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5.28Normal Residency. The JAA consider 185 days per year to be required in a JAA country in order to claim residency.

5.29Class and Type Ratings. Multi-engines class ratings and Type ratings are valid for 12 months. Single-pilot single-engine class ratings (including touring motor glider rating) are valid for 2 years. Ratings are valid from the date of issue, or the date of expiry if revalidated within the validity period. The method of renewal of ratings is by passing a pilot proficiency (skills) test.

5.30Medical Report Periods. Reports of medical fitness are to be submitted at intervals not greater than:

• CPL(A)/ATPL(A) - Class 1:

ICAO and JAA: 12 months to age 60 (age 40 if engaged in single-pilot operations), then 6 months thereafter.

• MPL - Class 1:

ICAO: 12 months to age 60, then 6 months thereafter.

• PPL(A)- Class 2:

ICAO: 60 months to age 40, then 24 months thereafter (recommended 12 months after age 50)

JAA: 60 months to age 40, then 24 months to age 50, then 12 months thereafter.

5.31 Medical Examination Deferment. Annex 1 permits deferment of a medical examination, at the discretion of the Authority, in the case of a licence holder who is operating in a remote area where medical facilities do not exist. It must be stressed that this is not a JAA acceptable procedure and a pilot exercising the privileges of a JAA licence must have a valid medical certificate in accordance with JAR-FCL-3. The ICAO requirement for a medical examination may be deferred as follow:

•For a period of 6 months for aircrew not engaged in commercial aviation.

•Two consecutive periods of three months for aircrew engaged in commercial air transport providing a favourable report is obtained after examination or where no approved medical examiner is available a favourable report from a medical practising physician. Such a report is to be sent to the authority of the State of Licence Issue.

•A single period of 24 months for a PPL holder.

5.32Age. The holder of a pilot licence will not be permitted to act as the pilot of a commercial air transport aircraft once the age of 60 has been reached except when he/she is a member of a multi-pilot crew, and he/she is the only pilot of that crew who has reached the age of 60.

5.33Age 65. Once the age of 65 is reached, a pilot shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport. Some JAA states limit this age to 60.

Licences and Ratings for Pilots

5.34 General Requirements. A person is not permitted to act as PIC or co-pilot in the following categories of aircraft unless he/she holds the appropriate licence. Licence categories are:

•Aeroplane

•Helicopter

•Glider

•Free balloon

5.35Licence types. Three levels of licence are issued:

•Private Pilot Licence (PPL)

•Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL)

•Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL)

•Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL)

Note: Licences are referred to by type and category e.g. a commercial pilot licence for an aeroplane is a CPL(A).

5.36 Aeroplane Class Ratings. Class ratings are to be established for aeroplanes certificated for single-pilot operation and are to comprise:

•Single-engine, land

•Single-engine, sea

•Multi-engine, land

•Multi-engine, sea

5.37JAR-FCL Class Rating. Additional ratings are as follows:

•All touring motor gliders

•Each manufacturer of single-engine turboprop land plane

•Each manufacturer of single-engine turboprop sea plane

5.38Type Ratings. Where required, a type rating will be issued after satisfactory completion of a type rating course for the appropriate type of aeroplane and demonstration of the necessary pilot skill in that type. When a type rating is issued limiting the holder to act as copilot only, the rating is to be so endorsed. There is no limit to the number of type (or class) ratings that may be held at any one time, however, the authority suggests that no more than can be maintained safely, should be held simultaneously.

5.39Criteria. The JAR-FCL criteria upon which type ratings are established is as follows:

•Airworthiness type certificate

•Handling characteristics

•Certified minimum flight crew complement

•Level of technology

5.40Divisions. Type ratings are required for:

•Each type of multi-pilot aeroplane; or

•Each type of single-pilot multi-engine aeroplane fitted with turbojet or turboprop engines; or

•Each type of single-pilot single-engine aeroplane fitted with a turbojet engine;

or

• Any other type of aeroplane if considered necessary by the authority.

5.41ICAO Variations. Annex 1 specifies type ratings for:

•Each type of multi-pilot aircraft; and

•Each type of single-pilot operation helicopter; and

•Helicopters certified for single-pilot operation (if not covered by a class rating).

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5.42Variants. Within a type rating, difference training may be required for variants of the basic type. If the specific variant has not been flown during a period of 2 years, further difference training is required.

