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Башкирский Государственный Аграрный Университет

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[НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

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Система гуманитарного и социально-экономического знания. Языковая подготовка. Учебное пособие

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Тема 3. Основной курс

political structure and social climate of the Western world, for the Roman Empire had provided the basis of social cohesion for most of Europe. Although the Ger manic tribes that forcibly migrated into southern and western Europe in the 5

cen tury were ultimately converted to Christianity, they retained many of their customs and ways of life; the changes in forms of social organisation they introduced ren dered centralised government and cultural unity impossible. Many of the improve ments in the quality of life introduced during the Roman Empire, such as a rela tively efficient agriculture, extensive road networks, watersupply systems, and ship ping routes, decayed substantially, as did artistic and scholarly endeavours.

3. This decline persisted throughout the period of time sometimes called the Dark Ages (also called Late Antiquity, or the Early Middle Ages), from the fall of Rome to about the year 1000, with a brief hiatus during the flowering of the Carolingian court established by Char lemagne. Apart from that interlude, no large kingdom or other political structure arose in Europe to provide stability. The only force capable of providing a basis for social unity was the Roman Catholic Church. The Middle Ages therefore present the confusing and often contradictory picture of a society attempting to structure itself politically on a spiritual ba sis. This attempt came to a definitive end with the rise of artistic, commercial, and other activities anchored firmly in the secular world in the period just preceding the Renaissance.

4. After the dissolution of the Roman Empire, the idea arose of Europe as one large church state, called Christendom. Christendom was thought to consist of two distinct groups of functionaries, the sacerdotium, or ecclesiastical hierarchy, and the imperium, or sec ular leaders. In theory these two groups complemented each other, attending to peo ple’s spiritual and temporal needs, respectively. Supreme authority was wielded by the pope in the first of these areas and by the emperor in the second. In practice the two institutions were constantly sparring, disagreeing, or openly warring with each other. The emperors often tried to regulate church activities by claiming the right to appoint church officials and to intervene in doctrinal matters. The church, in turn, not only owned cities and armies but often attempted to regulate affairs of state.

5. During the 12

century a cultural and economic revival took place; many histori ans trace the origins of the Renaissance to this time. The balance of economic power slowly began to shift from the region of the eastern Mediterranean to Western Eu rope. The Gothic style developed in art and architecture. Towns began to flourish, travel and communication became faster, safer, and easier, and merchant classes began to develop. Agricultural developments were one reason for these develop ments; during the 12

century the cultivation of beans made a balanced diet availa ble to all social classes for the first time in history. The population therefore rapidly expanded, a factor that eventually led to the breakup of the old feudal structures.

6. The 13

century was the apex of medieval civilisation. The classic formulations of Gothic architecture and sculpture were achieved. Many different kinds of social units proliferated, including guilds, associations, civic councils, and monastic chapters, each eager to obtain some measure of autonomy. The crucial legal concept of rep resentation developed, resulting in the political assembly whose members had ple na poetasters — full power — to make decisions binding upon the communities that had selected them. Intellectual life, dominated by the Roman Catholic church, cul minated in the philosophical method of Scholasticism, whose preeminent expo nent, St. Thomas Aquinas, achieved in his writings on Aristotle and the Church Fa thers one of the greatest syntheses in Western intellectual history.

7. The breakup of feudal structures, the strengthening of citystates in Italy, and the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England, as well as such cultural developments as the rise of secular education, culminated in the birth of a

261

Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов

selfconsciously new age with a new spirit, one that looked all the way back to clas sical learning for its inspiration and that came to be known as the Renaissance.

Задание 5.

A. Пересскажите текст. This text is about …

5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения: Middle Ages – Средние века in the 5th century AD – в 5 веке нашей эры the Renaissance  ренессанс the humanists' own Renaissance  humanists' – образование притяжательного па

дежа дл существительных множественного числа

Gothic architecture – готическая архитектура Autonomy – автономия

5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:

Middle Ages the period the collapse Roman civilisation i the period of the Renaissance The term conventional meaning with invidious intent The humanists a revival of classical learning and culture The notion a thousandyear period darkness and ignorance the humanists' own work and ideals in order to

to distinguish themselves from nonetheless the foundation f the transformations Renaissance the apex medieval civilisation The classic formulations Gothic architecture sculpture civic councils monastic chapters eager to measure of autonomy

Unit 18. Muscovy Company

Наречие

Наречие — это часть речи, которая опредаляет качество действия, свойства, со стояния, признака или указывает, при каких обстоятельствах совершается дей ствие или существует состояние.

Наречие изменяется только по степеням сравнения.

Ряд наречий совпадает по форме с именами прилагательними. Принадлежность их к той или другой части речи определяется по их месту в предложении. Наречие может примыкать к глаголу, имени прилагательному или другому наречию. В сложной гла гольной форме наречие стоит между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами.

В предложении наречия вялолняют функцию обстоятельства. Наречия пере водятся либо наречиями же, либо именами существительными с предлогом.

Проверочные тесты

Определите, какой частью речи является выделенное слово:

1. Muscovy Company, also called RUSSIA COMPANY, body of English merchants trading with Russia.

262

Тема 3. Основной курс

— Причастие — Наречие — Герундий — Предлог

2. The company was formed in 1555 by the navigator and explorer Sebastian Cabot and various London merchants and was granted a monopoly of Anglo—Russian trade.

— Прилагательное — Наречие — Герундий — Предлог

3. It was the first English joint—stock company in which the capital remained regu larly in use instead of being repaid after every voyage.

— Причастие — Наречие — Герундий — Предлог

4. In 1553 Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor had sailed to seek out a North east Passage to China and the East Indies.

