- •Частное учреждение образования
- •Contents
- •Предисловие
- •Содержание учебного материала
- •E c o n o m y
- •Money and its functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Money as a medium of exchange
- •Vocabulary
- •Word study
- •Final questionnaire
- •Who wants to be a millionaire?
- •Pre-reading activities
- •Discussion
- •Text 1 economy and economics
- •Vocabulary
- •Word study
- •Ex. 9. Make up sentences from the jumbled words.
- •Limited resources: the need to choose
- •Final questionnaire
- •Unit 3 theories of economics
- •The first modern economists
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 2. Use the following words to complete the sentences below.
- •Ex. 5. Translate into Russian in written form. Economic Individualism – Laissez-Faire
- •Comprehension Ex. 6. Say if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •Ex. 7. Answer the questions.
- •Classical school of economics
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex.9. Match the verbs on the right with the nouns on the left.
- •Ex. 13. These are the answers to the questions. What are the questions?
- •Adam smith and “the wealth of nations”
- •Unit 4 levels of economics
- •Microeconomics versus macroeconomics
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 5 main economic laws discussion
- •Text 1 the law of demand
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 6 economic systems
- •Word study exercises
- •2) Выделять, назначать
- •Allocation n 1) распределение, размещение
- •Ex. 2. Match the words with their definitions.
- •Ex. 4.Match the verbs in column a with the nouns in column b. A b to allocate available resources
- •Comprehension
- •Ex. 8. Put the questions to the words in italics.
- •Text 2 command or planned economy
- •Vocabulary
- •Word study
- •Advantage – disadvantage
- •What does prefix dis-mean in the English word-building? Can you give some more examples of this rule?
- •Ex. 16. What are the synonyms from the text of the following words?
- •Comprehension
- •Text 3 free market economy
- •Vocabulary
- •Text 4 mixed economy
- •Vocabulary
- •Word study
- •Put these words in the sentences given below.
- •Ex. 21. Fill in the gaps with prepositions.
- •A b
- •Comprehension
- •Questions for discussion
- •Final questionnaire
- •Traditional economy
- •Command economy
- •Free market and mixed economies
- •Why is business activity needed?
- •Vocabulary physical item – материальные предметы
- •At the previous lessons we have discussed the following issues:
- •Informal English
- •What is the aim of all business?
- •Text 2 levels of economic activity
- •Vocabulary
- •Ex. 14. Reading. Robyn Penrose, the managing director of a manufacturing company is
- •What is the key point that this extract is making about economies?
- •Infinitive Construction “to be (un)likely to do”
- •Business cycles
- •Vocabulary
- •Contraction
- •Recession
- •Expansion
- •What causes business cycles?
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •What is international trade
- •Vocabulary
- •Import – export
- •Vocabulary
- •Management
- •Art or science?
- •Vocabulary
- •Management by objectives
- •Vocabulary
- •Management as a profession
- •Vocabulary
- •Final questionnaire
- •Managing a multinational company
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension
- •Ex.7. Answer the questions.
- •Discussion
- •International differences discussion
- •Business travel abroad
- •Recruitment
- •Vocabulary
- •Some pieces of advice will help you to bear your job interview successfully
- •Vocabulary
- •Curriculum vitae
- •Curriculum Vitae
- •Out of work
- •Types of Meetings
- •Vocabulary
- •How to organize and conduct a meeting
- •Checking understanding, interrupting, referring back
- •Companies
- •Entrepreneur
- •Vocabulary
- •I left England with £5 and now I'm a multi-millionaire!
- •A sole proprietorship
- •Vocabulary
- •Partnership
- •Vocabulary
- •Corporation
- •Unit 7 talking about companies
- •Ex. 4. Match the words on the left with the words on the right.
- •Comprehension
- •Describing company structure
- •Vocabulary
- •Texts for reading
- •Управляемые самостоятельные работы студентов факультета экономики
- •The Witch of Wall Street
- •Vocabulary
- •Branch managers
- •Dx Communications – we succeed because we care.
- •0131 225 6755
- •4. A career in sales
- •2 Golf Road, Ellon, Aberdeenshire ab41 9at
- •Vocabulary
- •Imagine, you were him. What would you advise to your client?