5.43Multi-pilot Conditions. According to JAR-FCL, an applicant for a multi-pilot type rating must have:

•Not less than 100 hours as PIC of aeroplanes

•A valid multi-engine IR(A)

•A certificate of MCC

•Completed the theoretical knowledge course and passed the examinations for ATPL(A)

Note: This requirement is regardless of the type of licence held

5.44Use of Synthetic Trainers. The licensing authority may approve the use of a synthetic flight trainer for performing any manoeuvre required for the demonstration of skill for the issue of a licence or rating, after it has ensured that the trainer is appropriate for the task.

5.45When an Instrument Rating (IR) is Required. The State of Licence Issue is not to permit a licence holder to act as pilot or co-pilot under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) unless the holder also holds an Instrument Rating (IR) appropriate to the aircraft category. JAR-FCL permits member states to specify national rules for flight under IFR without an IR(A) e.g. the UK IMC rating, however, such authority is limited to the airspace of that state only.

5.46Instructor Rating. A Contracting State, having issued a pilot licence, is not to permit the holder to carry out flight instruction for the issue of any licence or rating, unless the holder has received the proper authorization.

5.47Credit of Flight Time. A student pilot (or the holder of a licence) is entitled to be credited in full with all solo, dual instruction and PIC flight time towards the total flight time required for the initial issue of a pilot licence or a higher-grade pilot licence. When acting as co-pilot of an aeroplane in which a co-pilot is required the pilot is entitled to count not more than 100% of the co-pilot time towards the total flight time required for a higher-grade licence. A pilot acting as co-pilot performing as PIC under supervision, can count the full hours towards the total flight time required for a higher-grade licence.

5.48Student Pilot. Licence Issuing States are to ensure that student pilots do not pose a hazard to navigation. Student pilots are only permitted to fly solo under the supervision of, or with the authorization of, an authorized flight instructor. Student pilots are not permitted to fly solo on international flights unless in accordance with an agreement between the contracting states concerned. A student pilot is not permitted to fly solo unless he/she holds at least a class 2 medical assessment and has attained the age of 16 years.

Private Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) - PPL(A)

5.49Age. An applicant for a PPL is to be not less than 17 years of age. Training can be started at any age, but a solo flight is not permitted until the student is 16.

5.50Knowledge. An applicant for a PPL is required to demonstrate by examination a required level of theoretical knowledge.

5.51Experience. An applicant for a PPL is to complete not less than 45 hours flight time. Where time in a synthetic trainer is permitted, it is limited to a maximum of 5 hours as part of

the required 45 hours. Flight time as pilot in other categories of aircraft may (with authority authorization) be credited. The applicant is required to have completed not less than 10 hours solo which is to include 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one flight of not less than 270 km (150 NM) which must include a full stop landing at two different aerodromes.

5.52Medical Fitness. A PPL(A) holder must hold a current class 2 medical assessment.

5.53Privileges. The holder of a PPL(A) may act as PIC or co-pilot of any aeroplane engaged in non-revenue (non-commercial) flights. If the privilege is to be exercised at night, the holder is to have received dual instruction in aeroplanes flying at night, including take-offs, landings and navigation.

Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) - CPL(A)

5.54Age. An applicant for a CPL(A) is to be not less than 18 years of age.

5.55Theoretical Knowledge. An applicant for a CPL(A) must have a required level of knowledge, demonstrated by successful passing of examinations, of the following subjects:

•Air Law

•Aircraft general knowledge

•Flight performance and planning

•Human performance and limitations

•Meteorology

•Navigation

•Operational Procedures

•Principles of flight

•Radiotelephony

5.56 Experience. An applicant for a CPL(A) is to complete not less than 200 hours flight time. Where time in a synthetic trainer is permitted, it is limited to a maximum of 10 hours as part of the required hours. For a student completing an integrated CPL(A) course, at least 150 hours including all progress tests is to be completed within which up to 5 hours may be instrument ground time. Flight time as pilot in other categories of aircraft may (with authority authorization) be credited. The applicant is required to have completed not less than:

•100 hours as PIC (70 in the case of approved course)

•20 hours cross-country flight time with at least one flight of not less than 540 km (300 NM) which must include a full stop landing at two different aerodromes.

•10 hours of instrument instruction time of which not more than 5 hours may be instrument ground time.

•If the privilege is to be exercised at night, 5 hours night flight time including 5 take-offs and landings as PIC.

5.57Medical Fitness. A CPL(A) holder must hold a current class 1 medical assessment.

5.58Privileges. The holder of a CPL(A) is permitted to exercise all the privileges of a PPL(A); to act as PIC of any aeroplane engaged in operations other than commercial air transport; to act as PIC in commercial air transport in aeroplanes certificated for single-pilot operation; to act as co-pilot in commercial air transport in aeroplanes that require a co-pilot (JAR-FCL requires

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