II Write down questions from the dialogues for the following responses

1. ……………………………………………………………………………

I’m a technical worker at a large textile factory.

2. ……………………………………………………………………………

I work an average thirty-five hours a week.

3. ……………………………………………………………………………

Yes, sometimes. I have to work in the evenings if we have to finish an order in time.

4. ……………………………………………………………………………

We’re usually given 24 hours holiday a year.

III Role play

1. You are going to apply for a job in a textile factory. Your neighbor is an engineer in one of the divisions of the factory. Ask him about his working shift, duties and holidays.

2. You’re an engineer at a textile factory. Tell your neighbor about conditions of your work.

Unit 4. Yarn production

I Read and remember the translation of words and word-combinations

1. alter [ɔ:lt ə] – чергувати

2. anticlockwise ['æntɪ'klɔkwaɪz] – проти годинникової стрілки

3. bind [baɪnd] – згинати

4. blend [blend] – змішувати

5. carding ['kɑ:dɪŋ] – прочісування

6. clockwise [' klɔkwaɪz] – за годинниковою стрілкою

7. comb [kəum] – тріпати, чесати

8. cord [kɔ:d] – мотузка

9. core [kɔ:] – основа

10. fancy [fænsɪ] – модний, декоративний

11. fray [freɪ] – обтріпувати(ся)

12. hairy [hɛərɪ] – ворсистий

13. harvest ['hɑ:vɪst] – збирати врожай

14. one (two)-dimensional [dɪ'menʃənl] – одно-(дво-)мірний

15. plied [plaɪd] – прошарований

16. pull [pul] – витягувати

17. ribbon ['rɪbən] – стрічка

18. roving [rəuvɪŋ] – рівниця

19. sliver [slɪvə]– пасмо

20. staple fibre [steɪpl 'faɪbə] – штапельне волокно

21. twist [twɪst] – скручувати, кручення

22. uneven [ʌn'i:vən] – нерівномірний

23. untangle [ʌn'tæŋɡl] – розплутувати

24. web [web] – сітка

25. withstand [wɪð'stænd] – протистояти

26. worsted ['wustɪd]– камвольний

II Read and translate the following text The production of yarns

The first step in making fabric is the production of yarn from fibres. Various methods of spinning are used to do this. Different types of spinning systems are used for different types of fibres.

Natural fibres are harvested and cleaned before they are ready to be made into yarns. The fibres are then combed to untangle them. The combed web of fibres is called a sliver. The sliver is divided into narrower ribbons of fibres called rovings. The roving is generally pulled and twisted to form a single yarn. Because the ends of the fibres stick out from the edges of the yarn, it looks hairy.

If the fibres are combed more than once, it is called carding. Yarns made from carded fibres are smoother as fewer fibre ends are left sticking out of the yarn. For example, high quality wool fibres are combed and corded to make fine worsted yarn. (See Picture “carding machine”.)

Yarns are single strands, i.e. they are one-dimensional. In order to manufacture fabric from yarns the single strands must be combined so that the structure becomes two-dimensional. This is achieved in both weaving and knitting but, before either of these procedures takes place, yarns can be processed to produce the particular properties required in the final fabric.

Staple fibres have to be twisted together to form a yarn. Twist can be put into a yarn:

• clockwise where the fibres twist to the right;

• anticlockwise where the fibres twist to the left.

Clockwise twist corresponds to the shape of the letter S and is called S-twist. Anti-clockwise twist corresponds to the shape of the letter Z and is called Z-twist.

Particular properties in the yarn can be achieved by applying different amounts of twist to bind fibres together. For example, to make a yarn thicker or stronger, two or more single yarns may be twisted together. Single yarns twisted together in this way make a plied yarn. Two single yarns twisted together are called two-ply, four singles twisted together are called four-ply etc. Plied yarns are stronger and can withstand the pressures exerted on them during weaving better than single yarns which tend to fray. A small amount of twist will give a soft yarn but as the amount of twist is increased the softness decreases. This can be useful, for example, when considering drape. A yarn with a high amount of twist will produce a fabric which does not drape well and therefore would not be suitable for making curtains or anything which requires good draping quality.

In addition to increasing the strength of a yarn, plying makes it possible to produce a variety of yarns, e.g. fancy yarns. These can be produced in several ways, for example by blending fibres of different colours and spinning them as one yarn, by printing or dyeing a pattern on to the sliver and so on. Other methods of producing fancy yarns include twisting together two or more yarns which are different in some way, e.g. colour, softness, thickness etc. The amount and direction of twist may be altered to produce an uneven effect. However the effect is achieved, fancy yarns give colour and texture and can be very decorative. Every fancy yarn has a specific name which identifies how it was produced, the fibres from which it was made and its appearance.

Most fancy yarns are based on two or more plies, with one ply being the core, another ply giving the special effect and an additional ply which holds the other two together.