Answers

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

a

d

c

d

c

c

b

c

a

c

c

14

15

b

b

Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . .

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393

Visual Aids for Navigation . . . . . . . .

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393

Runway Markings

394

Taxiway Markings

399

Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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404

Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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410

Visual Docking Guidance Systems . . . . .

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. . . . 412

Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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414

Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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416

Aerodromes -Visual Aids, Markings and Signs

20

Requirements

20.1 Background. The complex nature of aerodromes coupled with the fact than no two

aerodromes have the same layout, operations and geographic position, makes standardization

in the provision of visual information to pilots taxiing aircraft and preparing for landing or take-

off, essential. Annex 14 specifies the applicable SARPs and the learning objectives are specific

in requiring the student to have more than just a theoretical understanding of the subject. The

discussion is broken down into three sections dealing with visual aids for navigation, aerodrome

markings, and aerodrome signage. It must be born in mind that whilst the SARPs are adopted

by all Contracting States, there may be differences and there may some signs for instance, seen

at foreign aerodromes that are not seen on a UK aerodrome and vice versa.

Visual Aids for Navigation

20.2 Indicators and Signalling Devices. Aerodromes are required to be equipped with a

means of indicating the wind direction to pilots of non-radio aircraft. Remember, the Rules of

the Air require a pilot to land and take off into wind, so there must be a method of indication.

In order for a non-radio pilot to know what the landing direction is, a landing indicator is

required. Also a means of communicating visual signals to non-radio aircraft is required to be

positioned in the visual control room.

20.3 Wind Direction Indicators. An aerodrome must be equipped with at least one wind

direction indicator (commonly called a ‘wind sock’). The wind direction indicator should be

in the form of a truncated cone made of fabric and should have a length of not less than

3.6 m and a diameter, at the larger end, of not less than 0.9 m. It should be constructed so

that it gives a clear indication of the direction of the surface wind and a general indication of

the wind speed. The colour or colours should be so selected as to make the wind direction

indicator clearly visible and understandable from a height of at least 300 m, having regard to

background. Where practicable, a single colour, preferably white or orange, should be used.

The location of at least one wind direction indicator (the ‘master’ wind sock) should be marked

by a circular white band 15 m in diameter and 1.2 m wide. Provisions should be made for

illuminating at least one wind indicator at an aerodrome intended for use at night.

20.4 Landing Direction Indicator. When provided, a landing direction indicator shall be

20

located in a conspicuous place on the aerodrome. If a signal square is provided, a landing “T”

Signs

will always be included in the signs in the square. The landing direction indicator should be

in the form of a “T”. The colour of the “T” should be either white or orange, the choice being

and

dependent on the colour that contrasts best with the background against which the indicator

Markings

will be viewed. Where required for use at night the landing “T” is to be either illuminated or

outlined by white lights.

Aids,

20.5 Signalling Lamp. A signalling lamp must be provided at a controlled aerodrome in the

Visual

aerodrome control tower for the purpose of showing the light signals to aircraft either in the

air or on the ground as defined in Chapter 6. The lamp, usually an Aldis lamp specially designed

-

Aerodromes

for signalling, must be capable of producing red, green and white light and of being aimed

manually at any target as required; giving a signal in any one colour followed by a signal in

either of the other two colours; and being operated to transmit a message in any one of the

three colours by Morse code up to a speed of at least four words per minute.