟǘǕǘǍNJ Ʈ Ʋ ƾǏǕǦǎǢǜǏǓǗNJ mǘǛnjǘǏ ǗǒǏǖ ǙǚǒǛnjǘǏǗǒǏǖ ǒ ǚǏNJǕǒǑNJǠǒǏǓ njǑǚǘǛǕǘǛǜǒ}

ƯǛǕǒ ǙǚǒǑǗNJǜǦ ǡǜǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǏ — ǧǜǘ ǠǏǕǏǗNJǙǚNJnjǕǏǗǗǘǏ ǝǙǚNJnjǕǏǗǒǏ ǙǚǘǠǏǛǛǘǖ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǩ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǒ ǚǏNjǪǗǔNJ ǒ ǏǍǘ njǟǘǐǎǏǗǒǩ nj ǔǝǕǦǜǝǚǝ ǘNjǣǏ ǛǜnjNJ ǜǘNjǏǑǙǚNJnjǒǕǦǗǘǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǘnjNJǗǗǘǍǘnjǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩǗǏǛǘǛǜǘǒǜǛǩǎǘǛǜNJ ǜǘǡǗǘǏ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǏ ǙǘǑǒǜǒnjǗNJǩ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǒǑNJǠǒǩ ǒ ǒǗǎǒnjǒǎǝNJǕǒǑNJǠǒǩ ǗǏ Ǜǘ ǛǜǘǒǜǛǩ ǔNJǡǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǏ njǑǚǘǛǕǏǗǒǏ ǚǏNjǪǗǔNJ

Ʒǘ nj ǧǜǘǖ ǛǕǝǡNJǏ ǎNJǐǏ ǔ ǖǕNJǎǢǏǖǝ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǒǔǝ ǗǏǕǦǑǩ ǘǜǗǘǛǒǜǦǛǩ ǔNJǔ ǔ ǗǏǛǖǥǢǕǪǗǥǢǝ ǘǜǔNJǑǥnjNJǩ Ǐǖǝ nj ǙǚNJnjǏ ǗǏ NjǥǜǦ Ǚǘǟǘǐǒǖ ǗNJ njǑǚǘǛ Ǖǥǟ nj ǙǚǒǑǗNJǗǒǒ ǛNJǖǘǠǏǗǗǘǛǜǒ ǏǍǘ ǐǒǑǗǒ ǝǐǏ ǛǏǓǡNJǛ ƻǘnjǚǏǖǏǗǗǥǓ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǏǛǕǒ ǘǗ Ǜǜǚǘǒǜ ǛnjǘǨ ǚNJNjǘǜǝ ǗNJ ǘǛǗǘnjǏ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǗǘ ǘǚǒǏǗǜǒ ǚǘnjNJǗǗǘǍǘ ǙǘǎǟǘǎNJ — ǙǚǏǐǎǏ njǛǏǍǘ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǜǘǚ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǍǘ Ǚǚǘ ǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjNJǎǕǩǙǘǕǗǘǠǏǗǗǘǍǘnjǑǚǘǛǕǏǗǒǩǎǏǜǏǓ njǔǘǜǘǚǘǖǔNJǐǎǥǓǒǑǗǒǟ ǖǘǍ Njǥ ǘǛǜNJnjNJǜǦǛǩ ǛNJǖǒǖ ǛǘNjǘǓ

ƺNJǛǛǖǘǜǚǒǖ ǙǘǎǚǘNjǗǏǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǓ ǛǖǥǛǕ ǙǘǗǩǜǒǩ mnjǘǛǙǒǜNJ ǜǏǕǦǗǘǏǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǘǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘǎǗǩ} ƮǕǩǙǘǕǗǘǠǏǗǗǘǍǘnjǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ nj ǚǏǐǒǖǏ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǗǏǘNjǟǘǎǒǖǘ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǘ nj Ǚǚǩǖǘǖ ǏǍǘ ǞǒǕǘǛǘǞǛǔǘǖ ǜǘǕǔǘnjNJǗǒǒ ǔNJǔ mnjǖǏǛǜǒǕǒǣǏ ǑNJǎNJǨǣǏǏ ǛǝǣǗǘǛǜǦ ǒ

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ǛǙǘǛǘNj ǛǝǣǏǛǜnjǘnjNJǗǒǩ ǗNJǟǘǎǩǣǒǟǛǩ nj ǗǪǖ njǏǣǏǓ}9 ƪ ǧǜǘ ǘǑǗNJǡNJǏǜ Ǚǘ ǖǏǣǏǗǒǏ ǖǏǛǜNJ ǎǕǩ ǚNJǑǕǒǡǗǥǟ njǒǎǘnj ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ǑNJǗǩǜǒǓ ǛǙǘǚǜǘǖ ǒ

ǟǝǎǘǐǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǖ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǜnjǘǖ ƺǏǐǒǖ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ nj –1980-Ǐ Ǎǘǎǥ ǎǘnjǏǕNJ ǎǘ ǔǚǒǑǒǛNJ Ǚǘ

NjǘǕǦǢǏǓ ǡNJǛǜǒ NjNJǗNJǕǦǗNJǩ ǙǚǘNjǕǏǖNJ ǗǏǟnjNJǜǔǒ ǙǘǖǏǣǏǗǒǓ Ƭ ƺǘǛǛǒǒ ǍǎǏ ǒ ǛǏǍǘǎǗǩ ǗǏǖNJǕǘ ǢǔǘǕ ǚNJNjǘǜNJǨǜ nj ǎnjǏ ǛǖǏǗǥ ǧǜǘǜ mǔNJǖǏǗǦ ǙǚǏǜǔǗǘnjǏ Ǘǒǩ} NjǕNJǍǘǙǘǕǝǡǗǘ ǕǏǐǒǜ ǗNJ ǛnjǘǪǖ ǖǏǛǜǏ

ƶǘǐǗǘ Ǖǒ ǡǜǘ-ǜǘ ǒǑǖǏǗǒǜǦ nj ǧǜǘǓ ǛǒǜǝNJǠǒǒ ƷǏǛǘǖǗǏǗǗǘ ƮǕǩ ǗNJǡNJǕNJ Ǜǜǘǒǜ ǑNJǗǩǜǦ ǙǚǒǗǠǒǙǒNJǕǦǗǝǨ ǙǘǑǒǠǒǨ ǗǏǕǦǑǩ ǘǜǔǚǥnjNJǜǦ ǎNJǐǏ ǘǎǗǝ-ǏǎǒǗǛǜnjǏǗǗǝǨ ǍǚǝǙǙǝ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǗNJ njǛǨ ǢǔǘǕǝ ǏǛǕǒ ǎǕǩ ǗǏǪ ǗǏǜ ǙǘǖǏǣǏǗǒǩ ǏǛǕǒ ǎǏǜǩǖ ǙǚǒǎǪǜǛǩ NjǚǘǎǒǜǦ Ǚǘ ǢǔǘǕǏ nj ǙǘǒǛǔNJǟ Ǜnjǘ NjǘǎǗǘǍǘ ǔǕNJǛǛNJ

ƷNJǔǘǗǏǠ ǗǝǐǗǘ ǙǘǗǩǜǦ ǝ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ ǐǒnjǝǜ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ Ǜ ǎǘ

18 ǡNJǛǘnj ǎǘǕǐǗNJ NjǥǜǦ Ǜnjǘǩ ǜǏǚǚǒǜǘǚǒǩ ǒ ǛǘNjǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǓ ǖǒǚ ǗNJ ǗǏǓ ƻnjǘǪ ǙǘǛǜǘǩǗǗǘǏ ǙǘǖǏǣǏǗǒǏ njǘǛǙǚǒǗǒǖNJǏǜǛǩ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ ǔNJǔ ǝǛǜǘǓǡǒnjǘǏ ǒ ǑNJǣǒ ǣǪǗǗǘǏ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǘ ƸǗǒ ǡǝnjǛǜnjǝǨǜ ǛǏNjǩ ǑǎǏǛǦ nj NjǏǑǘǙNJǛǗǘǛǜǒ ǘǛǘ NjǏǗǗǘ ǏǛǕǒ ǢǔǘǕNJ NjǘǕǦǢNJǩ ǢǝǖǗNJǩ ǒ ǙǝǍNJǏǜ ǖNJǕǥǢǏǓ ǕNJNjǒǚǒǗǜNJǖǒ ǕǏǛǜǗǒǠ ǒ ǘǍǚǘǖǗǥǖǒ ǚNJǑǖǏǚNJǖǒ ǔǘǚǒǎǘǚǘnj ǍǚǘǑǗǥǖǒ ǗǏǑǗNJǔǘǖǥǖǒ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩǖǒ ǒ ǎǚNJǡǕǒnjǥǖǒ ǛǜNJǚǢǏǔǕNJǛǛǗǒǔNJǖǒ ƮǕǩ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǎǕǩ ǞǘǚǖǒǚǘnjNJǗǒǩ ǠǏǕǘǍǘ ǚǩǎNJ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǙǚǒnjǥǡǏǔ ǡǚǏǑnjǥǡNJǓǗǘ njNJǐǗǘ ǡǜǘNjǥ ǜNJǖ ǍǎǏ ǘǗǒ ǐǒnjǝǜ ǎǘǖ ǍǎǏ njǛǪ ǘNjǝǛǜǚNJǒnjNJǨǜ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǒ ǒ ǜNJǖ ǍǎǏ ǘǗǒ ǎǘǕǍǘ ǗNJǟǘǎǩǜǛǩ ǙǚǏǎǖǏǜǥ njǏǣǒ ǑNJǗǒǖNJǕǒ ǙǘǛǜǘǩǗǗǥǏ ǖǏǛǜNJ ƺǏNjǪǗǘǔ ǜǘǍǎNJ ǗNJǝǡǒǜǛǩ ǛǕǏǎǒǜǦ ǑNJ ǛnjǘǏǓ ǘǎǏǐǎǘǓ ǔǘǍǎNJ Ǐǖǝ NjǝǎǏǜ ǚNJǑ ǒ ǗNJnjǛǏǍǎNJ njǥǎǏǕǏǗǘ ǖǏǛǜǘ nj ǢǔNJǞǝ ǝ ǗǏǍǘ ǜǘǍǎNJ ǛǕǘǐǒǜǛǩ ǙǚǒnjǥǡǔNJ ǝNjǒ ǚNJǜǦ ǛnjǘǪ ǚNJNjǘǡǏǏ ǖǏǛǜǘ ǔǘǍǎNJ ǘǗǘ ǑNJ Ǘǒǖ NjǝǎǏǜ ǑNJǔǚǏǙǕǏǗǘ

