Педагогика продленного дня. Учебное пособие

njǘ-ǙǏǚnjǥǟ ǛNJǖNJ ǛǚǏǎNJ nj ǔǘǜǘǚǘǓ ǘǔNJǑǥnjNJǨǜǛǩ ǖǕNJǎǢǒǏ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǒǔǒ Ǚǘ ǛǕǏ ǝǚǘǔǘnj NJ njǘ-njǜǘǚǥǟ ǧǜǘ ǛǙǏǠǒNJǕǦǗǘ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǘnjNJǗǗǥǓ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǏǖ

ǘNjǚNJǑ ǐǒǑǗǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ nj ǎNJǗǗǘǓ ǛǚǏǎǏ ǒǟ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǦ ǘǜǗǘǢǏǗǒǩ ǛǘNjǥ ǜǒǩ Ǜ Ǘǒǖǒ ǙǚǘǒǛǟǘǎǩǣǒǏ. ƼNJǔǘǏ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǏ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǘ ǙǘǜǚǏ NjǝǏǜ ǘǛǘNjǘǓ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǔǒ.

ƴǘǍǎNJ ǖǥ Ǎǘnjǘǚǒǖ ǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǖ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǏ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǜǘ Ǜǜǘǒǜ ǘNjǚNJǜǒǜǦ njǗǒǖNJǗǒǏ ǗǏ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǗNJ ǜǏ ǘNjǤǏǔǜǥ ǒ ǩnjǕǏǗǒǩ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ ǏǍǘ ǗNJǙǘǕǗǩǨǜ Ǘǘ ǒ ǗNJ ǍǘǚǒǑǘǗǜ ǧǜǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǍǘ Ǚǚǘ ǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjNJ

Ƭ ǙǚǏǎǛǜNJnjǕǏǗǒǒ NjǘǕǦǢǒǗǛǜnjNJ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǥǟ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj ǜNJǔǘǓ Ǎǘǚǒ ǑǘǗǜ — ǧǜǘ ǍǚNJǗǒǠNJ ǑNJ ǔǘǜǘǚǝǨ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǗǏ ǖǘǐǏǜ NJ ǒǗǘǍǎNJ ǒ ǗǏ ǒǖǏǏǜ ǙǚNJnjNJ ǛǜǝǙǒǜǦ ƹǘǎǘNjǗǝǨ ǍǚNJǗǒǠǝ ǗǏǚǏǎǔǘ Ǚǚǘnjǘǎǩǜ ǖǏǐǎǝ ǙǏǚ njǘǓ ǛǘNjǛǜnjǏǗǗǘ ǝǡǏNjǗǘǓ ǙǘǕǘnjǒǗǘǓ ǎǗǩ ǒ mǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǔǘǓ} ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ njǏǎǝ ǣǒǏ ǝǚǘǔǒ Ǚǘ ǘǛǗǘnjǗǥǖ ǙǚǏǎǖǏǜNJǖ ƹǘǚǘǓ nj ǘNjǚNJǑǏ ǧǜǘǓ ǍǚNJǗǒǠǥ njǥ ǛǜǝǙNJǏǜ ǛǜǏǙǏǗǦ ǎǘǑnjǘǕǏǗǗǘǛǜǒ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǨ ǙǚǒnjǕǏǔNJǜǦ ǔ ǛnjǘǏǓ Ǜǘnj ǖǏǛǜǗǘǓ Ǜ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ǔǘǕǕǏǍ Ǚǘ ǢǔǘǕǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj ǎǘǙǘǕǗǒ ǜǏǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǩ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǕǨǎǏǓ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǏǓ

Ʒǘ ǜNJǔ NjǥǜǦ ǗǏ ǎǘǕǐǗǘ ƬǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǏ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǘ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗ ǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ nj ǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǪǗǗǘǖ ǛǖǥǛǕǏ — NjǏǑǍǚNJǗǒǡǗǘǏ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǘ LJǜǘ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǗǘǏ ǙǘǕǏ ǎǘNjǚǥǟ ǝǖǗǥǟ ǩǚǔǒǟ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǔǒǟ njǑǚǘǛǕǥǟ ǕǨǎǏǓ ǒ ǛnjǘNjǘǎǗǥǟ Ǘǘ ǑNJǣǒǣǪǗǗǥǟ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǛNJǖǘǛǜǘǩǜǏǕǦǗǘ ǘǜǔǚǥnjNJǨǣǒǟ ǛǖǥǛǕ ǐǒǑǗǒ Ƭ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǖ ǙǚǘǛǜǚNJǗǛǜnjǏ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǗǏǜ ǍǚNJ ǗǒǠ NJ ǏǛǜǦ ǍǘǚǒǑǘǗǜǥ ƪ ǍǘǚǒǑǘǗǜ nj ǘǜǕǒǡǒǏ ǘǜ ǑNJǛǜǥnjǢǏǓ ǍǚNJǗǒǠǥ ǙǏ ǚǏǎnjǒǍNJǏǜǛǩ njǖǏǛǜǏ Ǜ njNJǖǒ Ǜ njNJǢǒǖǒ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ ǒ ǑǘnjǪǜ njǙǏǚǪǎ ǗǏ ǎNJǪǜ ǘǛǜNJǗNJnjǕǒnjNJǜǦǛǩ ǗNJ ǖǏǛǜǏ

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ƭǕNJnjNJ

ƲǑ ǒǛǜǘǚǒǒ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ

ƽ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǏǛǜǦ Ǜnjǘǩ ǛǕNJnjǗNJǩ ǒǛǜǘǚǒǩ ƯǛǕǒ ǒǛǔNJǜǦ ǒǛǜǘǚǒ ǡǏǛǔǒǏ ǔǘǚǗǒ ǛǒǛǜǏǖǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǪǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ nj mǖǒǚǘnjǘǖ ǖNJǛǢǜNJNjǏ} ǜǘ ǗNJǎǘ ǘNjǚNJǜǒǜǦǛǩ ǔ ƹǕNJǜǘǗǝ Ƭ ǜǚNJǔǜNJǜǏ mƭǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjǘ} VI nj ǎǘ Ǘ. ǧ. ǘǗ ǘNjǚǒǛǘ njNJǕ ǒǎǏNJǕ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǓ ǐǒǑǗǒ ǒ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǘǜ ǔǘ ǕǥNjǏǕǒǎǘ njǜǘǚǘǓǛǜǝǙǏǗǒǢǔǘǕǥƾǒǕǘǛǘǞǘnj ǍǎǏǎǘ -ǕǏǜǗǏǍǘnjǘǑǚNJǛǜNJ ǘNjǝǡNJǕǒǛǦ Njǥ NjǝǎǝǣǒǏ ǙǚNJnjǒǜǏǕǒ ǍǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjNJ ǒ ǏǍǘ ǒǎǏǘǕǘǍǒ

ƹǘ ǖǥǛǕǒ ƹǕNJǜǘǗNJ nj ǎǘǢǔǘǕǦǗǘǖ njǘǑǚNJǛǜǏ ǎǘ ǕǏǜ Ǚǘǜǘǖ nj ǖǝ ǛǒǡǏǛǔǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǏ Ǜ ǎǘ ǕǏǜ ǙNJǕǏǛǜǚǏ Ǜ ǎǘ ǕǏǜ ǧǞǏNjǒǒ Ǜ ǎǘ 20 ǕǏǜ ǒ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ ǞǒǕǘǛǘǞǘnj Ǜ ǎǘ ǕǏǜ — ǙǏǚnjNJǩ ǛǜǝǙǏǗǦ Ǜ ǎǘ 35 ǕǏǜ — njǜǘǚNJǩ ǛǜǝǙǏǗǦ ǎǏǜǒ ǙǘǎǚǘǛǜǔǒ ǒ ǨǗǘǢǒ ǗNJǚǩǎǝ Ǜ ǞǒǑǒǡǏ Ǜǔǒǖǒ ǗǚNJnjǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǖǒ ǝǖǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǖǒ njǘǑǖǘǐǗǘǛǜǩǖǒ ǎǘǕǐǗǥ ǚNJǑnjǒ njNJǜǦ ǒ Ǜnjǘǒ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǏ ǛǙǘǛǘNjǗǘǛǜǒ

ƴNJǔ NJnjǜǘǚ ǝǜǘǙǒǒ ǒǖǏǨǣǒǓ ǙǚNJnjǘ ǗNJ ǗǏǘǍǚNJǗǒǡǏǗǗǥǏ ǙǘǕǪǜǥ ǞNJǗǜNJǑǒǒ ƹǕNJǜǘǗ ǘǜǔNJǑǥnjNJǏǜ ǎǏǜǩǖ nj ǛǏǖǏǓǗǘǖ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǒ njǘǘNjǣǏ ǝNjǒǚNJǏǜ ǛǏǖǦǨ ǔNJǔ ǒǗǛǜǒǜǝǜ ǛnjǘǏǍǘ ǒǎǏNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǍǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjNJ ǛǡǒǜNJǩ ǡǜǘ ǘǗNJ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǝǔǚǏǙǕǩǏǜ ǡNJǛǜǗǝǨ ǛǘNjǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǛǜǦ ǒ ǘǜnjǕǏǔNJǏǜ ǍǚNJǐǎNJǗ ǘǜ ǛǕǝǐǏǗǒǩ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǝ LJǜǘ ǘNjǛǜǘǩǜǏǕǦǛǜnjǘ ǒ ǑNJǛǜNJnjǒǕǘ ǏǍǘ njǥǛǜǚǘǒǜǦ Ǜǒ ǛǜǏǖǝ ǢǔǘǕ ǍǎǏ ǗNJ ǔNJǐǎǘǓ ǛǜǝǙǏǗǒ ǗǏ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ Njǥ ǚNJǛǔǚǥnjNJǕǒǛǦ ǒ ǙǘǎǙǒ ǜǥnjNJǕǒǛǦ ǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǪǗǗǥǏ ǛǜǘǚǘǗǥ ǎǝǢǒ mǚNJǑǝǖǗNJǩ} mnjǘǕǏnjNJǩ} mǡǝnj ǛǜnjǏǗǗNJǩ} Ǘǘ ǒ ǙǚǒǘNjǚǏǜNJǕǒǛǦ Njǥ ǗNJnjǥǔǒ ǛNJǖǘǛǜǘǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǓ ǐǒǑǗǒ Ǜǘ ǕǒǎNJǚǗǘǛǜǒ ǙǘǎǡǒǗǏǗǒǩ ƱNJǖǏǜǒǖ ǗNJ ǧǜǘǖ ǙǚǒǖǏǚǏ ǡǜǘ ǒ ǛǏǍǘǎǗǩ ǝ ǘǞǒǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj ǏǛǕǒ ǘǗǒ ǙǏǚǏǛǜNJǨǜ ǛǡǒǜNJǜǦǛǩ Ǜ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ Ǘǥǖǒ ǒ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǒǑǒǚǝǨǣǒǖǒ njǘǑǖǘǐǗǘǛǜǩǖǒ ǛǏǖǦǒ njǘǑǗǒǔNJǏǜ ǒǛǔǝǢǏ ǗǒǏmǙǚǘǎǕǒǜǦǎǏǗǦ}ǎǏǜǏǓ ǚNJǛǢǒǚǒǜǦǍǚNJǗǒǠǥǛnjǘǏǍǘnjǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǍǘ njǘǑǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǩ ƸǎǗNJǔǘ ǡNJǛǜǘ ǒǟ ǗNJ ǧǜǘ ǜǘǕǔNJǨǜ ǗǏǝǖǘǕǒǖǥǏ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǏ ǘNjǛǜǘǩǜǏǕǦǛǜnjNJ

