He 'graduated from 'London "University.

2. — 'Did she 'show you her 'birthday /presents?

• ^xYes. She got a ^lovely ^л handbag from her ^xaunt. Straightforward statements sound final, complete, definite and categoric in meaning regardless of the pitch variety of the falling tone. At the same time each of the variants conveys a somewhat different attitude of the speaker to the situation and to the listener. Thus, straightforward statements with a High Fall sound light, energetic and have the effect of a speaker's personal involvement in the situation.

A Low Fall gives a considered, serious and weighty note to a statement. Statements with a Mid Fall convey a neutral, calm and quiet attitude:

1. — What will you 'do ^next?

• I'll 'add some 'dry Yruit.

2. —'Where shall we ^xmeet?

—'Near the ^booking-office.

3. — 'Why did he 'run aVay?

• I 'haven't the 'slightest i_Ndea

Implicatory Statements

Statements pronounced with the nuclear Falling-Rising lone (Divided or Undivided) are known as implicatory statements.

Due to the specific meaning of the Fall-Rise such utterances give the impression that the speaker wants his bearer to understand more than the words themselves convey. The connotations implied by this tone include contradiction, correction, contrast, hesitation, apology, cordiality, warning. The exact implication is nearly always clear from the situation and the lexical content of the utterance:

1. — It's one of the 'best 'German 'films I've _Nseen.

• It's I^vtalian, (correction)

2. — I .think they have 'all Ymished .writing their .essays.

• ^NAnn ,hasn't, (contrast)

3. — Let's go 'out and 'do the ^shopping .now.

• But it^hasn't 'stopped ⁴ raining ,yet. (contradiction)

4. — It was ⁴his plan, I ^wasn't it?

• I ^vthinkso. (hesitation)

5. — We'll get there in 'half an ^hour or ,so.

• You are^driving^too ^vfast, 'James, (warning) . us

6. — It's 'getting date.

• I can 'run you 'up to 'town in my ^vcar. (cordiality)

7. — You'll 'stay for \tea, ? /won't you?

• Per'hapssome "other time, (apology)

The nuclear Fall-Rise in implicatory statements, as is shown in the

examples, can be preceded by different kinds of head, but a Sliding head with its Falling variant is the most typical.

Friendly Statements

Friendly statements are characterised by the nuclear Low Rising tone and a high-pitched prenuclear part (normal or high prehead, High level or Stepping head). Utterances with this intonation pattern lack the definiteness and finality of falling tunes and the implicatory note of the falling-rising ones. They sound warm, lively and encouraging.

1. —'Don't be ^vlong, Ann.

• I 'shan't be 'later than ,usual.

2. — 'Please, "hurry ^xup, ,Jane.

• I'll be 'ready in a ,minute.

EAR-TRAINING EXERCISES

I. Listen to the following groups of statements. Identify the tunes you hear. Compare the types of head and the nuclear tones in each group.

1. 1. It 'frequently Yains here.

   2. He's most 'interested in the mu^xseums.

   3. I've 'joined the Uni versity ^sports so,ciety.

   4. He ar'rived in 'Moscow the "other »day.

2. 1. You'lPmiss your "train.

   2. It's^rathera "long "way.

   3. It was ^earlier than /that.

   4. Pettiaps it would be ^>better to "stay at ^home in ,that case. ⁽

3. 1.'That will be ,splendid. 2. 'All in 'good ,time.

3.1 'don't "think it'll 'last ,long.

4. We may 'talk it over 'any "day you ,like.

2. Listen to the same utterances in contexts. Identify the speaker's attitude conveyed in them. Repeat the statements in each group imitating their intonation pattern.

   1. 1. — What's the weather like in Belarus in autumn?

• It 'frequently rains here.

  2. — Where would he like to go first?

• He's most 'interested in the museums.

3. — Do you have time for any sports?

• Yes, I do. I've 'joined the Uni'versity sports society.

4. — 'Has he -been here 'long?

• He ar'rived in 'Moscow the 'other day.

1. 1. — Let's play another game of chess.

• You'll^miss your "train.

  2. — Can we walk there?

• It's 'rather a 'long "way.

3. — We got here about midnight.

• It was 'earlier than ,that.

3. — It looks like rain, I'm afraid.

• Per'haps it would be better to 'stay at 'home in ,that case.