ƯǛǕǒ njǙǘǖǏǣǏǗǒǒǍǚǝǙǙǥǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘǎǗǩǛǜǘǩǜǗNJǙǘǎǘǔǘǗǗǒǔNJǟ ǠnjǏǜǥ NjǏǛǟǒǜǚǘǛǜǗǥǏ Ǘǘ ǩnjǗǘ ǕǨNjǒǖǥǏ ǔǘǍǎNJnjǖǏǛǜǘ ǙǥǕǦǗǥǟ ǛǜǏǗǎǘnj Ǚǘ ǎǒNJǍǘǗNJǕǒ ǔǘǖǗNJǜǥ ǙǚǘǜǩǗǝǜNJ njǏǚǪnjǔNJ ǒ ǔ ǗǏǓ ǚNJǑǗǘǠnjǏǜǗǥǖǒ Ǚǚǒ ǣǏǙǔNJǖǒ ǙǚǒǔǚǏǙǕǏǗǥ ǙǘǛǕǏǎǗǒǏ ǚǒǛǝǗǔǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǛǚNJǑǝ ǙǘǗǩǜǗǘ ǑǎǏǛǦ ǚNJNjǘǜNJǏǜ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǛǜǚǏǖǩǣǒǓǛǩ mǘǎǝǢǏnjǒǜǦ} ǔNJǑǏǗǗǝǨ ǘNjǛǜNJǗǘnjǔǝ.

ƬǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǏ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǘ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǎǘǕǐǗǘ ǒǖǏǜǦ ǖNJ ǜǏǚǒNJǕǦǗǘ-njǏǣǗǝǨ ǏǛǜǦ ǜNJǔǘǏ ǙǘǗǩǜǒǏ nj ǛǘǠǒǘǕǘǍǒǒ ǛǚǏǎǝ ǒǗǜǏǚǏǛ ǗǝǨǎǏǜǩǖ Ƭ ǙǘǖǏǣǏǗǒǒ ǍǎǏǘǗǒǑNJǗǒǖNJǨǜǛǩ ǎǘǕǐǗǘNjǥǜǦǖǗǘǍǘǛnjǏǜNJ

9 ƫǘǕǦǢNJǩ ǚǘǛǛǒǓǛǔNJǩ ǧǗǠǒǔǕǘǙǏǎǒǩ Ƭ ǜ Ƽ — ƶ — ƻ

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ǡǜǘNjǥ nj ǜǘǖ ǡǒǛǕǏ ǖǘǐǗǘ NjǥǕǘ ǚNJǛǙǘǕǘǐǒǜǦ mǝǍǘǕǘǔ Ǚǚǒǚǘǎǥ} ƹǝǛǜǦ ǧǜǘ Njǝǎǝǜ ǠnjǏǜǥ nj ǍǘǚǢǔNJǟ Ǘǘ ǘNjǩǑNJǜǏǕǦǗǘ Ǜ ǜNJNjǕǒǡǔNJǖǒ ǍǎǏ ǝǔNJǑNJǗǥ ǗNJǑnjNJǗǒǩǚNJǛǜǏǗǒǓǒǒǟǚǘǎǒǗNJ ǟǘǖǩǡǘǔnjNjNJǗǔǏ ǚǥNjǔǒ ǔǘǕǕǏǔǠǒǒǔNJǖ ǗǏǓ ǢǒǢǏǔ

