- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 Definitions
- •Introduction
- •Abbreviations
- •Definitions
- •2 International Agreements and Organizations
- •The Chicago Convention
- •International Law
- •Commercial Considerations
- •Customs and Excise, and Immigration
- •International Obligations of Contracted States
- •Duties of ICAO Member States
- •Status of Annex Components
- •The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- •The Organization of ICAO
- •Regional Structure of ICAO
- •Regional Structure and Offices
- •ICAO Publications
- •Other International Agreements
- •The Conventions of Tokyo, the Hague and Montreal
- •The Warsaw Convention
- •The Rome Convention
- •IATA
- •ECAC
- •EASA
- •Eurocontrol
- •World Trade Organization
- •Geneva Convention
- •EU Regulation 261/2004
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Airworthiness of Aircraft
- •Introduction
- •Airworthiness
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
- •Introduction
- •Nationality and Registration Marks
- •Certification of Registration
- •Aircraft Markings
- •Classification of Aircraft
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 Flight Crew Licensing
- •Introduction
- •Definitions
- •General Rules Concerning Licensing
- •Licences and Ratings for Pilots
- •Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL)
- •Instrument Rating (Aeroplane) (IR(A))
- •Instructor and Examiner Rating
- •JAR-FCL 3 Medical Requirements
- •Pilot Proficiency
- •EASA Theoretical Knowledge Examinations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Rules of the Air
- •History
- •Applicability of the Rules of the Air
- •General Rules
- •Visual Flight Rules
- •Instrument Flight Rules
- •Semi-circular Flight Level Rules and RVSM
- •Special VFR
- •Distress and Urgency Signals
- •Restricted, Prohibited or Danger Areas
- •Signals for Aerodrome Traffic
- •Marshalling Signals
- •Flight Deck Signals
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Instrument Procedures
- •PANS OPS
- •Instrument Departure Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Approach Procedures
- •Procedure Basics
- •Approach Procedure Design
- •Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height
- •Operating Minima
- •Descent Gradients
- •Track Reversal and Racetracks
- •Missed Approach Segment and Procedure
- •Published Information
- •RNAV Approach Procedures based on VOR/DME
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •9 Circling Approach
- •Circling Approach
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •10 Holding Procedures
- •Holding Procedures
- •Entry Sectors
- •ATC Considerations
- •Obstacle Clearance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Altimeter Setting Procedure
- •Altimeter Setting Objectives
- •Transition
- •Phases of Flight
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation
- •Safety
- •Runway Spacing
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 SSR and ACAS
- •Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS)
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Airspace
- •Introduction
- •Control Areas and Zones
- •Classes of Airspace
- •Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
- •Airways and ATS Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Air Traffic Services
- •Introduction
- •Air Traffic Control
- •ATC Clearances
- •Control of Persons and Vehicles at Aerodromes
- •The Flight Information Service
- •The Alerting Service
- •Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Separation
- •Concept of Separation
- •Vertical Separation
- •Horizontal Separation
- •Radar Separation
- •Procedural Wake Turbulence Separation
- •Radar Wake Turbulence Separation
- •Visual Separation in the Vicinity of Aerodromes
- •Stacking
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Control of Aircraft
- •Procedural ATC
- •Radar Control
- •Radar Identification
- •Radar Service
- •Aerodrome Control
- •Approach Control Service
- •Air Traffic Advisory Service
- •Aircraft Emergencies
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Aeronautical Information Service (AIS)
- •Introduction
- •General
- •The Integrated Aeronautical Information Package
- •The Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)
- •Notices to Airmen (NOTAM)
- •SNOWTAM
- •ASHTAM
- •Aeronautical Information Circulars (AICs)
- •Pre-flight and Post-flight Information
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Reference Code
- •Glossary of Terms
- •Aerodrome Data
- •Runways
- •Taxiways
- •Aprons
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Requirements
- •Visual Aids for Navigation
- •Runway Markings
- •Taxiway Markings
- •Signs
- •Markers
- •Visual Docking Guidance Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Aerodrome Lighting
- •Aerodrome Lights
- •Approach Lighting Systems
- •Runway Lighting
- •Taxiway Lighting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •22 Obstacle Marking and Aerodrome Services
- •Introduction
- •Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles
- •Visual Aids for Denoting Restricted Use Areas
- •Emergency and Other Services
- •Other Aerodrome Services
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •23 Facilitation
- •Entry and Departure of Aircraft
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •24 Search and Rescue
- •Definitions and Abbreviations
- •Establishment and Provision of SAR Service
- •Co-operation between States
- •Operating Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •25 Security
- •Introduction
- •Objectives
- •Organization
- •Preventative Security Measures
- •Management of Response to Acts of Unlawful Interference
- •Further Security Information
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •26 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
- •Introduction
- •Objective of Investigation
- •Investigations
- •Serious Incidents
- •EU Considerations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •27 Revision Questions
- •Revision Questions
- •Answers
- •EASA Specimen Examination
- •Answers to Specimen EASA Examination
- •28 Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED
- •Chapter Five. Flight Crew Licensing
- •European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
- •Licences
- •Ratings
- •Certificates
- •EASA Part-MED
- •29 Index
Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED 28
5.11Licence Holders Aged 60 or More in Commercial Air Transport (CAT)
Age 60 – 64 A pilot who has attained the age of 60 shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in CAT except:
a.as a member of a multi-crew, and
b.providing that he/she is the only pilot who has attained the age of 60.