1. 1. — I think I can help you with it.

• 'That will be ,splendid.

  2. — Can't we do something about it?

' ' ¹³' '' I I

• All in good ,time.

3. — It's pouring with rain.

• I 'don't 'think it'll 'last Jong.

3. — When can I have a talk with you?

• 'Any 'day you ,like.

3. Listen to the following pairs of contexts and compare the speaker's attitude in the replies. Indicate the features of difference in their tunes.

a) 1. — Do you think I'll be able to find the place? ,v

'Yes, § it's 'quite ,casy to 'get there.2. — I don't think I'll be able to find the way.

• Well, its^quite^easy to ^vget there.

2. I. — What's the weather like in Belarus in autumn?

• It 'frequently ⁴ rains here.

2. — Is the weather always fine here in autumn?

• No, it ^frequently ^v rains here.

2. 1. — Have you ever been to England before?

• No, it's my 'first wisit here.

2. — Aren't you tired of sightseeing?

• Well, it's my ^first "visit here.

AUDITORY TESTS

1. — Peter! Are you going anywhere over Easter this year?

• Well, yes, as a matter of fact, we are. We're offon a tour of Italy for a week or two.

• That sounds really wonderful. Where exactly will you be going?

• Oh, here and there. Actually, we're open to suggestion.

  2. — Will you be seeing Timothy tomorrow?

• 1 don't think I will.

• Won't he be coming to watch TV?

• No, I don't think so. He's got his own TV-set now.

• Will he be having lunch with you on Sunday?

• I expect so. He usually comes round to have lunch with us on Sundays.

SPEECH EXERCISES

Answer the following questions in a straightforward way choosing the appropriate intonation pattern.

1. What's the weather like today? (It's 'bitterly Yold. It's ^bitterly "cold.)

2. What's your elder sister's name? (Her 'name is "Helen. Her 'name is ^v Helen.)

3. What did you go to the post-office for? (I 'wanted to 'send a ⁴ post-card. 1 'wanted to "send a ,postcard.)

4. Why didn't you talk to him just now? (This 'isn't the .right ,moment. This 'isn't the "right »moment.)

5. When did you last see him? (A 'fortnight a.go. A 'fortnight a,go.)

6. Weren't you surprised to see her? (I could 'hardly be'lieve my /eyes. I could 'hardly be'lieve my ₄eyes.)

7. Will Andrew join us? (I've 'no bdca. I've 'no i,dea.)

   2. Show a friendly, warm attitude in the replies to the following questions. Use the appropriate intonation pattern.

      1. Would you like some coffee?

( Yes, I'd Jove some. 'Yes, I'd ,love some.) ,

2. Do you think the weather will keep fine?

(I 'hope it'll 'last for a 'few ,days at 'least. I 'hope it'll 'last for a 'few 'days at .least.)

3. Do you think I'll ever do it?

(You'll .manage it /easily. You'll 'manage it /easily.)

4. Do you like the idea?

(We have 'nothing a/gainst it. We have 'nothing a'gainst it.)

5. Are you sure you won't break it?

(I'll .try to be ^careful. I'll 'try to be ,careful.)

6. Would you mind if I refuse?

(It's en'tirely 'up to ,you. It's en.tirely .up to ,you.) >

2. Complete the conversational exchanges adding a straight­forward or a friendly remark. Give reasons for your choice.

   1. I hear they are arriving next week.

(Yes, the conference opens on the 12th of May.)

2. He will be staying with us for another week.

(That's good news.) .{ '

3. I know she is keen on playing tennis. ' (And she is really good at it.) ■ ■ • ^;

4. I have bought a leather bag for Mother.

(It looks smart. And it goes well with her shoes.) , -j

5. Daddy has given me this bicycle for my birthday. j (I hope it won't break down.)

2. Act out the following conversations. Identify the implicatory statements in them and comment on the implications conveyed.

   1. — I'm 'fond of'driving at a 'high »speed. 1 'hate 'slowing

/down ^ 'even if there is a ^bend in the ₍road.

• But it's "dangerous. You can 'drive at a 'high ,speed ^ 'only on a ^straight ,road. But^when you ^come to

a "bend | you must ,drive ^xslowly.

2. — 'What do you ^-say to a 'walk in the ^xpark? 'Will you join us?