12

Ƭ ǔǘǗǠǏ ;,; — nj ǗNJǡNJǕǏ ;; njǏǔNJ ǒǎǏǒ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ƹǕNJ ǜǘǗNJ ǛǗǘnjNJ ǙǚǒnjǕǏǔǕǒ njǗǒǖNJǗǒǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj ƶǒǚ ǙǏǚǏǐǒnjNJǕ ǔǚǝǙǗǥǏ ǧǔǘǗǘǖǒǡǏǛǔǒǏ ǙǘǜǚǩǛǏǗǒǩ ǙǚǘǎǘnjǘǕǦǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǏ ǒ ǞǒǗNJǗǛǘnjǥǏ ǔǚǒ ǑǒǛǥ ǖǒǕǕǒǘǗǗǥǏ ǧǖǒǍǚNJǠǒǒ ƷNJ ǧǜǘǖ ǞǘǗǏ njǛǏ ǘǜǡǏǜǕǒnjǏǏ ǙǚǘǩnjǕǩ ǕǒǛǦ ǎnjǏ ǜǏǗǎǏǗǠǒǒ ƻ ǘǎǗǘǓ ǛǜǘǚǘǗǥ ǢǕǘ ǚNJǑǚǝǢǏǗǒǏ ǛǏǖǦǒ ǔNJǔ ǍǕNJnj ǗǘǍǘ ǒǗǛǜǒǜǝǜNJ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ njǥǚNJǣǒnjNJǨǣǏǍǘ mǛǥǗǘnj ƸǜǏǡǏǛǜnjNJ} ƺǘ ǖNJǗǥ ǔǕNJǛǛǒǔǘnj ǏnjǚǘǙǏǓǛǔǘǓ ǕǒǜǏǚNJǜǝǚǥ ǗNJǡNJǕNJ ;; njǏǔNJ ƶ ƭǘǚǦǔǒǓ Ƭ ƷNJNjǘǔǘnj ƺ ƺǘǕǕNJǗ ǚǒǛǝǨǜǜǒǙǒǡǗǥǏǎǕǩǚNJǑǗǥǟǛǜǚNJǗǔNJǚǜǒǗǥǛǔǚǥ ǜǘǍǘ ǛǒǚǘǜǛǜnjNJ ǎǏǜǏǓ nj ǛǏǖǦǏ ƫǏǍǛǜnjǘ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǒǑ ǛǏǖǦǒ ǛǜNJǗǘnjǒǜǛǩ njǛǏǘNj ǣǒǖ ǩnjǕǏǗǒǏǖ ǗǏ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ nj ǖNJǕǘǒǖǝǣǏǓ ǛǚǏǎǏ Ǘǘ ǒ nj ǛǘǛǜǘǩǜǏǕǦǗǥǟ Ǜǘ ǛǕǘnjǒǩǟ ƻǎǚǝǍǘǓǛǜǘǚǘǗǥ ǑNJnjǘǏnjNJǗǒǩǙǘǕǒǜǒǡǏǛǔǘǓǛnjǘNjǘǎǥ ǎǏǖǘǔǚNJ ǜǒǑNJǠǒǩ ǐǒǑǗǒ nj NjǘǕǦǢǒǗǛǜnjǏ ǛǜǚNJǗ ƱNJǙNJǎǗǘǓ ƯnjǚǘǙǥ ǒ nj ƻǂƪ ǘǔNJǑǥnjNJ ǕǒǛǦ Ǚǘǡǜǒ NjǏǛǙǘǕǏǑǗǥǖǒ Ǚǚǒ ǛǕNJNjǘǖ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǒ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǓ ǛNJǖǘǎǏ ǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ǝ Ǣǒǚǘǔǒǟ ǖNJǛǛ ǘNjǥnjNJǜǏǕǏǓ ƹǘǧǜǘǖǝ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔNJǩ ǖǥǛǕǦ ǔ ǗNJǡNJǕǝ ;; njǏǔNJ NjǥǕNJ ǗNJǙǚNJnjǕǏǗNJ ǗNJ ǚǏǢǏǗǒǏ ǙǚǘNjǕǏǖ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ƸǎǗNJǔǘ nj njǘǙǚǘǛǏ ǘ Ǚǝǜǩǟ ǙǚǏǘǎǘǕǏǗǒǩ ǧǜǒǟ ǙǚǘNjǕǏǖ ǖǗǏ Ǘǒǩ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj ǚNJǑǎǏǕǒǕǒǛǦ

ƫǘǕǦǢǒǗǛǜnjǘ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj-ǜǏǘǚǏǜǒǔǘnj ƹ ƹ ƫǕǘǗǛǔǒǓ Ʒ ƴ ƴǚǝǙǛǔNJǩ ƪ Ƭ ƵǝǗNJǡNJǚǛǔǒǓ ƻ Ƽ ǂNJǠǔǒǓ ǙǚǒǗǒǖNJǕǒ ǔǚǒǑǒǛǗǘǏ ǙǘǕǘǐǏǗǒǏ ǛǏǖǦǒ ǔNJǔ ǛǘǛǜǘǩnjǢǒǓǛǩ ǞNJǔǜ ǒ ǛǡǒǜNJǕǒ ǡǜǘ ǡǏǖ ǚNJǗǦǢǏ ǛǏǖǏǓǗǘǏ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǏ NjǝǎǏǜǑNJǖǏǣǏǗǘǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǖ ǜǏǖ ǕǝǡǢǏ ƻ ǒǟǜǘǡǔǒǑǚǏǗǒǩ ǛǘnjǚǏǖǏǗ ǗǥǏǎǏǖǘǔǚNJǜǒǡǏǛǔǒǏǍǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjNJnjǙǘǕǗǏǛǙǘǛǘNjǗǥnjǘǑǖǏǛǜǒǜǦǜǘ ǡǜǘǗǏ ǎNJǕNJ ǚǏNjǏǗǔǝ ǛǏǖǦǩ ǗǘǚǖNJǕǦǗǥǏ ǝǛǕǘnjǒǩ ǐǒǑǗǒ ǒ ǝǡǏNjǥ ǘNjǝǡǏǗǒǏ ǜǚǝǎǝ ǒ ǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǝ ǔ NjǝǎǝǣǏǓ ǙǚǘǞǏǛǛǒǒ ǐǒǑǗǏǚNJǎǘǛǜǗǥǓ ǒ ǔǝǕǦǜǝǚǗǥǓ ǎǘǛǝǍ NJ ǔǚǘǖǏ ǜǘǍǘ ǙǘǕǗǘǠǏǗǗǝǨ ǍǚNJǐǎNJǗǛǔǝǨ ǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǝ

ƮǚǝǍǒǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǏ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǒ ƹ ƹ ƴNJǙǜǏǚǘnj ƹ ƾ ƵǏǛǍNJǞǜ ƪ Ʒ ƸǛǜǚǘǍǘǚǛǔǒǓ Ƶ Ʒ ƼǘǕǛǜǘǓ ǘǜǛǜNJǒnjNJǕǒ ǝNjǏǐǎǏǗǒǏ ǡǜǘ ǗǘǚǖNJǕǦ ǗNJǩ ǛǏǖǦǩ ǩnjǕǩǏǜǛǩ ǗǒǡǏǖ ǗǏ ǑNJǖǏǗǒǖǥǖ ǘǚǍNJǗǘǖ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒ ǜNJǗǒǩ ƹǘ ǒǟ ǖǗǏǗǒǨ ǒǎǏNJǕ ǛǏǖǦǒ njǛǏǍǎNJ njǥǛǜǝǙNJǏǜ ǒ ǔNJǔ ǍǕNJnjǗǥǓ ǘǙǕǘǜ ǍǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjNJ ƹǘǧǜǘǖǝ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǘ ǎǘǕǐǗǘ ǗNJǛǔǘǕǦǔǘ njǘǑǖǘǐǗǘ Ǚǘ ǖǘǡǦ ǛǏǖǦǏ ǧǔǘǗǘǖǒǡǏǛǔǒ ǒ ǨǚǒǎǒǡǏǛǔǒ ƴǚǘǖǏ ǜǘǍǘ ǏǛǕǒ ǍǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjǘ ǙǘǑNJNjǘǜǒǜǛǩ ǘ ǟǘǚǘǢǘ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǘnjNJǗǗǘǓ ǛǒǛǜǏǖǏ ǎǘǢǔǘǕǦǗǥǟ ǝǡǚǏǐǎǏ ǗǒǓ ǘ ǢǔǘǕǏ ǘ njǗǏǢǔǘǕǦǗǘǖ ǎǘǛǝǍǏ ǒ ǘNjǣǏǗǒǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǜǘ ǛǏǖǦǩ ǛǖǘǐǏǜ ǙǘǕǗǏǏ ǚNJǛǔǚǥǜǦ Ǜnjǘǒ ǛǙǏǠǒǞǒǡǏǛǔǒǏ njǘǑǖǘǐǗǘǛǜǒ ǘNjǣǏǗǒǏ Ǜ ǚǘǎ ǛǜnjǏǗǗǒǔNJǖǒ ǑNJNjǘǜǝ ǎǚǝǍ ǘ ǎǚǝǍǏ ǛǘNjǕǨǎǏǗǒǏ ǜǚNJǎǒǠǒǓ ǛǘǜǚǝǎǗǒǡǏ