Age 65 years A pilot who has attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in CAT.
Licences
5.12Light Aircraft Pilot Licence (Aeroplanes) - LAPL(A)
This is, in effect, a leisure licence which limits both the number of passengers allowed to be carried by the pilot and also restricts the MTOM of the aircraft. Applicants must have completed a training course in an ATO.
Privileges and conditions
Minimum age: 17 years.
Privileged to act as PIC on single piston aeroplane-land or a Touring Motor Glider (TMG):
a.with a MTOM of 2000 kg or less
b.carrying a maximum of 3 passengers such that there are never more than 4 persons on board the aircraft
c.without remuneration
d.in non-commercial operations
e.The holder may only carry passengers, after the issue of the licence, having completed a further 10 hours flight time as PIC on aeroplanes or TMG
Experience requirements
Applicants must have completed at least 30 hours of flight instruction on aeroplanes or TMGs including at least:
•15 hours of dual flight instruction
•6 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 3 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which 1 full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.
Recency
Holders of an LAPL(A) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when they have completed, in the last 24 months:
•at least 12 hours of flight time as PIC, including 12 take-offs and landings and
•undertaken refresher training of at least 1 hour of flight time with an instructor.
28 Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED
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28 MED-Part & FCL-Part EASA – Addendum
Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED
5.13Private Pilot Licence (Aeroplanes) - PPL(A)
Privileges and conditions
Minimum age: 17 years.
Privileged to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs engaged in non-commercial operations.
However, a holder of a PPL(A) with an instructor or examiner rating may receive remuneration for:
•flight instruction for the LAPL(A) or PPL(A)
•the conduct of skill and proficiency checks for these licences
•the rating and certificates attached to these licences
Theoretical knowledge
Applicants must pass the following examination papers:
Air Law
Human performance
Meteorology
Communications
Principles of flight
Operational procedures
Flight performance and planning
Aircraft general knowledge
Navigation
Experience and crediting
Applicants for a PPL(A) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes, 5 of which may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least:
•25 hours of dual flight instruction
•10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.
Up-grade from an LAPL(A) to a PPL(A)
The holder of an LAPL(A) can up-grade to a PPL(A) but must have completed at least:
•15 hours of flight time on aeroplanes after the issue of an LAPL(A) of which at least 10 hours shall be completed in a training course at an ATO.
•This training course shall include at least 4 hours of supervised solo time, including at least 2 hours solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.
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Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED
5.14Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplanes) - CPL(A)
Privileges and conditions
Minimum age: 18 years.
Privileged to:
a.exercise all the privileges of an LAPL(A) and a PPL(A) licence holder.
b.act as PIC or co-pilot of any aeroplane engaged in operations other than Commercial Air Transport (CAT).
c.act as PIC in CAT of any single-pilot aeroplane.
d.act as a co-pilot in CAT.
Conditions
An applicant for a CPL(A) must have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating of the aeroplane used in the skills test.
Training course & skills test
An applicant for a CPL(A) must have completed a theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction course at an ATO and have passed a skills test.
Theoretical knowledge
Applicants must pass the following theoretical examination papers:
Air Law
Aircraft General Knowledge – Airframes/Systems/Powerplant
Aircraft General Knowledge – Instrumentation
Mass and Balance
Performance
Flight Planning and Monitoring
Human Performance
Meteorology
General Navigation
Radio Navigation
Operational Procedures
Principles of Flight
Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Communications
CPL(A) Training course & skills test
An applicant for a CPL(A) shall have completed theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO. Furthermore, the applicant must pass a skills test in accordance to Appendix 4 of EASA Part-FCL. However, special conditions are applicable for a holder of an MPL.
Specific conditions for MPL holders
Before exercising the privileges of a CPL(A), the holder of an MPL shall have completed in an aeroplane:
•70 hours flight time as PIC or made up of at least 10 hours PIC and the additional flight time as PICUS
•Of these 70 hours, 20 shall be of VFR cross-country made up of at least 10 hours PIC and 10 hours as PICUS. This shall include a VFR cross-country flight, flown as PIC, of at least 540 km (300 NM) during which full stop landings at 2 different aerodromes shall be made.