ƻǜǘǒǜ ǙǘǑNJNjǘǜǒǜǦǛǩ ǒ ǘ ǛǙǏǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǘǜǔǚǥǜǥǟ ǙǘǕǔNJǟ ǍǎǏ ǖǘǐǗǘ NjǥǕǘ Njǥ njǥǛǜNJnjǕǩǜǦ ǎǏǜǛǔǒǏ ǙǘǎǏǕǔǒ ǒǑ ǙǚǒǚǘǎǗǘǍǘ ǖNJǜǏǚǒNJǕNJ ǙǘǛǕǏ ǘǡǏǚǏǎǗǘǓ ǙǚǘǍǝǕǔǒ ǒǕǒ ǔǘǕǕǏǔǠǒǒ ǞǒǍǝǚǘǔ ǒǑ mǔǒǗǎǏǚ-ǛǨǚǙǚǒǑǘnj} ƪ ǏǣǪ ǗNJ ǧǜǒǟ ǎǘǛǜǝǙǗǥǟ ǙǘǕǔNJǟ ǖǘǍǝǜ ǛǜǘǩǜǦ ǕǨNjǒǖǥǏ ǔǗǒǐǔǒ ǙǚǒǗǏ ǛǪǗǗǥǏ ǒǑ ǎǘǖNJ ǒ ǗǏ ǗNJǎǘ ǛǙǏǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǘNjǤǩǛǗǏǗǒǓ — njǛǏǖ ǙǘǗǩǜǗǘ ǡǜǘ ǐǏǕNJǨǣǒǓ ǙǘǡǒǜNJǜǦ ǖǘǐǏǜ ǛǙǘǔǘǓǗǘ ǧǜǒǖ ǙǘǕǦǑǘnjNJǜǦǛǩ

ƻNJǖNJǩ ǙǚǘǛǜNJǩ njǏǣǦ ǖǘǐǏǜ ǗǏǘǐǒǎNJǗǗǘ ǒ ǛǏǚǦǪǑǗǘ ǒǑǖǏǗǒǜǦ njǘǛ ǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǏ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǘ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ƼNJǔ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǘǎǗǘǓ ǒǑ ǢǔǘǕ ǚNJǑǎǘNjǥǕ ǖNJǜǚNJǛ ǒ ǗǏǛǔǘǕǦǔǘ ǎǒnjNJǗǗǥǟ ǙǘǎǝǢǏǔ ǘNjǢǒǕ ǒǟ ǩǚǔǘǓ ǒ ǙǚǘǡǗǘǓ ǜǔNJǗǦǨ ǙǚǏǎǗNJǑǗNJǡǏǗǗǘǓ ǎǕǩ ǙǕǩǐǗǥǟ ǜǏǗǜǘnj ǒ ǙǘǕǘǐǒǕ nj ǝǍǕǝ ǙǘǖǏǣǏǗǒǩ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǗNJ ǙǘǕǝ ƹǘǕǝǡǒǕǛǩ ǑNJǖǏǡNJǜǏǕǦǗǥǓ ǝǍǘǕǘǔ ǍǎǏ ǖǘǐǗǘ ǙǘǡǒǜNJǜǦ ǕǏǐNJ ǗNJ ǐǒnjǘǜǏ ǙǘǔǝnjǥǚǔNJǜǦǛǩ ǙǘǛǏǔǚǏǜǗǒǡNJǜǦ