13

Ǜǜnjǘ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǏǓ ǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǜǘ ǏǛǜǦ ǚǏNJǕǒǑǘnjNJǜǦ ǏǛǜǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǏ ǡǝnjǛǜnjǘ ǛǏ ǖǏǓǗǘǓ NjǕǒǑǘǛǜǒ

ƷNJǔǘǗǏǠ NjǥǕǒǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒ ƴ Ʒ ƬǏǗǜǠǏǕǦ ƹ ƷNJǜǘǚǙ ƪ ƻ ƶNJǔNJǚǏǗǔǘ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ ǛǡǒǜNJǕǒ ǡǜǘ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǜǏǛǗǘǏ ǒ ǟǘǚǘǢǘ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǘnjNJǗǗǘǏ ǙǚǘǞǏǛ ǛǒǘǗNJǕNJǖǒǛǘǜǚǝǎǗǒǡǏǛǜnjǘǛǏǖǦǒ ǢǔǘǕǥ njǗǏǢǔǘǕǦǗǥǟǎǏǜǛǔǒǟǘǚǍNJǗǒ ǑNJǠǒǓ ǙǚǒnjǏǎǏǜ ǔ ǙǚNJnjǒǕǦǗǘǖǝ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǖǝ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǨ ƬǗǝǜǚǏǗǗǏǏ ǘǑǎǘǚǘnjǕǏǗǒǏ ǛǏǖǏǓǗǘǓ ǐǒǑǗǒ ǗǏǒǑNjǏǐǗǘ ǗNJǡǒǗNJǏǜǛǩ ǔǘǍǎNJ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǘ njǥǟǘǎǒǜ ǒǑ ǧǔǘǗǘǖǒǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ ǟNJǘǛNJ ǝǔǚǏǙǕǩǏǜǛǩ ǍǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjǏǗǗNJǩ njǕNJǛǜǦ ǒ ǒǎǝǜ ǗNJ ǝNjǥǕǦ NJǗǜǒǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǏ ǗNJǛǜǚǘǏǗǒǩ ǒ ǛǘNjǥǜǒǩ ǂǔǘǕNJ ǐǏ ǎNJǛǜ njǥǟǘǎ ǏǛǜǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǖ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǖ ǙǚǘǩnjǕǏǗǒǩǖ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǗNJǝǡǒǜ ǒǟ Ǜǘǜǚǝǎ ǗǒǡNJǜǦ ǗǏǑNJnjǒǛǒǖǘ ǘǜ ǗNJǠǒǘǗNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǒ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǙǘǕǘǐǏǗǒǩ ǛǏǖǦǒ ƮǏǜǛǔǒǏ njǗǏǢǔǘǕǦǗǥǏ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǗǏ ǙǚǘǛǜǘ ǘǜnjǕǏǔǝǜ ǙǘǎǚǘǛǜǔǘnj ǘǜ NJǗNJǚǟǒǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ ǖǒǚNJ ǝǕǒǠǥ NJ ǛǘǏǎǒǗǩǜ ǒǟ ǎǘǛǝǍ ǒ ǙǘǕǏǑǗǥǓ ǜǚǝǎ ǛǙǘǚǜ ǒ ǙǏǚnjǥǓ ǘǙǥǜ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǓ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ

ƬǗNJǢǏǓǛǜǚNJǗǏnjǘǙǚǘǛǥǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǍǘnjǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩnjǘǕǗǘnjNJǕǒǙǏǎNJ ǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǝǨ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǛǜǦ ǒ ǝǡǏǗǥǟ-ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj ǒ ǙǘǛǕǏ ƸǔǜǩNjǚǦǛǔǘǓ ǚǏnjǘǕǨǠǒǒ ǍǘǎNJ

ƻ ǙǏǚnjǥǟ ǕǏǜ ƻǘnjǏǜǛǔǘǓ njǕNJǛǜǒ ǖǘǕǘǎǘǏ ǙǚǘǕǏǜNJǚǛǔǘǏ ǍǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjǘ ǘǜǡǏǜǕǒnjǘ ǘǛǘǑǗNJnjNJǕǘ ǑNJǎNJǡǒ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ ƷǏnjǏǚǗǘ ǛǡǒǜNJǜǦ ǡǜǘ ǧǜǘ NjǥǕNJ ǔNJǔNJǩ-ǜǘ ǛǙǏǠǒǞǒǡǏǛǔNJǩ ǖNJǚǔǛǒǛǜǛǔNJǩ ǒǎǏǩ ǡǜǘ ǏǏ ǎǏǔǕNJǚǒǚǘnjNJǕǒ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǕǒǎǏǚǥ NjǘǕǦǢǏnjǒǛǜǛǔǘǓ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǔǒ Ʒ ƴ ƴǚǝǙ ǛǔNJǩ ƪ Ƭ ƵǝǗNJǡNJǚǛǔǒǓ ƹ ƹ ƫǕǘǗǛǔǒǓ ƶ Ʒ ƹǘǔǚǘnjǛǔǒǓ ǒ ǎǚ ƺǘǛǛǒǓ ǛǔǒǏ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒ ǝǐǏ nj ǗNJǡNJǕǏ ;; njǏǔNJ ǛǡǒǜNJǕǒ ǗǏǘNjǟǘǎǒǖǥǖ ǚNJǑnjǒnjNJǜǦ ǝ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǗNJnjǥǔǒ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǓ ǐǒǑǗǒ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǝǨ NJǔǜǒnjǗǘǛǜǦ ǘǙǥǜ ǛNJǖǘ ǝǙǚNJnjǕǏǗǒǩ ǛǘǑǗNJǗǒǏ ǎǘǕǍNJ ǙǏǚǏǎ ǕǨǎǦǖǒ ǒ ǛnjǘǏǓ ƺǘǎǒǗǘǓ

ƹǚNJnjǘǛǕNJnjǗǥǓ ǞǒǕǘǛǘǞ ǒ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍ Ƭ Ƭ ƱǏǗǦǔǘnjǛǔǒǓ nj Ǎǘǎǝ ǧǖǒǍǚǒǚǘnjNJǕnjƯnjǚǘǙǝ ǙǚǏǙǘǎNJnjNJǕnjƫǏǕǍǚNJǎǏ ƹǚNJǍǏ ƹNJǚǒǐǏ nj Ǎǘǎǝ nj ǛǜNJǜǦǏ mƻǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǏ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǏ ǏǍǘ ǑNJǎNJǡǒ ǒ Ǚǝǜǒ} ǙǒǛNJǕ mƸNjǚNJǑǘnjNJ ǗǒǏ ǎǘǕǐǗǘ ǗǏ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǘnjNJǜǦ ǝǖ ǗǏ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǙǚǒnjǒnjNJǜǦ ǑǗNJǗǒǩ ǒ ǗNJnjǥǔǒ ǔ ǝǖǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǏ ǘǗǘ ǎǘǕǐǗǘ ǜNJǔǐǏ ǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǕǩǜǦ ǔ ǜǘǓ ǍǚNJǐ ǎNJǗǛǔǘǓǛNJǖǘǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ǔNJǔǘǓǜǚǏNjǝǏǜǜǏǙǏǚǦǘǜnjǛǏǟǗNJǛǐǒǑǗǦ}1. ƹǘ ǧǜǘǖǝ Ǚǘ ǖǥǛǕǒ Ƭ Ƭ ƱǏǗǦǔǘnjǛǔǘǍǘ ǢǔǘǕNJ ǘNjǩǑNJǗNJ NjǥǜǦ ǧǜǒǖ mǘǚǍNJǗǘǖ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ}

1 ƱǏǗǦǔǘnjǛǔǒǓ Ƭ Ƭ ƹǛǒǟǘǕǘǍǒǩ ǎǏǜǛǜnjNJ — ƯǔNJǜǏǚǒǗNjǝǚǍ ƮǏǕǘnjNJǩ ǔǗǒǍNJ — ƻ

14

ƹǏǎNJǍǘǍǒ ǚNJǗǗǏǓ Ǚǘǚǥ ƻǘnjǏǜǛǔǘǓ njǕNJǛǜǒ ǙǘǗǒǖNJǕǒ ǡǜǘ ǙǏǚnjǥǖ ǢNJǍǘǖ nj ǎNJǗǗǘǖ ǗNJǙǚNJnjǕǏǗǒǒ ǎǘǕǐǗǥ ǛǜNJǜǦ ǜNJǔǒǏ Ǟǘǚǖǥ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǘǓ ǚNJ Njǘǜǥ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ ǝǡǒǜǥnjNJǕǒ Njǥ ǏǛǜǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǏ ǛǜǚǏǖǕǏǗǒǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǒ ǙǘǎǚǘǛǜ ǔǘnj ǔ ǘNjǣǏǗǒǨ ƻǜNJǚNJǩ ǎǘǚǏnjǘǕǨǠǒǘǗǗNJǩ ǢǔǘǕNJ ǙǚǏǛǕǏǎǘnjNJǕNJ njǛǩǔǒǏ ǎǏǜǛǔǒǏ ǛǘǘNjǣǏǛǜnjNJ ǔǚǝǐǔǒ ǛNJǖǘǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǥǏ ǐǝǚǗNJǕǥ ǒ ǧǜǒǖ ǑNJǍǘǗǩǕNJ ǒǟ nj mǙǘǎǙǘǕǦǏ}

Ƭ Ǎǘǎǝ nj ǔǚǝǙǗǥǟ ǍǘǚǘǎNJǟ ǍǎǏ ǏǣǏ ǛǘǟǚNJǗǒǕǛǩ ǘǙǥǜ ǎǏǜǛǔǒǟ ǔǚǝǐǔǘnj ǒ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnj ǛǜNJǕǒ ǘǞǒǠǒNJǕǦǗǘ ǘǜǔǚǥnjNJǜǦ ǔǕǝNjǥ ǎǕǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǙǕǘ ǣNJǎǔǒ ǎǕǩ ǒǍǚ ǕǏǜǗǒǏ ǜǚǝǎǘnjǥǏ ǔǘǕǘǗǒǒ