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28 Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED
• Applicants with a valid IR shall be given at least 15 hours dual visual flight instruction at an
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ATO. |
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At least 5 hours of flight instruction shall be carried out in an aeroplane certified for the |
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carriage of at least 4 persons and have a variable pitch propeller and a retractable landing |
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gear at an ATO. |
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• Pass a CPL(A) skills test. |
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Types of courses for CPL(A) at an ATO |
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• CPL/IR integrated course - aeroplanes |
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• CPL integrated course - aeroplanes |
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CPL modular course – aeroplanes |
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CPL/IR integrated course – aeroplanes |
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Entry conditions |
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Applicants may be admitted to training either as ab initio entrant or as a holder of a PPL(A) or |
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PPL(H). |
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In the case of a PPL(A) or PPL(H) entrant, 50% of the hours flown prior to the course shall be |
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credited, up to a maximum of 40 hours flying experience, or 45 hours if an aeroplane night |
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rating has been obtained, of which up to 20 hours may count towards the requirement for dual |
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instruction flight time. |
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Flying training |
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Shall comprise: |
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A total of 180 hours of which up to 40 hours may be instrument ground time. Within the total |
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of 180 hours, applicants shall complete at least: |
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80 hours dual instruction of which 40 hours may be instrument ground time |
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• 70 hours as PIC, including VFR flight and instrument flight time which can be flown as SPIC. |
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The instrument flight time as SPIC shall only be counted as PIC flight time up to a maximum |
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of 20 hours |
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50 hours cross-country as PIC including a VFR cross-country flight of at least 540 km (300 |
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of departure shall be made |
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NM) in the course of which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome |
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5 hours flight time at night, comprising 3 hours of dual instruction, which shall include at |
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least 1 hour of cross-country navigation and 5 solo full stop landings |
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• 20 hours as SPIC and |
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• 50 hours of instrument flight instruction, of which up to |
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◦◦ 25 hours may be instrument ground time in an FNPT I or
◦◦ 40 hours may be instrument ground time in an FNPT II, FTD 2 or FFS, of which up to 10 hours may be conducted in an FNPT I
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Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED 28
•5 hours to be carried out in an aeroplane certified for the carriage of at least 4 persons that has a variable pitch propeller and a retractable landing gear
•Upon completion of the course the applicant must take a CPL(A) skills test and an IR skills test on either a multi-engine or single-engine aeroplane
•Applicants must have carried out an approved MCC course
CPL integrated course and CPL modular course – Aeroplanes
Details of both these courses can be found in EASA Part-FCL Appendix 3
5.15Multi-crew Pilot Licence - MPL
Outline
The MPL is a radical and innovative licence which – after a slow start – is gaining popularity. EASA Part-FCL lays down the broad outline of the course required and then it is a co-operative and combined effort between the sponsoring Operator of the airline, the ATO and the Authority to create a suitable course to satisfy the requirements of all three organizations. In essence it is a competency based course.
On completion of the course, the applicant must pass a skills test which is taken in the type of aeroplane used on the Advanced phase of the MPL integrated course or in an FFS representing the same type.
Privileges and conditions |
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Minimum age: |
18 years. |
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Privileged to: |
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• act as co-pilot in an aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot |
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Theoretical Knowledge |
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Shall comprise a total of at least 750 hours of instruction for the ATPL(A) knowledge level as |
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well as instructional hours required for the relevant Type Rating. |
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Flying Training |
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Shall comprise at least 240 hours, as pilot flying (PF) or pilot not flying (PNF), in actual and |
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simulated flight and following 4 phases of training: |
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• Phase 1 – Core flying skills |
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Introduction of multi-crew operations and instrument flight |
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• Phase 3 – Intermediate |
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Addendum |
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Application of multi-crew operations to a multi-engine turbine aeroplane certified as a high |
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performance aeroplane |
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• Phase 4 – Advanced |
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Type Rating training within an airline environment
Flight experience in actual flight must include upset recovery training, night flying, flight solely by reference to instruments, the experience requirements for a Type Rating, and those required to achieve the relevant airmanship. MCC requirements are incorporated into the relevant phases above.
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28 Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED
28 MED-Part & FCL-Part EASA – Addendum
5.16Airline Transport Pilot Licence (Aeroplanes) - ATPL
Privileges and conditions
Minimum age: 21 years.
Privileged to:
•exercise all the privileges of a holder of an LAPL(A), PPL(A) and CPL(A)
•act as PIC of aeroplanes engaged in commercial air transport
Applicants for the issue of an ATPL(A) must have fulfilled the requirements for the Type Rating of the aircraft used in the skills test.
Types of courses
The course must be completed at an ATO and can be either:
•an integrated course or
•a modular course
Theoretical knowledge
Applicants must pass the following theoretical examination papers:
Air Law
Aircraft General Knowledge – Airframes/Systems/Powerplant
Aircraft General Knowledge – Instrumentation
Mass and Balance
Performance
Flight Planning and Monitoring
Human Performance
Meteorology
General Navigation
Radio Navigation
Operational Procedures
Principles of Flight
VFR Communications
IFR Communications
Prerequisites, experience and crediting
Prerequisites
Applicants for an ATPL(A) must hold:
•an MPL or
•a CPL(A) and a multi-engine IR for aeroplanes. In this case, the applicant must also have received instruction in MCC
Experience
Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall have completed a minimum of 1500 hours of flight time in aeroplanes including at least:
•500 hours in multi-pilot operations on aeroplanes
•500 hours as PIC under supervision or
•250 hours as PIC or
•250 hours, including at least 70 hours as PIC and the remaining as PICUS
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