12. Give English equivalents to the following words and word combinations (Texts 1-5):

Основные культурные ценности, верхняя часть айсберга, границы культур, становиться причиной серьезного оскорбления, совершенно чуждый, неиссякаемый оптимизм, избегать религиозного и политического давления, высоко оценивать и сохранять, быть фанатичным в своей преданности, обеспечивать экономическую и политическую стабильность и поддержку, принимать самостоятельные решения и обеспечивать их выполнение, делиться информацией, система поощрения, относительно небольшая степень ответственности.

13. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form.

People from many cultures (to dentify) themselves in terms of who they are. An East African might greet you by (to say) "Hello. I'm Amos Ntimama, the son of William Ole Ntimama, from Narok in the Masai Mara." The primary source of his identity is who he is – his father and his birthplace. Status (to be) based upon family and heritage, not what he does as an individual. An American (to feel) individually responsible, because of the great emphasis ( to place ) on independence, self-reliance and individual achievement, when a person (to fail) in his or her personal or economic endeavours. That’ why if you encounter an American at a party, he or she will often greet you in the following way. "Hello, my name is Gary Weaver. I'm a professor at American University. What do you do?". One often feels guilty for not (to try) harder, (to be ) more competitive with others or ( to take) advantage of an opportunity. These values also affect the way in which Americans conduct business meetings. They tend to "get down to business" in a meeting much more quickly that in cultures where relationships are important. In many traditional, rural cultures, time must be (to allow) to get acquainted with others and to determine their status before beginning to discuss business. Some Americans think that Africans or Mexicans are "wasting time" when they socialise before discussing business. On the other hand, Africans and Mexicans sometimes perceive Americans as "pushy" and always in a hurry to conduct business before (to develop ) relationships.

Look through the passage once again. What is it about? Express the main idea of it in 5-7 sentences.

14. Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions.

1.To understand the political, economic, social and even personal behaviour … any group … people, we must first know the dominant values … their culture which are passed down … one generation … another through learning. 2.The tip … the iceberg is the smallest part. Most … the iceberg is submerged. The same is true … a culture.3. The real collision … cultures occurs … the unconscious, internal cultural level where there are basic cultural values. 4.… understanding the internal culture, especially the significant values, we have a system … analyzing and interpreting behaviour. 5.Many people believe that the United States is a mixture … many different cultures … a dominant or mainstream culture. 6.People … around the globe bring their cultures here and throw them … the American pot. 7.Immigrants became a part … this culture … giving up their differences so that they could fit … the mainstream … the society. 8.In France good manners require that … arriving … a business meeting a manager shakes hands … everyone present.9..The Germans are also notable … the amount … formality they bring to business. 10.In the new millennium, Americans need to balance their overemphasis … individualism and competition … collectivism and co-operation. 11.Westerners who look … a decisive and charismatic boss are likely to be disappointed. 12.Their western subordinates … the other hand complain that they are given only vague hints of what they are supposed to do. 13.The way to ensure you keep … the boundaries of your status is to keep your boss informed … the smallest detail.

15. Replace these sentences using an “if-construction”.

e.g. He smokes too much; perhaps that’s why he can’t get rid of his cough.

If he didn’t smoke so much he might get rid of his cough.

or If he smoked less he might (be able to) get rid of his cough.

1. He doesn’t work overtime, so he doesn’t earn as much as I do.

2. My number isn’t in the directory so people don’t ring me up.

3. We haven’t got central heating, so the house is rather cold.

4. I live a long way from the centre; that’s why I am always late for a work.

5. English people speak very quickly. Perhaps that’s why I can’t understand them.

6. We missed the train because we were using an out-of-date timetable.

7. I didn’t know he was so quarrelsome. I’m sorry now that I invited him.

8. It took us a long time to find his house because the streets were not clearly marked.

9. He didn’t get to the top of his profession, perhaps because his wife didn’t encourage him.

10. I didn’t finish my report yesterday, so I cant begin a new project today.

11. I received a good job offer from the oil company, so I won’t seriously consider taking the job with the electronics firm.

12. I’m careless, that’s why I made so many mistakes.

16. Using the given ideas, make conditional sentences.

e.g. rain last Saturday/go(somewhere)

If it hadn’t been raining last Saturday, we could have gone to the picnic.

1. be a British / be easy to please

2. be a Japanese manager / hide my ambitions

3. know the answer / tell you

4. come to my house / cook dinner.

5. be a teacher / teach

6. be no fresh water / live

7. remember / call on

8. panic / die

9. listen / understand

10. make reservations / request a table for four

11. bus drivers be on strike / take a taxi

12. be a famous author / write about (smth.)

17. Answer each question. Begin with “No, but…”

e.g. – Do you have a dollar?

-- No, but if I did (No, but if I had a dollar), I would lend it to you.

1. Are you rich?

2. Do you have a car?

3. Are you a bird?

4. Do you live in an apparent? Dormitory? Hotel?

5. Are you the teacher of this class?

6. Do you have your own aeroplane?

7. Are you (the President of the USA)?

8. Are you tired?

9. Are you married? Single?

10. Is the weather hot/cold today?

11. Are you hungry?

12. Do you live in (New York City)?