ƲǑnjǏǛǜǗǥǓ ǖǘǛǔǘnjǛǔǒǓ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǦ-ǧǔǛǙǏǚǒǖǏǗǜNJǜǘǚ ƪ ƫ ƴNJǕǖNJǗǘnj ǛǔǒǓ nj ǔǕNJǛǛǗǘǓ ǔǘǖǗNJǜǏ ǍǎǏ njǏǎǪǜ ǑNJǗǩǜǒǩ Ǜ ǜǚǏǜǦǏǔǕNJǛǛǗǒǔNJǖǒ ǘNjǘ ǚǝǎǘnjNJǕ ǗNJǛǜǘǩǣǝǨ ǖNJǕǏǗǦǔǝǨ ǛǠǏǗǝ LJǜǘ Ǜǜǘǒǜ ǙǏǚǏǗǩǜǦ ǒ ǎǕǩ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ƴNJǔǒǏ ǘǜǔǚǘǨǜǛǩ ǗǏǘǍǚNJǗǒǡǏǗǗǥǏ njǘǑǖǘǐǗǘǛǜǒ ǎǕǩ ǝǎǘnjǕǏǜnjǘǚǏǗǒǩ ǏǛǜǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǓ ǙǘǜǚǏNjǗǘǛǜǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǔ ǚǘǕǏnjǥǖ ǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǩǖ nj ǒǗǛǠǏǗǒǚǘnjǔNJǟ ǘǜ ǔǘǚǘǜǔǒǟ NjNJǛǏǗ ǎǘ ǙǦǏǛ ǙǚǘǒǍǚǥnjNJǗǒǨ ǙǘnjǏǎǏǗ ǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǛǒǜǝNJǠǒǓ ƯǣǪ lj ƪ ƴǘǖǏǗǛǔǒǓ ǔǘǍǎNJ ǝǛǜǚNJǒnjNJǕ nj ǔǕNJǛǛǏ mǢǔǘǕǝ-

ǒǍǚǝ} ǝ ǗǏǍǘ ǎNJǐǏ ǏǛǜǦ ǘǎǗǘǒǖǏǗǗNJǩ ǔǗǒǍNJ ǑNJǖǏǜǒǕ ǡǜǘ ǖǗǘǍǘǏ ǒǑ ǜǘǍǘ ǡǜǘ ǚǏNjǪǗǘǔ ǗǏ ǙǘǗǒǖNJǏǜ nj ǘNjǤǩǛǗǏǗǒǒ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ ǘǗ ǙǘǛǜǒǍNJǏǜ njǟǘǎǩ nj ǘNjǚNJǑ ǙǏǚǛǘǗNJǐNJ ǚǏNJǕǒǑǝǨǣǏǍǘ ǜǘǜ ǒǕǒ ǒǗǘǓ ǐǒǑǗǏǗǗǥǓ ǛǖǥǛǕ ƸǛǘNjǏǗǗǘǧǜǘǔNJǛNJǏǜǛǩnjǘǙǚǘǛǘnjǗǚNJnjǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǍǘǛǘǎǏǚǐNJǗǒǩ ƹǘ ǙǚǘNjǝǓǜǏ ǛǘǘǚǝǎǒǜǦ ǜNJǔǝǨ ǛǠǏǗǝ ǒ ǝNjǏǎǒǜǏǛǦ ǡǜǘ ǘǗNJ ǗǒǔǘǍǎNJ ǗǏ NjǝǎǏǜ ǙǝǛǜǘnjNJǜǦ

Ƭ NjǘǍNJǜǥǟ ǑNJǙNJǎǗǘǏnjǚǘǙǏǓǛǔǒǟ ǢǔǘǕNJǟ ǎǕǩ ǛǘǑǎNJǗǒǩ ǔǘǖǞǘǚǜǗǘǍǘ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjNJ ǒǛǙǘǕǦǑǝǨǜ ǒǑnjǏǛǜǗǥǓ ǙǚǒǪǖ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǑNJǙǝǛǔNJǨǜ nj ǗǘnjǘǏ ǑǎNJǗǒǏ ǒ ǗNJNjǕǨǎNJǨǜ ǔNJǔ ǘǗǒ Njǝǎǝǜ ǏǍǘ ǘNjǝǛǜǚNJǒnjNJǜǦ Ǚǘ Ǜnjǘǒǖ ǙǚǏǎǛǜNJnj ǕǏǗǒǩǖ ǒ ǐǏǕNJǗǒǩǖ ƮǕǩ ǗNJǛ ǧǜǘ ǎǘǚǘǍNJǩ ǒ ǗǏ njǛǏǍǎNJ ǙǚǒǏǖǕǏǖNJǩ ǑNJǜǏǩ Ʒǘ ǘǜǎǏǕǦǗǥǏ ǙǚǒǪǖǥ ǔǘǗǛǜǚǝǒǚǘnjNJǗǒǩ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjNJ nj ǙǘǖǏǣǏǗǒǒ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ njǙǘǕǗǏ ǖǘǐǗǘ ǛǏNjǏ ǙǘǑnjǘǕǒǜǦ Ƭǘǜ ǗNJǙǚǒǖǏǚ

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