1. What is the aim of all business?

2. How can businesses be owned?

3. What societies are called self-sufficient?

4. In what countries don’t businesses exist?

5. Why do business activity combine scarce resources of production?

6. What do the wages allow workers to do?

1. They are the societies where people have their own plot of land and attempt to survive and produce enough for their own needs.

2. To consume products made by other people.

3. In order to produce goods and services.

4. It is to combine the factors of production to make products which will satisfy people’s wants.

5. In undeveloped countries.

6. They can be privately-owned or owned by the state, by one person or by thousands of shareholders.

Ex. 9. Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions.

1. We are thinking ______ doing the advertisement on television.

2. He insisted _______ using a balance argument the product.

3. If you look _______ the word in the dictionary, it means all communication which is non-

verbal.

4. Have you heard ________ Professor Stell? He’s very well-known in his field.

5. We’ve looked _______ the question of hiring the professional salespeople. It’s mush too

expensive.

6. We are looking ________ a message which really appeals ______ the audience. So far we

haven’t found one.

Text 2 levels of economic activity

Vocabulary

to convert– превращать, преобразовывать

timber– строевой лес

to involve – включать, вовлекать

the extraction of raw materials – добыча сырья

copper ore – медная руда

manufacturing industry – обрабатывающая промышленность

building and construction– строительство зданий и сооружений

banking– банковское дело

value of output of goods and services – общая стоимость всех производимых товаров и

услуг

primary industries– основные отрасли промышленности

level of output– уровень объема производства

the decline - спад

As you are reading this text you are probably sitting at the desk. Most desks are still made of wood. How many different types of businesses might have been involved in converting the wood into a finished desk ready to be sold to a final consumer? What stages of production has the wood passed through to arrive at the finished desk?

These are the stages involved in making and selling a wooden desk:

stage business involved

primary woodcutter

secondary furniture maker

tertiary retailer

You will notice that there are three main stages between the cutting down of the timber and the sale of the completed desk. These stages are typical of nearly all production and they are called the levels of business activity.

Stage 1 is called the primary sector of production. This sector involves agriculture, and the extraction of raw materials from the earth, such as oil and copper ore.

Stage 2 is called the secondary sector of production. This sector involves manufacturing industry, in which raw materials are turned into finished products. Activities in the secondary sector of industry include building and construction, aircraft making, computer assembly and baking.

Stage 3 is called the tertiary sector of production. This sector involves the commercial services that help industry produce and distribute goods to the final consumers. Activities in the tertiary sector of industry include transport, finance, banking, insurance, as well as education, health care, leisure, tourism, hotels and so on.

Which sector of industry is most important in your country? This depends on what is meant by “important”. Usually the three sectors of industry are compared by either:

• the number of workers employed in each sector

or

• the value of output of goods and services.

When these comparisons are made, some interesting differences often arise between countries. In some countries, primary industries such as farming and fishing employ many more people than manufacturing or service industry. These tend to be countries – often called developing countries – where manufacturing industry has only recently been established. As most people still live in the country area with low incomes, there is little demand for services such as transport, hotels and insurance. The levels of both employment and output in the primary sector in these countries are likely to be higher than the other two sectors.

In countries which started up manufacturing many years ago, the secondary and tertiary sectors are likely to employ many more workers than the primary sector. The level of output in the primary sector is often small compared to the other two sectors. In very wealthy countries, it is now common to find that many manufactured goods are bought in from other nations. Most of the workers will be employed in the service sector. The output of the tertiary sector is often higher that the other two sectors combined. These are often called the most developing countries.

In the UK, there has been a decline in manufacturing industry – or the secondary sector – for over 30 years. Over 60 per cent of all workers are now employed in the tertiary sector of industry. This has been a major change in the structure of industry. Many workers who lost jobs as factories closed have found it difficult to get work in the service industries. The decline in the manufacturing or secondary sector of industry is called DE-INDUSTRIALISATION.

WORD STUDY

Ex. 10. Study the different meaning of the word extract and use it to translate the

sentences.

extract(v) 1) вытаскивать, извлекать

toextractatooth— удалить зуб

2) извлекать (с помощью химических или физических процессов),

экстрагировать

3) получать, извлекать, добывать с трудом, “выуживать”

4) извлекать, получать (выгоду, удовольствие)

5) делать выписки (из книги)

extract(n) 1) вытяжка, экстракт

2) выдержка, извлечение, фрагмент

extraction (n) добыча, извлечение

mineral extraction – добыча минералов

1. Many valuable medicines are extracted from plants.

2. The doctor had to extract pieces of broken glass from the boy's eye.

3. He made a mistake of trying to extract further information from our director.

4. He extracted a small notebook from his hip pocket.

5. Citric acid can be extracted from the juice of oranges, lemons, or grapefruit

6. Read this extract from an information booklet.

7. He wants to extract the utmost possible amount of pleasure out of this life.

8. Nothing could be extracted from him relative to his former associates.

Ex. 11. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and word-combinations.

1. How many different types of businesses might have been involved in transforming the wood

into a finished desk?

2. What stages of production has the wood passed through to become the finished desk?

3. The primary sector includes agriculture, and the extraction of raw materials from the earth.

4. The secondary sector involves manufacturing industry, in which raw materials are converted

into finished products.

5. The levels of both employment and output in the primary sector in developing countries

will probably be higher than the other two sectors.

6. In very reach countries many manufactured goods are bought in from other states.

7. In the UK, there has been a decrease in manufacturing industry for over 30 years.

8. Most of the workers in the tertiary sector will be hired in the service sector.

Ex. 12. Fill in the gaps with the suitable prepositions.

1. How many different types ____ businesses might have been involved ____ converting the

wood _______ a finished desk ready to be sold ______ a final consumer?

2. The level _____ output _____ the primary sector is often small compared _____ the other two

sectors.

3. _______ 60 per cent ____ all workers are now employed _____ the tertiary sector ____

industry.

4. Which sector ____ industry is most important in your country? This depends ____ what is

meant _____ “important”.

6. As most people still live ____ the country area _______ low incomes, there is little demand

______ services such as transport, hotels and insurance.

COMPREHENSION

Ex. 13. Indicate with a tick which sector of industry each business is in.

Business	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
Insurance
Forestry
Coal mining
Computer assembly
Travel agent
Brewery
Car showroom