Ƭ ƹǏǜǚǘǍǚNJǎǏ Ǜ ǍǘǎNJ ǙǚǏǘNjǕNJǎNJǨǣǏǓ ǞǘǚǖǘǓ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǩ ǚNJ Njǘǡǒǟ ǙǘǎǚǘǛǜǔǘnj ǛǜNJǕǒ ǢǔǘǕǥ-ǔǕǝNjǥ ƺNJNjǘǜNJǕǒ ǘǗǒ NjǏǑ ǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǏǗǗǥǟ ǒǗǛǜǚǝǔǠǒǓ ǒ ǙǚǘǍǚNJǖǖ njǏǛǦ ǝǛǙǏǟ ǘNjǏǛǙǏǡǒnjNJǕǛǩ ǒǗǒǠǒNJǜǒnjǘǓ ǒ ǜnjǘǚ ǡǏǛǜnjǘǖ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj ǒ ǛNJǖǒǟ ǝǡNJǣǒǟǛǩ

ƹǘǎǚǘǛǜǔǒǙǚǒǟǘǎǒǕǒnjǢǔǘǕǝ-ǔǕǝNjǙǘǛǕǏǚNJNjǘǜǥ ƸǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǜǘǚǘnjǗǏ ǛǖǝǣNJǕǚNJǑǕǒǡǗǥǓǝǚǘnjǏǗǦǘNjǣǏǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǓǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǒǝǡNJǣǒǟǛǩ ǛǚǏǎǒ Ǘǒǟ NjǥǕǒ ǘǔǘǗǡǒnjǢǒǏ ǍǘǚǘǎǛǔǒǏ ǝǡǒǕǒǣNJ ǒǕǒ ǝǡǒnjǢǒǏǛǩ nj Ǘǒǟ ǎǘ ƸǔǜǩNjǚǦǛǔǘǓǚǏnjǘǕǨǠǒǒ ǖNJǕǘǍǚNJǖǘǜǗǥǏǒǛǘnjǏǚǢǏǗǗǘǗǏǍǚNJǖǘǜǗǥǏ ƴǘ ǗǏǡǗǘ ǎǕǩǗǏǍǚNJǖǘǜǗǥǟNjǥǕǒǔǚǝǐǔǒǕǒǔNjǏǑNJ ǗǘǘǛǗǘnjǗNJǩǡNJǛǜǦnjǚǏǖǏǗǒ ǘǜnjǘǎǒǕNJǛǦ ǚNJNjǘǜǏ ǛǏǔǠǒǓ ǔǕǝNjNJ ǛnjǩǑNJǗǗǥǟ Ǜ ǟǝǎǘǐǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǓ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘ ǛǜǦǨ ǟǘǚǘnjNJǩ ǎǚNJǖNJǜǒǡǏǛǔNJǩ ǖǝǑǥǔNJǕǦǗNJǩ ǟǝǎǘǐǏǛǜnjǏǗǗNJǩ ǚǝǔǘǎǏ ǕǒǏǖ ǚǏǑǦNjNJ ǙǘǎǏǚǏnjǝ ǛǜǘǕǩǚǗNJǩ njǥǢǒnjǔNJ ǢǒǜǦǏ ǛǘǑǎNJnjNJǕǒǛǦǔǚǝǐǔǒ Ǚǘ ǒǑǝǡǏǗǒǨ ǙǘǕǒǜǍǚNJǖǘǜǥ ƴǘǗǛǜǒǜǝǠǒǒ ƺƻƾƻƺ ǛǙǘǚǜǒnjǗǥǏ ǛǏǔǠǒǒ Ǎǘ ǚǘǎǔǒ NjǘǚǦNjNJ Ƭ ǛnjǩǑǒ Ǜ ǙǘǕǒǜǒǡǏǛǔǒǖǒ ǒǕǒ ǔǝǕǦǜǝǚǗǥǖǒ ǨNjǒǕǏǩǖǒ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ-ǔǕǝNjǏ ǙǏǚǒǘǎǒǡǏǛǔǒ ǙǚǘnjǘǎǒǕǒǛǦ ǕǏǔǠǒǒ ǔǘǗǠǏǚǜǥ njǏǡǏǚNJ

Ʒǘ ǘNjǘǛǘNjǕǏǗǗǘǛǜǦ ǢǔǘǕ-ǔǕǝNjǘnj ǘǜ ǘNjǣǏǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǓ ǙǘǎǍǘ ǜǘnjǔǒ ǙǚǒnjǘǎǒǕNJ ǔ ǜǘǖǝ ǡǜǘ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǎǘǛǝǍǘnjNJǩ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǦ ǗǏ ǖǘǍǕNJ ǚǏ ǢNJǜǦ ǑNJǎNJǡǒ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǎNJ ǒ ǝǚǘnjǏǗǦ ǘNjǣǏǓ ǔǝǕǦǜǝǚǥ ǙǘǎǚǘǛǜǔǘnj ǘǛǜNJnjNJǕǛǩ ǘǡǏǗǦ ǚNJǑǗǥǖ ǒ nj ǠǏǕǘǖ ǗǏnjǥǛǘǔǒǖ

ƱNJǖǏǛǜǒǜǏǕǦǗNJǚǔǘǖNJǙǚǘǛnjǏǣǏǗǒǩƷ ƴ ƴǚǝǙǛǔNJǩnjǘǎǗǘǖǒǑǛnjǘǒǟ njǥǛǜǝǙǕǏǗǒǓnj ǍǘǎǝǙǘǛǜNJnjǒǕNJǑNJǎNJǡǝ mƷNJǎǘǎǘNjǒnjNJǜǦǛǩ ǡǜǘNjǥǙǚǒ ǞNJNjǚǒǔNJǟ ǒ ǑNJnjǘǎNJǟ nj ǎǘǛǜNJǜǘǡǗǘǖ ǔǘǕǒǡǏǛǜnjǏ NjǥǕǒ ǢǔǘǕǥ-ǛǏǖǒǕǏǜǔǒ ǡǏǚǏǑ ǧǜǒ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǗNJǎǘ ǙǚǘǙǝǛǔNJǜǦ njǛǨ ǖNJǛǛǝ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǚNJNjǘǡǒǟ}2 Ƭ ǧǜǒǟ ǛǕǘ njNJǟ NjǏǛǛǙǘǚǗǘ ǡǝnjǛǜnjǝǏǜǛǩ ǑNJNjǘǜNJ ǘ ǛǔǘǚǏǓǢǏǖ ǒ ǖNJǛǢǜNJNjǗǘǖ ǘNjǚNJǑǘ

2 ƴǚǝǙǛǔNJǩ Ʒ ƴ ƹǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǏ ǛǘǡǒǗǏǗǒǩ Ƭ ǜ — ƶ — Ƽ — ƻ

15

njNJǗǒǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǒǑ ǚNJNjǘǡǏǓ ǛǚǏǎǥ Ǘǘ ǒ ǘǜǡǏǜǕǒnjǘ ǙǚǘǩnjǕǩǏǜǛǩ ǛnjǘǓǛǜnjǏǗ ǗǥǓ njǚǏǖǏǗǒ ǒ NjǘǕǦǢǏnjǒǛǜǛǔǘǓ ǖǏǜǘǎǘǕǘǍǒǒ ǒǗǎǝǛǜǚǒNJǕǦǗǥǓ Ǚǘǎǟǘǎ ǔ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǨ

Ƭ Ǎǘǎǝ nj ǔǚǝǙǗǥǟ ǙǚǘǖǥǢǕǏǗǗǥǟ ǠǏǗǜǚNJǟ ǛǜǚNJǗǥ NjǥǕǒ Ǜǘ ǑǎNJǗǥ ǙǏǚnjǥǏ ǢǔǘǕǥ ƾƱƻ ǞNJNjǚǒǡǗǘ-ǑNJnjǘǎǛǔǒǏ ǛǏǖǒǕǏǜǔǒ ƴNJǔNJǩ ǝ Ǘǒǟ ǛnjǩǑǦ Ǜ ǛǘnjǚǏǖǏǗǗǥǖ ǚǏǐǒǖǘǖ ǙǚǘǎǕǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ƸǔNJǑǥnjNJǏǜǛǩ nj ǘNjǒ ǟǘǎǏ ǒǟ ǗNJǑǥnjNJǕǒ mǢǔǘǕǥ ǠǏǕǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ} Ʒǘ ǎǏǕǘ ǗǏ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ nj NjǕǒǑǘǛǜǒ ǗNJǑnjNJǗǒǓ ƺNJǛǛǖǘǜǚǒǖ ǔǚNJǜǔǘ ǚǏǐǒǖ ǒ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǨ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǧǜǒǟ ǢǔǘǕ

Ƭ ǛǘǘǜnjǏǜǛǜnjǒǒ Ǜ ǎǒǚǏǔǜǒnjǘǓ ǀƴ Ƭƴƹ Nj ǒ ǙǘǛǜNJǗǘnjǕǏǗǒǏǖ ƹǚNJnjǒ ǜǏǕǦǛǜnjNJ ƾƱƻ ǛǘǑǎNJnjNJǕǒǛǦ Ǚǚǒ ǔǚǝǙǗǥǟ ǙǚǘǖǥǢǕǏǗǗǥǟ ǙǚǏǎǙǚǒǩǜǒǩǟ ǗNJǒǟǛǚǏǎǛǜnjNJǒ ǔNJǔǙǚNJnjǒǕǘ ǙǚǩǖǘǗNJǜǏǚǚǒǜǘǚǒǒǑNJnjǘǎNJǒǕǒǞNJNjǚǒǔǒ ƹǚǒǗǒǖNJǕǒ nj ƾƱƻ ǙǘǎǚǘǛǜǔǘnj ǑNJǔǘǗǡǒnjǢǒǟ ǢǔǘǕǝ , ǛǜǝǙǏǗǒ ǡǏǜǥǚǏ ǔǕNJǛǛNJ ǗNJǡNJǕǦǗǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǒ ǙǘǛǜǝǙǒnjǢǒǟ ǚNJNjǘǜNJǜǦ ǗNJ ǎNJǗǗǘǏ ǙǚǏǎǙǚǒǩ ǜǒǏ Ʋǟ ǝǡǏNjǗǥǓ ǎǏǗǦ ǗNJǡǒǗNJǕǛǩ Ǜ ǑNJnjǘǎǛǔǒǖ Ǎǝǎǔǘǖ ǙǏǚnjǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǡǏǓ ǛǖǏǗǥ ƺNJNjǘǡǒǏ ǢǕǒ nj ǠǏǟǒ NJ ǙǘǎǚǘǛǜǔǒ — nj ǝǡǏNjǗǥǏ ǔǕNJǛǛǥ ƹǘǛǕǏ ǡǏ ǜǥǚǏǟ— ǙǩǜǒǝǚǘǔǘnjǙǘǘNjǣǏǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǜǏǕǦǗǥǖǙǚǏǎǖǏǜNJǖNjǥǕǙǏǚǏǚǥnj ǗNJ ǘNjǏǎ ǍǘǚǩǡǏǏ ǙǒǜNJǗǒǏ ǑNJ ǛǡǏǜ ǑNJnjǘǎNJ Ǚǘǜǘǖ ǜǚǒ ǡNJǛNJ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ nj ǠǏǟǏ Ǚǘǎ ǚǝǔǘnjǘǎǛǜnjǘǖ ǖNJǛǜǏǚǘnj ƮNJǕǏǏ ǡNJǛǥ ǛNJǖǘǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǒ ǜǏǚǖǒǗ ǜǏǟ ǕǏǜ nj NjǒNjǕǒǘǜǏǔǏ ǒǕǒ ǔǕNJǛǛǗǥǟ ǙǘǖǏǣǏǗǒǩǟ ǑNJǜǏǖ ǛǙǘǚǜǒnjǗǥǏ ǑNJǗǩ ǜǒǩ ǟǝǎǘǐǏǛǜnjǏǗǗNJǩ ǛNJǖǘǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǦ ǔǚǝǐǔǒ Ǚǘ ǒǗǜǏǚǏǛNJǖ ƬǏǡǏǚǘǖ ǎǏǓǛǜnjǒǜǏǕǦǗǘ ǙǘǛǕǏ ǠǏǕǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǝǡNJǣǒǏǛǩ ƾƱƻ njǘǑnjǚNJǣNJǕǒǛǦ ǎǘǖǘǓ

ƴ Ǎǘǎǝ nj ǛǜǚNJǗǏ NjǥǕǘ ǜNJǔǒǏ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǙǚNJnjǎNJ ǡNJǛǜǦ ǒǑ Ǘǒǟ Ǜǔǘǚǘ ǑNJǔǚǥǕNJǛǦ ǒǑ-ǑNJ ǛǕǘǐǗǘǛǜǏǓ Ǜ ǖNJǜǏǚǒNJǕǦǗǥǖ ǛǘǎǏǚǐNJǗǒǏǖ ǔǘǜǘ ǚǥǏ njǘǑǗǒǔNJǕǒ ǝ ǙǚǏǎǙǚǒǩǜǒǓ ƾƱƻ ǜǚǏNjǘnjNJǕǒ ǛǙǏǠǒNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǙǘǖǏǣǏ ǗǒǓ ǘNjǘǚǝǎǘnjNJǗǗǥǟǔNJNjǒǗǏǜǘnjǒNjǒNjǕǒǘǜǏǔ ǞǒǗNJǗǛǘnjǥǟǘǜǡǒǛǕǏǗǒǓǗNJ ǙǒǜNJǗǒǏ ǝǡNJǣǒǟǛǩ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǨ ǒǟ ǎǘǛǝǍǘnjǘǓ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǒ ƷǏǔǘǜǘǚǥǏ ǒǑ ǧǜǒǟ ǢǔǘǕ ǙǚǘǛǝǣǏǛǜnjǘnjNJǕǒ ǎǘ ǗNJǡNJǕNJ -ǟ Ǎǘǎǘnj

ǁǏǚǜǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǖǘǐǗǘ ǑNJǖǏǜǒǜǦ ǒ nj ǖNJǛǛǘnjǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǏ ǜǘǍǘ njǚǏǖǏǗǒ ƫǘǕǦǢǘǏ ǑǗNJǡǏǗǒǏ ǎǕǩ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǩ ǢǒǚǘǔǘǓ njǗǏǝǚǘǡǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ Ǜ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ ǎǕǩ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǒǟ ǛnjǘNjǘǎǗǘǍǘ njǚǏǖǏǗǒ ǒǖǏǕǒ ǔǕǝNjǗǥǏ ǎǗǒ Ƭ Ǎǘǎǝ ǔǘǕǕǏǍǒǩ ƷNJǚǔǘǖǙǚǘǛNJ ƺƻƾƻƺ ǙǚǒǢǕNJ ǔ ǚǏǢǏǗǒǨ ǘ ǗǏǘNjǟǘ ǎǒǖǘǛǜǒ njnjǏǛǜǒ nj ǢǔǘǕNJǟ , ǒ II ǛǜǝǙǏǗǒ ǏǐǏǗǏǎǏǕǦǗǥǓ ǔǕǝNjǗǥǓ ǎǏǗǦ nj ǔǘǜǘǚǥǓ ǗǏǙǚǘnjǘǎǒǕǒǛǦ Njǥ ǝǚǘǔǒǙǘ ǚNJǛǙǒǛNJǗǒǨ NJ njǛǏnjǚǏǖǩ ǘǜnjǘǎǒ ǕǘǛǦ ǑNJǗǩǜǒǩǖ ǔǚǝǐǔǘnj ǛNJǖǘǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǥǟ ǔǘǕǕǏǔǜǒnjǘnj ǧǔǛǔǝǚǛǒǩǖ ǒ ǘNj ǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǏ ƹǘǖǘǣǦ nj ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǚNJǑǗǘǘNjǚNJǑǗǘǓ ǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘ

16

Ǜǜǒ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǒǔǘnj nj ǔǕǝNjǗǥǏ ǎǗǒ ǘǔNJǑǥnjNJǕǒ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǒ ƸǗǒ ǗǏǚǏǎǔǘ njǏǕǒ ǘǜǎǏǕǦǗǥǏ ǔǚǝǐǔǒ ǒ Ǜǜǝǎǒǒ ǙǚǘnjǘǎǒǕǒ ǧǔǛǔǝǚǛǒǒ ǗNJ Ǜnjǘǒ ǙǚǏǎǙǚǒǩǜǒǩ ǁNJǛǜǘ ǔǕǝNjǗǥǏ ǎǗǒ ǛǜNJǗǘnjǒǕǒǛǦ NjNJǑǘǓ ǎǕǩ ǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǒ ǔ ǔǚǝǙǗǥǖ ǘNjǣǏ ǛǜnjǏǗǗǘ-ǙǘǕǒǜǒǡǏǛǔǒǖ ǔNJǖǙNJǗǒǩǖ ǚǏnjǘǕǨǠǒǘǗǗǥǖ ǙǚNJǑǎǗǒǔNJǖ

ƷǏǙǘǛǚǏǎǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǏ ǚǘǐǎǏǗǒǏ ǙǚǘǎǕǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ǔNJǔ Ǟǘǚǖǥ ǘNjǚNJǑǘ njNJǜǏǕǦǗǘǍǘ ǙǚǘǠǏǛǛNJ ǛnjǩǑNJǗǘ Ǜ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘ-ǙǘǕǒǜǒǡǏǛǔǒǖǒ ǗNJǛǜǚǘǏǗǒ ǩǖǒ nj ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏ ǒ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǖǒ ǙǘǒǛǔNJǖǒ nj ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǒ nj ǙǏǚǒǘǎ mǟǚǝǣǏnjǛǔǘǓ ǘǜǜǏǙǏǕǒ} ƮǏǖǘǔǚNJǜǒǡǏǛǔǒǏ ǜǏǗǎǏǗǠǒǒ nj ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǓ ǐǒǑǗǒ NJǔǜǒnjǗǘ ǙǘǎǙǒǜǥnjNJǕǒ ǒǎǏǒ ǎNJǕǦǗǏǓǢǏǍǘ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǒǩ ǒ ǛǘnjǏǚǢǏǗ ǛǜnjǘnjNJǗǒǩ ǛǒǛǜǏǖǥ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ

ƲǖǏǗǗǘ nj ǔǘǗǠǏ -ǟ Ǎǘǎǘnj nj ǛǚǏǎǏ ǝǡǏǗǥǟ-ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj ǒ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒ ǡǏǛǔǘǓǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǛǜǒnjǛǏNjǘǕǦǢǏǝǔǚǏǙǕǩǏǜǛǩǝNjǏǐǎǏǗǒǏ ǡǜǘǛǚNJǑnjǒ ǜǒǏǖ ǛǜǚNJǗǥ Ǚǘ Ǚǝǜǒ ǔ ǔǘǖǖǝǗǒǑǖǝ ǛǏǖǦǩ NjǝǎǏǜ ǙǘǛǜǏǙǏǗǗǘ ǙǏǚǏǎNJnjNJǜǦ Ǜnjǘǒ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǥǏ ǞǝǗǔǠǒǒ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǝ ƭǘǛǝǎNJǚǛǜnjǘ ǛǜǚǘǩǣǏǏ ǚNJǑnjǒ ǜǘǓ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǒǑǖ njǙǘǕǗǏ ǛǙǘǛǘNjǗǘ ǞǘǚǖǒǚǘnjNJǜǦ njǛǏǛǜǘǚǘǗǗǏ ǚNJǑnjǒǜǝǨ ǕǒǡǗǘǛǜǦ ǖǘǕǘǎǘǍǘ ǛǜǚǘǒǜǏǕǩ ǔǘǖǖǝǗǒǑǖNJ mǘǜ ǔǘǕǥNjǏǕǒ ǎǘ ǝǗǒnjǏǚǛǒ ǜǏǜNJ} ǧǜǘ njǥǚNJǐǏǗǒǏ NJǔNJǎǏǖǒǔNJ Ƭ Ʒ ƻǜǘǕǏǜǘnjNJ NjǥǕǘ Ǣǒǚǘǔǘ ǚNJǛǜǒǚNJ ǐǒǚǘnjNJǗǘ ǛǚǏǎǛǜnjNJǖǒ ǖNJǛǛǘnjǘǓ ǒǗǞǘǚǖNJǠǒǒ