- •Bibliography
Infinitive Construction “to be (un)likely to do”
1. A small firm is likely to be specializing in one product.
2. An increase in the output of capital goods is likely to mean that the current consumption of
goods and services is less than it might have been.
3. In fact demand is likely to be more highly elastic when the market is depressed.
4. Even if market demand is inelastic, the demand for the product of a firm which increases its
price is likely to be highly elastic.
5. The reason for this is that rival suppliers are likely to maintain their prices in the hope of
attracting customers from the higher-price firm.
6. Initially price is unlikely to fall in response to a fall in demand.
7. Price reductions are more likely to occur if they can be concealed from competitors.
8. Each of these different machines is likely to have a different capacity.
9. “Ownership” of labour is likely to be highly unpopular politically.
10. The larger firm is likely to have a diversified (многоотраслевую) market structure.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Ex. 18. Put these sentences into reported speech.
1. The shop-assistant said to the customer: “The price does not include the cost of packing”.
2. She asked the manager: “How long have you doing business with this company?”
3. The secretary said to me: “I’m trying to contact this enterprise now”.
4. The tax inspector asked: “Do you always reduce the prices at the end of the year?”
5. The sales manager said: “We have already solved the problem”.
6. The secretary said: “We are discussing the prices at the moment”.
7. The reporter asked: “What is your company producing now?”
8. The banker said to the customer: “The recent devaluation of dollar has caused a setback in
business”.
9. The sellers asked the buyers: “When will you come here to discuss our new price-list?”
10. His friend asked me: “What do you know about this company?”
Ex. 19. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate modal verb.
1. Entrance is forbidden. You _____________not enter.
2. Success is possible. We _____________ be successful.
3. Participation is compulsory. We ____________ to take part.
4. Permission is given. You _____________ take the day off.
5. Success is probable. We ______________ success.
6. He has the ability. He ____________ win the competition.
7. Participation is voluntary. We __________ have to go to the reception.
8. Failure is impossible. We ____________ fail.
9. Permission is not given. You ____________ leave the building.
10. It is compulsory to obey the law. You ___________ obey the law.
11. It is a moral obligation to report fraud. You _____________ report fraud.
12. Auditors are not allowed to be employed by a client. You ______________ be employed
by a client.
UNIT 8 ECONOMIC STABILITY AND
BUSINESS CYCLES
Text 1
Business cycles
Vocabulary
business cycles– экономические циклы; циклы деловой активности
underemployment – неполная занятость
factories areidle– заводы не работают
business failure – банкротство
permanently – надолго, навсегда
boom- бум, быстрый подъем (деловой активности)
contraction- падение/сокращение деловой активности
recession- спад
expansion- подъем экономической активности
to smooth out- устранять
economic fluctuations – экономические колебания
at capacity– в полном объеме; на полную мощность
consumer spending – потребительские расходы
spending levels – уровни расходов
lay off – временно увольнять
they have built up excess inventories – накопили излишние запасы
long-term decline –долгосрочное снижение
the bottom phase– низшая точка
severe – жестокий, глубокий
eventually– в конечном счете
to recover– восстанавливаться, выздоравливать
When people speak of business cycles, they think of things like “prosperity” and “depression”. “Prosperity” is ordinary used to describe an extended period of high employment, an improved standard of living and stable prices.
By contrast, “depression” refers to an extended period of general underemployment of economic resources. Factories are idle, millions of workers are unable to find jobs, and the rate of business failure is high. The worst depression in American history, now known as the Great Depression, lasted from 1930 to 1940. There were, for example, 13 million people, about one of every four workers, unemployed in 1933. That same year businesses failed at a record rate, and number of people lost their savings because more than 4,000 privately owned banks closed permanently.
More common, however, are much shorter and less dramatic changes in business activity. Theses changes can be described in a number of different ways, but for convenience they are called the periods of boom, contraction, recession and expansion. The way to smooth out economic fluctuations was not found yet.
Boom
At the peak of the business cycle of the economy is booming. Business is producing at or near capacity, and those looking for work can generally find jobs. During peak times, business investment and consumer spending are at very high levels. But because the economy is at or near full employment and the demand for goods and services is increasing, prices are also increasing. This sets the stage for the next phase of the business cycle.