ƮǏǕǘǘǛǜNJnjNJǕǘǛǦǜǘǕǦǔǘǑNJǝǎǘNjǗǥǖǒǗǘnjǥǖǒǞǘǚǖNJǖǒǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗ ǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǙǘǛǔǘǕǦǔǝ ǘNjǥǡǗNJǩ ǢǔǘǕNJ njǛǏ-ǜNJǔǒ ǖǗǘǍǘ ǖǏǛǜNJ ǘǛǜNJnj ǕǩǕNJ ǎǕǩ ǐǒǑǗǒ ǚǏNjǏǗǔNJ nj ǛǏǖǦǏ ǎǕǩ NjǏǛǔǘǗǜǚǘǕǦǗǥǟ ǔǘǗǜNJǔǜǘnj ǗNJ ǝǕǒǠǏ LJǜǒ ǗǘnjǥǏ ǛǘǠǒNJǕǦǗǘ-ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǏ ǘǐǒǎNJǗǒǩ ǙǚǒǑnjNJǗǥ NjǥǕǒ ǚǏNJǕǒǑǘnjNJǜǦ ǢǔǘǕǥ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǥ

Ƭ ǛǏǗǜǩNjǚǏ ǍǘǎNJ nj ǛǘǘǜnjǏǜǛǜnjǒǒ Ǜ ǚǏǢǏǗǒǩǖǒ ;; ǛǤǏǑǎNJ ƴƹƻƻ NjǥǕǘǙǚǒǗǩǜǘǙǘǛǜNJǗǘnjǕǏǗǒǏǀƴƴƹƻƻǒƻǘnjǏǜNJƶǒǗǒǛǜǚǘnjƻƻƻƺmƸNjǘǚ ǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǢǔǘǕ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǘnj} ƸǗǒ ǙǚǏǎǛǜNJnjǕǩǕǒǛǦ ǔNJǔ ǖǘǎǏǕǦ ǢǔǘǕǥ NjǝǎǝǣǏǍǘ ǔNJǔ mǘǡNJǍ ǔǘǖǖǝǗǒǛǜǒǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ} ƹǚǏǎǙǘǕNJǍNJǕǘǛǦ ǡǜǘ ǢǔǘǕǥ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǥ ǗǏ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǑNJǖǏǗǩǜ ǎǏǜǩǖ ǛǏǖǦǨ Ǘǘ ǒ ǘǍǚNJǎǩǜ ǘǜ ǎǝǚǗǘǍǘ njǕǒǩǗǒǩ ǝǕǒǠǥ ǘǜ ǙǏǚǏǐǒǜǔǘnj ǔNJǙǒǜNJǕǒǑǖNJ ǙǚǒǘNjǣNJǜ ǔ ǜǚǝǎǝ

Ƭ ǙǏǚnjǝǨ ǘǡǏǚǏǎǦ nj ǢǔǘǕǥ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǥ ǙǚǒǗǒǖNJǕǒǛǦ ǎǏǜǒ ǒǑ ǖNJǕǘ ǘNjǏǛǙǏǡǏǗǗǥǟ ǛǏǖǏǓ ǎǏǜǒ ǘǎǒǗǘǔǒǟ ǖNJǜǏǚǏǓ ǒ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǏǓ-ǒǗnjNJǕǒǎǘnj NJ ǜNJǔǐǏ ǜǏ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǒ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǟ NjǥǕǒ ǘǡǏǗǦ ǑNJǗǩǜǥ ǗNJ ǙǚǘǒǑnjǘǎǛǜnjǏ ǘǛnjNJ ǒnjNJǕǒ ǠǏǕǒǗǝ ǚNJNjǘǜNJǕǒ ǗNJ ǝǎNJǚǗǥǟ ǛǜǚǘǓǔNJǟ nj ǍǏǘǕǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǙNJǚǜǒǩǟ ƪǔNJǎǏǖǒǩ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǒǟ ǗNJǝǔ ƺƻƾƻƺ ǜǘǍǎNJ ǙǚǏǎǕNJǍNJǕNJ ǜNJǔǝǨ ǖǘ

ǎǏǕǦ ǢǔǘǕǥ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜNJ

17

xǎǏǜǛǔǒǏ ǩǛǕǒ ǎǘ ǕǏǜ

xǎǏǜǛǔǒǓ ǛNJǎ ǘǜ ǎǘ ǕǏǜ

xǘNjǣǏǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǜǏǕǦǗNJǩ ǙǘǕǒǜǏǟǗǒǡǏǛǔNJǩ ǢǔǘǕNJ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜ ǎǕǩ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǙǘǎǚǘǛǜǔǘnj ǒ ǨǗǘǢǏǛǜnjNJ ǘǜ ǎǘ ǕǏǜ

ƼǏǘǚǏǜǒǔǒ-ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒ ǒ ǒǟ ǙǘǕǒǜǒǡǏǛǔǒǏ ǔǝǚNJǜǘǚǥ ǝNjǏǐǎǏǗǗǘ Ǜǡǒ ǜNJǕǒ ǡǜǘǙǚǏNjǥnjNJǗǒǏǎǏǜǏǓnjǢǔǘǕǏ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǏmǘǜǖǕNJǎǏǗǡǏǛǜnjNJǎǘǑǚǏ ǕǘǍǘ njǘǑǚNJǛǜNJ ǎNJǛǜ njǘǑǖǘǐǗǘǛǜǦ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǖǝ ǔǘǕǕǏǔǜǒnjǝ ǙǘǛǕǏǎǘ njNJǜǏǕǦǗǘ ǘǛǝǣǏǛǜnjǕǩǜǦ ǛǒǛǜǏǖǝ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ ǗǏǘNjǟǘǎǒǖǝǨ ǎǕǩ Ǟǘǚǖǒ ǚǘnjNJǗǒǩ ǡǏǕǘnjǏǔNJ ǔǘǖǖǝǗǒǛǜǒǡǏǛǔǘǍǘ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjNJ}3.

ǂǔǘǕNJ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜ ǘNjǏǛǙǏǡǒnjNJǕNJ ǗNJ ǛnjǘǏǓ NjNJǑǏ ǛǒǕNJǖǒ ǛnjǘǏǍǘ ǔǘǕ ǕǏǔǜǒnjNJ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǘnj ǒ ǘNjǛǕǝǐǒnjNJǨǣǏǍǘ ǙǏǚǛǘǗNJǕNJ njǏǛǦ ǝǡǏNjǗǘ-njǘǛǙǒǜNJ ǜǏǕǦǗǥǓ ǙǚǘǠǏǛǛ ǝǚǘǔǒ Ǚǘ ǝǡǏNjǗǘǖǝ ǙǕNJǗǝ ǛǚǏǎǗǏǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǒ ǜNJǔ ǗNJǑǥ njNJǏǖǝǨ ǛNJǖǘǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔǝ njǥǙǘǕǗǏǗǒǏ ǝǡǏNjǗǥǟ ǑNJǎNJǗǒǓ Ǚǘǎ ǔǘǗǜǚǘǕǏǖ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍNJ-njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǩ ǛNJǖǘǛǜǘǩǜǏǕǦǗǝǨ ǚNJNjǘǜǝ ǎǏǜǏǓ nj NjǒNjǕǒǘǜǏǔǏ ǒ ǙǚǏǎǖǏǜǗǥǟǔǚǝǐǔNJǟ ƹǚǏǎǛǜNJnjǕǩǕǘǛǦ ǡǜǘǙǘǛǕǏǝǚǘǔǘnjǐǒǑǗǦǝǡNJǣǒǟǛǩ NjǝǎǏǜ ǙǚǘǜǏǔNJǜǦ ǔNJǔ nj ǛǏǖǦǏ ǛǘnjǖǏǛǜǗǥǓ ǜǚǝǎ ǗNJ ǔǝǟǗǏ ǒ nj ǛǜǘǕǘnjǘǓ ǝǟǘǎ ǑNJ ǎǘǖǘǖ ǛNJǎǘǖ ǘNjǝǡǏǗǒǏ ǚǏǖǏǛǕNJǖ ǙǘǎǍǘǜǘnjǔNJ ǔ NjǝǎǝǣǏǓ Ǚǚǘ ǞǏǛǛǒǒ ǒǍǚǥ ǟǝǎǘǐǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǏ ǜnjǘǚǡǏǛǜnjǘ ǛǙǘǚǜ

ƲǗǜǏǚǏǛǗǘ ǡǜǘ Ƭ ƪ ƻǝǟǘǖǕǒǗǛǔǒǓ nj ǜǘ njǚǏǖǩ ǝǐǏ ǒǑnjǏǛǜǗǥǓ ǎǒ ǚǏǔǜǘǚ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǙǘǛǕǏ ǛǘnjǏǣNJǗǒǩ nj ǀƴ ƴƹƻƻ Ǚǘ njǘǙǚǘǛǝ ǘ njǥǙǘǕǗǏǗǒǒ ǗNJǚǘǎǗǥǖ ǘNjǚNJǑǘnjNJǗǒǏǖ ǚǏǢǏǗǒǓ ;; ǛǤǏǑǎNJ ƴƹƻƻ nj NJnjǍǝǛǜǏ ǍǘǎNJ ǗNJǙǒǛNJǕ ǛǜNJǜǦǨ mƴ njǘǙǚǘǛǝ ǘNj ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǢǔǘǕ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǘnj} ǔǘǜǘ

ǚǝǨ ǗǏ ǘǙǝNjǕǒǔǘnjNJǕǘ Ǘǒ ǘǎǗǘ ǒǑǎNJǗǒǏ ƸǗNJ ǝnjǒǎǏǕNJ ǛnjǏǜ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ nj 1988 Ǎǘǎǝ

Ƭ ƪ ƻǝǟǘǖǕǒǗǛǔǒǓ ǗǏ ǖǘǍ ǛǔǚǥǜǦ ǛnjǘǨ ǘNjǏǛǙǘǔǘǏǗǗǘǛǜǦ ǗNJǛǜǝǙǕǏ ǗǒǏǖ ǗNJ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦǗǥǏ ǞǝǗǔǠǒǒ ǛǏǖǦǒ ǗǏǙǚNJnjǒǕǦǗǘǏ ǙǘǗǒǖNJǗǒǏ ǛNJ ǖǘǓ ǛǝǣǗǘǛǜǒ ǘNjǣǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘǍǘ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǩ mƻǚǏǎǒ ǛǒǕ ǙǚǒnjǩǑǥnjNJǨǣǒǟ ǡǏǕǘnjǏǔNJ ǔ ǚǘǎǗǘǓ ǑǏǖǕǏ ǒ ǚǘǎǗǘǖǝ ǗNJǚǘǎǝ ǗNJ ǙǏǚnjǘǖ ǖǏǛǜǏ Ǜǜǘǒǜ ǛǏ ǖǦǩ} — ǗNJǙǘǖǒǗNJǏǜ ǘǗ ǝnjǕǏǡǏǗǗǥǖ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǜǘǚNJǖ ǢǔǘǕ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǘnj ǒ ǙǚǏǎǘǛǜǏǚǏǍNJǏǜ — mǡǏǖ NjǘǕǦǢǏ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǝ ǗNJǛ NjǝǎǏǜ njǘǛǙǒǜǥnjNJǜǦǛǩ nj Ǣǔǘ ǕNJǟ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜNJǟ ǜǏǖ NjǘǕǦǢǏ NjǝǎǏǜ ǕǨǎǏǓ ǛǜǚǏǖǩǣǒǟǛǩ nj ǑǚǏǕǘǖ njǘǑ ǚNJǛǜǏ ǒǑNjNJnjǒǜǦǛǩ ǘǜ Ǜnjǘǒǟ ǙǚǏǛǜNJǚǏǕǥǟ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǏǓ}4.

3ƬǚǏǖǏǗǗǘǏ ǙǘǕǘǐǏǗǒǏ ǘ ǢǔǘǕǏ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǏ — ƶ — ƻ

4ƻǝǟǘǖǕǒǗǛǔǒǓ Ƭ ƪ ƴ njǘǙǚǘǛǝ ǘNj ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǢǔǘǕ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǘnj ƻǘnjǏǜǛǔNJǩ ǙǏǎNJǍǘ ǍǒǔNJ — 1988. — ȟ — ƻ

18

ƷǏ ǙǚǒǗǒǖNJǩ ǢǔǘǕǥ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǥ nj ǔNJǡǏǛǜnjǏ ǧǜNJǕǘǗǗǘǓ ǖǘǎǏǕǒ ǢǔǘǕǥ NjǝǎǝǣǏǍǘ Ƭ ƪ ƻǝǟǘǖǕǒǗǛǔǒǓ ǚǒǛǝǏǜ ǛnjǘǓ ǘNjǚNJǑ ǍNJǚǖǘǗǒǡǗǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǝǐǏ ǚǏNJǕǒǑǝǏǖǥǓ ǒǖ nj ǙǚNJǔǜǒǔǏ ƹNJnjǕǥǢǛǔǘǓ ǛǚǏǎǗǏǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ mǂǔǘǕNJ NjǝǎǝǣǏǍǘ ǙǚǏǎǛǜNJnjǕǩǏǜǛǩ ǗNJǖ ǜNJǔ ǂǔǘǕǦǗǘǏ ǑǎNJǗǒǏ ǙǘǑnjǘǕǩǏǜ ǙǚǘnjǘǎǒǜǦ ǑNJǗǩǜǒǩ nj ǘǎǗǝ ǛǖǏǗǝ ƴǚǘǖǏ ǔǕNJǛǛǗǥǟ ǔǘǖǗNJǜ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ ǏǛǜǦ ǔǘǖǗNJǜǥ ǎǕǩ ǙǚǘnjǏǎǏǗǒǩ njǗǏǔǕNJǛǛǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǖNJǛǜǏǚǛǔǒǏ ǟǘǚǘǢǒǓ ǝǡǏNjǗǘ-ǘǙǥǜǗǥǓ ǝǡNJǛǜǘǔ ǛǙǘǚǜǒnjǗǥǓ ǑNJǕ ǛǜǘǕǘnjNJǩ ǔNJNjǒǗǏǜ ǕǏǡǏNjǗǘǓ ǍǒǖǗNJǛǜǒǔǒ ǡǒǜNJǕǦǗǥǓǑNJǕ ǔNJNjǒǗǏǜnjǚNJǡNJ ǔǘǖǗNJǜNJǎǕǩǒǍǚ ƮǏǜǒǝǡNJǜǛǩ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ ǡNJǛNJ ǘǛǜNJǕǦǗǘǏ njǚǏǖǩ ǎǗǩ Ǚǘ ǐǏǕNJǗǒǨ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǏǓ ǒ Ǚǘ ǎǘǍǘ njǘǚǏǗǗǘǛǜǒ ǢǔǘǕǥ Ǜ Ǘǒǖǒ ǎǏǜǒ Ǚǚǘnjǘǎǩǜ ǜǘǐǏ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ — ǝǡNJǜ ǝǚǘǔǒ ǚNJNjǘǜNJǨǜ nj ǔǚǝǐǔNJǟ ǑNJǗǒǖNJǨǜǛǩ ǛǙǘǚǜǘǖ ǁǏǖ ǛǜNJǚǢǏ ǎǏǜǒ ǜǏǖ ǖǏǗǦ ǢǏǏ ǡǒǛǕǘ ǒǟ njǟǘǎǒǜ nj ǧǜǒ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ƶǕNJǎǢǒǏ ǐǏ ǢǔǘǕǦ Ǘǒǔǒ ǘǛǘNjǏǗǗǘ ǙǏǚnjǘǔǕNJǛǛǗǒǔǒ njǥǙǘǕǗǩǨǜ njǛǏ ǎǘǖNJǢǗǒǏ ǑNJǎNJǗǒǩ ǔNJǔ ǙǚNJnjǒǕǘ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ Ǚǘǎ ǚǝǔǘnjǘǎǛǜnjǘǖ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǏǓ

ƴNJǔ ǎǕǩ ǝǡǏNjǗǘǓ ǜNJǔ ǒ ǎǕǩ njǗǏǔǕNJǛǛǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǎǏǜǏǓ njǘ njǗǏǝǚǘǡ ǗǘǏ njǚǏǖǩ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ ǛǘǑǎNJǨǜǛǩ njǛǏ ǗǏǘNjǟǘǎǒǖǥǏ ǝǛǕǘnjǒǩ ǔ ǘǙǚǏǎǏǕǏǗ Ǘǘǖǝ ǔǘǕǕǏǔǜǒnjǝ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǙǚǒǔǚǏǙǕǩǏǜǛǩ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǦ-njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǎǏǜǒ ǒǖǏǨǜ njǘǑǖǘǐǗǘǛǜǦ ǙǘǘNjǏǎNJǜǦ nj ǢǔǘǕǦǗǘǓ ǛǜǘǕǘnjǘǓ NJ ǖǕNJǎǢǒǏ — ǘǜǎǘǟǗǝǜǦ ƸǎǗǘnjǚǏǖǏǗǗǘ Ǜ njǘǑnjǚNJǣǏǗǒǏǖ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǏǓ Ǜ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǎǏǜǒ ǜǘǐǏ ǒǎǝǜ ǎǘ ǖǘǓ Ƭ ǜǏǡǏǗǒǏ ǎnjǝǟ ǕǏǜ ǖǥ nj ǘǎǗǘ njǚǏǖǩ ǙǚNJǔǜǒǔǘnjNJǕǒ ǙǚǏNjǥnjNJǗǒǏ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǎǏǜǏǓ – ǡǏǕǘnjǏǔ ,–,9 ǔǕNJǛǛǘnj nj ǢǔǘǕǏ ǙǘǛǕǏ ǝǚǘǔǘnj ǒ ǗNJ ǘǙǥǜǏ ǝNjǏǎǒǕǒǛǦ ǡǜǘ ǧǜǘ ǙǚǏǔǚNJǛǗǘǏ ǛǚǏǎǛǜnjǘ ǝǕǝǡǢǏǗǒǩ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǗǘǓ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ njǘǘNjǣǏ Ʒǘ ǧǜǘ ǛǚǏǎǛǜnjǘ ǙǚǒǖǏǗǒǖǘ ǜǘǕǦǔǘ ǔ ǎǏǜǩǖ ǖǕNJǎ ǢǏǍǘ ǒ ǡNJǛǜǒǡǗǘ ǛǚǏǎǗǏǍǘ ǢǔǘǕǦǗǘǍǘ njǘǑǚNJǛǜNJ ƻǡǒǜNJǜǦ ǐǏ ǏǍǘ ǝǗǒnjǏǚ ǛNJǕǦǗǥǖ ǙǘǕNJǍNJǜǦ ǡǜǘ ǙǘǛǜǘǩǗǗǥǓ ǔǚǝǍǕǘǛǝǜǘǡǗǥǓ ǗNJǎǑǘǚ ǗNJǎ njǛǏǖǒ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ ǝǕǝǡǢǒǜ njǘǛǙǒǜNJǗǒǏ njǛǏǟ ǝǡNJǣǒǟǛǩ nj ǜǘǖ ǡǒǛǕǏ ǝǡNJǣǒǟǛǩ 9,,,–

X ǔǕNJǛǛǘnj — ǧǜǘ ǑǗNJǡǒǜ ǎǘǙǝǛǔNJǜǦ NjǘǕǦǢǝǨ ǘǢǒNjǔǝ ƽ ǝǡǏǗǒǔǘnj 9,,,–

X ǔǕNJǛǛǘnj ǗNJǎǘ njǘǛǙǒǜǥnjNJǜǦ ǛNJǖǘǎǏǩǜǏǕǦǗǘǛǜǦ ǒǗǒǠǒNJǜǒnjǗǘǛǜǦ NJ ǗǏ ǙǘǎnjǏǚǍNJǜǦ ǒǟ ǙǘǛǜǘǩǗǗǘǓ ǘǙǏǔǏ}5.

ƶǥ ǙǘǑnjǘǕǒǕǒ ǛǏNjǏ ǜNJǔǝǨ ǘNjǢǒǚǗǝǨ ǠǒǜNJǜǝ ǒǑ ǛǜNJǜǦǒ njǥǎNJǨǣǏ ǍǘǛǩ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍNJ ǡǜǘNjǥ ǡǒǜNJǜǏǕǦ ǙǘǡǝnjǛǜnjǘnjNJǕ ǔNJǔ ǙǚǒǟǘǎǒǕǘǛǦ Ƭ ƪ ƻǝ ǟǘǖǕǒǗǛǔǘǖǝ ǘǜǛǜNJǒnjNJǜǦ ǘǡǏnjǒǎǗǥǏ ǙǚǘnjǏǚǏǗǗǥǏ ǗNJ ǙǚNJǔǜǒǔǏ njǏǣǒ nj ǙǚǘǜǒnjǘnjǏǛ ǒǛǔǝǛǛǜnjǏǗǗǥǖ ǖǘǎǏǕǩǖ mǔNJNjǒǗǏǜǗǥǟ} ǜǏǘǚǏǜǒǔǘnj

5 ƻǝǟǘǖǕǒǗǛǔǒǓ Ƭ ƪ ƴ njǘǙǚǘǛǝ ǘNj ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑNJǠǒǒ ǢǔǘǕ-ǒǗǜǏǚǗNJǜǘnj ƻǘnjǏǜǛǔNJǩ ǙǏǎNJǍǘ ǍǒǔNJ — 1988. — ȟ — ƻ –88.

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ƸNjǚNJǜǒǖ njǗǒǖNJǗǒǏ ǗNJ ǜǘ ǡǜǘ Ƭ ƪ ƻǝǟǘǖǕǒǗǛǔǒǓ ǘǙǒǛǥnjNJǏǜ Ǘǘ njǝǨ Ǟǘǚǖǝ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ Ǜ ǎǏǜǦǖǒ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ — ǍǚǝǙǙǝ ǙǚǘǎǕǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ƷNJ ƽǔǚNJǒǗǏ ǘǗǒ ǛǜNJǕǒ ǘǞǒǠǒNJǕǦǗǘ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǘnjǥnjNJǜǦǛǩ Ǜ ǖNJǚǜNJ ǍǘǎNJ ǙǘǙǚǒǔNJǑǝƶǒǗǒǛǜǏǚǛǜnjNJǙǚǘǛnjǏǣǏǗǒǩƽƻƻƺ ƪǙǘǩnjǒǕǒǛǦǘǗǒnjǙǏǚnjǥǏ nj ƺǘǛǛǒǒ NJ ǜǘǡǗǏǏ Ǚǘǡǜǒ ǘǎǗǘnjǚǏǖǏǗǗǘ nj ƶǘǛǔnjǏ ǒ ƵǏǗǒǗǍǚNJǎǏ nj ǗNJ-

ǡNJǕǏ -ǟ Ǎǘǎǘnj LJǜǘ NjǥǕ ǐǒnjǘǓ ǘǙǥǜ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǏǓ ǗNJǡNJǕǦǗǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǔǘ ǜǘǚǥǓ ǙǘǑǐǏ ǙǘǎǟnjNJǜǒǕǒ ǒ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒ ǛǚǏǎǗǏǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ ƸǜǖǏǜǒǖ ǡǜǘ ǙǏǚ njǥǏ ǍǚǝǙǙǥ ǙǚǘǎǕǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ njǘǑǗǒǔNJǕǒ ǏǛǜǏǛǜnjǏǗǗǘ NjǏǑ ǎǒǚǏǔǜǒnj ǛnjǏǚǟǝ — ǙǘǛǜNJǗǘnjǕǏǗǒǩ ǀƴ ƴƹƻƻ ǒ ƻǘnjǏǜNJ ƶǒǗǒǛǜǚǘnj ǗNJ ǧǜǝ ǜǏǖǝ Ǚǘ ǩnjǒǕǒǛǦ ǙǘǑǐǏ

ưǒǕǒ nj ǗNJǡNJǕǏ -ǟ Ǎǘǎǘnj ǜǚǝǎǗǘ Ƭǘ ǖǗǘǍǒǟ ǛǏǖǦǩǟ ǙǘǛǕǏ njǘǓǗǥ ǎǏǜǒ ǚǘǛǕǒ NjǏǑ ǘǜǠǘnj ǖNJǜǏǚǒ ǖǗǘǍǘ ǒ ǜǩǐǏǕǘ ǚNJNjǘǜNJǕǒ ƱNJNjǘǜǩǛǦ ǘ Ǚǘ njǥǢǏǗǒǒ ǝǛǙǏnjNJǏǖǘǛǜǒ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ ǗNJǡNJǕǦǗǘǓ ǢǔǘǕǥ ǗǏǚǏǎǔǘ ǘǛǜNJnjǕǩǕǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǙǘǛǕǏ ǝǚǘǔǘnj ǎǕǩ ǎǘǙǘǕǗǒǜǏǕǦǗǥǟ ǑNJǗǩǜǒǓ ƱNJǗǩǜǒǩ ǑNJǔNJǗǡǒnjNJ ǕǒǛǦ NJ ǎǏǜǒ ǗǏ ǛǙǏǢǒǕǒ ǚNJǛǟǘǎǒǜǦǛǩ ƷNJǡǒǗNJǕǒ ǡǒǜNJǜǦ ǔǗǒǍǝ njǛǕǝǟ ǒǍ ǚNJǕǒ nj ǗNJǛǜǘǕǦǗǥǏ ǒǍǚǥ ǒǑǍǘǜNJnjǕǒnjNJǕǒ ǗNJǍǕǩǎǗǥǏ ǙǘǛǘNjǒǩ ǍǘǜǘnjǒǕǒǛǦ ǔ ǙǒǘǗǏǚǛǔǒǖ ǙǚNJǑǎǗǒǔNJǖ ǁNJǛǜǘ ǎǏǜǒ ǝ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǟ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǒ ǙǘǑǎǗǘ Ǚǚǒ ǟǘǎǒǕǒ Ǜ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǑNJǎǏǚǐǒnjNJǕǒǛǦ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ ǡǜǘNjǥ ǛǎǏǕNJǜǦ njǖǏǛǜǏ ǎǘǖNJǢ ǗǏǏ ǑNJǎNJǗǒǏ

ƸNjǖǏǗǒnjNJǩǛǦ ǘǙǥǜǘǖ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǗNJ ǛǘnjǏǣNJǗǒǩǟ ǔǘǗǞǏǚǏǗǠǒǩǟ nj ǙǏ ǚǒǘǎǒǡǏǛǔǘǓ ǙǏǡNJǜǒ ǝǡǒǜǏǕǩ ǝǜnjǏǚǐǎNJǕǒǛǦ njǘ ǖǗǏǗǒǒ ǡǜǘ ǎǏǜǩǖ ǗǏǘNj ǟǘǎǒǖǘ ǙǏǎNJǍǘǍǒǡǏǛǔǘǏ njǗǒǖNJǗǒǏ ǒ ǙǘǛǕǏ ǝǚǘǔǘnj ƼNJǔ nj Ǎǘǎǝ mƽǡǒ ǜǏǕǦǛǔNJǩ ǍNJǑǏǜNJ} ǙǒǛNJǕNJ ǘ ǗǘnjNJǜǘǚǛǔǘǖ ǘǙǥǜǏ ǢǔǘǕǥ ȟ ƶǘǛǔnjǘǚǏǠ ǔǘǍǘ ǚNJǓǘǗNJ Ǎ ƶǘǛǔnjǥ ǂǔǘǕNJ ǗNJǟǘǎǒǕNJǛǦ nj ǖǒǔǚǘǚNJǓǘǗǏ ǎnjǝǟ ǔǚǝǙǗǥǟ ǜǏǔǛǜǒǕǦǗǥǟ ǞNJNjǚǒǔ ǍǎǏ ǚNJNjǘǜNJǕǒ nj ǘǛǗǘnjǗǘǖ ǐǏǗǣǒǗǥ ƫǘǕǦǢǒǗǛǜnjǘ ǛǏǖǏǓ ǐǒǕǘ nj ǔǘǖǖǝǗNJǕǦǗǥǟ ǔnjNJǚǜǒǚNJǟ ǛǘǛǜNJnjǕǩǕǒ ǎǏǜǒ ǔǘǜǘǚǥǟ njǘǛǙǒǜǥnjNJǕNJ ǘǎǗNJ ǚNJNjǘǜNJǨǣNJǩ ǖNJǜǦ ƽǡǒǜǏǕǩ ǛǜǚǏǖǩǛǦ ǟǘǜǦ ǔNJǔ-ǜǘ Ǚǚǘ ǜǒnjǘǛǜǘǩǜǦ NjǏǑǗNJǎǑǘǚǗǘǛǜǒ ǎǏǜǏǓ ǘǚǍNJǗǒǑǘnjNJǕǒ nj ǛnjǘǏǓ ǢǔǘǕǏ ǍǚǝǙǙ ǙǚǘǎǕǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ƹǘǛǕǏ ǝǡǏNjǗǥǟ ǑNJǗǩǜǒǓ ǎǏǜǒ njǔǕǨǡNJǕǒǛǦ nj ǛǙǘǚǜǒnjǗǘ-

ǘǑǎǘǚǘnjǒǜǏǕǦǗǝǨ ǚNJNjǘǜǝ ǑNJǗǒǖNJǕǒǛǦ nj ǔǚǝǐǔNJǟ Ǚǘǎ ǚǝǔǘnjǘǎǛǜnjǘǖ ǙǏ ǎNJǍǘǍǘnj njǥǙǘǕǗǩǕǒ ǎǘǖNJǢǗǏǏ ǑNJǎNJǗǒǏ ƱNJ ǜǚǒ ǍǘǎNJ ǚNJNjǘǜǥ ǧǜǒǟ ǍǚǝǙǙ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ ǑNJǖǏǜǗǘ ǙǘnjǥǛǒǕNJǛǦ ǝǛǙǏnjNJǏǖǘǛǜǦ ǘǔǚǏǙǕNJ ǎǒǛǠǒǙǕǒǗNJ ǚǏǑǔǘ ǛǗǒǑǒǕǘǛǦ ǡǒǛǕǘ ǙǚNJnjǘǗNJǚǝǢǏǗǒǓ ǙǘǎǚǘǛǜǔǘnj ƹǘ ǙǚǘǛǦNjǏ ǚǘǎǒǜǏǕǏǓ Ǜ ǝǡǏNjǗǘǍǘ ǍǘǎNJ njǛǏ ǔǕNJǛǛǥ ǢǔǘǕǥ ȟ ǛǜNJǕǒ ǚNJNjǘǜNJǜǦ Ǚǘ ǚǏ ǐǒǖǝ ǙǚǘǎǕǏǗǗǘǍǘ ǎǗǩ ƮǏǜǒ ǗNJǟǘǎǒǕǒǛǦ nj ǢǔǘǕǏ Ǜ ǡNJǛǘnj ǝǜǚNJǎǘ ǡNJ

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