— Причастие — Наречие — Инфинитив — Предлог

5. Willoughby’s ship was lost, but Chancellor reached Arkhangelsk (Archangel) on the White Sea and established trade links with Moscow.

— Причастие — Наречие — Герундий — Предлог

6. The original aim of the Muscovy Company was to exploit these contacts, as well as to continue the search for the Northeast Passage.

— Причастие — Наречие — Герундий — Предлог

7. In about 1630 the company ceased to function on a joint—stock basis and became a regulated company, in which, subject to various rules, merchants traded on their own account.

— Причастие — Наречие — Герундий — Предлог

8. Exports to Russia included woollen cloth, metals, and Mediterranean goods; the English traders brought back, through Arkhangelsk, hemp, wax tallow, cordage, and other Russian products.

— Причастие — Наречие — Герундий — Предлог

9. Although the tsar Alexis ended the company’s privileges in 1649, and at home it lost its monopoly of the Russian trade in 1698

263

Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов

— Причастие — Наречие — Герундий — Глагол

10. It survived as an influential City of London institution and shared in the 18 tury revival of Anglo—Russian trade.

— Причастие — Наречие — Герундий — Существительное

Правильные ответы 12345678910 1113122444

—cen

Комментарии к тексту

Московская компания (Русская компания) первая английская торговая ком пания, занимающаяся торговлей с Московией во времена Ивана Грозного и по зднее (1554 — 1649). В Москве до сих пор существует Английское подворье рядом с Красной площадью. Об этом торговом сотрудичестве, повествуют «Записки о Московии» Джерома Гарсея.

Первый уровень

Muscovy Company is the body of English merchants. ['mAskqvI] ['kAmpqnI] [Iz] [Dq] ['bPdI] [Pv] ['INglIS] ['mE:tS(q)nts]

They were trading with Russia. [DeI] [wE:] ['treIdIN] [wID] ['rASq]

The company was formed in 1555. [Dq] ['kAmpqnI] [wPz] [fO:md] [In] [fIf'ti:n] ['fIftI] [faIv]

It was formed by the navigator and explorer Sebastian Cabot. [It] [wPz] [fO:md] [baI]

[Dq] ['nxvIgeItq] [xnd] [Ik'splO:rq] [sI'bxstjqn] ['kxbqt]

Many London merchants were granted a monopoly of AngloRussian trade. ['menI] ['lAndqn] ['mE:tS(q)nts] [wE:] ['grQ:ntId] [q] [mq'nPp(q)lI] [Pv] ["xNglqV'rAS(q)n] [treId]

It was the first English jointstock company. [It] [wPz] [Dq] [fE:st] ['INglIS] [dZOInt] [stPk] ['kAmpqnI]

Richard Chancellor sailed and reached Arkhangelsk. ['rItSqd] ['tSQ:ns(q)lq] [seIld] [xnd] [ri:tSt] [Q:'kQ:ngelsk]

It was on the White Sea. [It] [wPz] [Pn] [Dq] [waIt] [si:]

He established trade links with Moscow. [hi:] [I'stxblISt] [treId] [lINks] [wID] ['mPskqV]

Muscovy Company exported to Russia woollen cloth, metals, and Mediterranean goods. ['mAskqvI] ['kAmpqnI] [Ik'spO:tId] [tu:] ['rASq] ['wVl(q)n] [klPT] [metlz] [xnd]

["medItq'reInIqn] [gVdz]

Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.

Задание 2. Перевести текст.

Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.

Второй уровень

1. Muscovy Company was the body of English merchants trading with Russia.

2. The company was formed in 1555 by the navigator and explorer Sebastian Cabot.

3. Various London merchants were granted a monopoly of AngloRussian trade.

4. It was the first English jointstock company.

264

Тема 3. Основной курс

5. The capital remained regularly in use instead of being repaid after every voyage.

6. In about 1630 the company ceased to function on a jointstock basis and became a regulated company.

7. Exports to Russia included woollen cloth, metals, and Mediterranean goods.

8. the English traders brought back, through Arkhangelsk, hemp, wax tallow, cordage, and other Russian products.

9. Although the tsar Alexis ended the company’s privileges in 1649, and at home it lost its monopoly of the Russian trade in 1698.

10. It survived as an influential City of London institution and shared in the 18 ry revival of AngloRussian trade.

centu

Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:

A. The headline of this text is … The main idea of this text is … This text consists of … parts. The fierst part is about … The 2nd part is about ... The 3d part is about ... Concluding the text … B. Muscovy Company was the body of ______________________________________ The company was formed in ____________________________________________ Various London merchants were granted a _________________________________ It was the first English _________________________________________________ The capital remained regularly in use instead of _____________________________ In about 1630 the company ceased to function on a jointstock basis and ___________ Exports to Russia included ____________________________________________ The English traders brought back, through Arkhangelsk, hemp, __________________ Although the tsar Alexis ended the company’s privileges in 1649, and at home it

___________________________________________________

It survived as an influential City of London institution and shared in ______________

Третий уровень

1. Muscovy Company, also called RUSSIA COMPANY, body of English merchants trading with Russia. The company was formed in 1555 by the navigator and explorer Sebastian Cabot and various London merchants and was granted a monopoly of An gloRussian trade; it was the first English jointstock company in which the capital remained regularly in use instead of being repaid after every voyage. In 1553 Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor had sailed to seek out a Northeast Passage to China and the East Indies. Willoughby’s ship was lost, but Chancellor reached Arkhan gelsk (Archangel) on the White Sea and established trade links with Moscow.

2. The original aim of the Muscovy Company was to exploit these contacts, as well as to continue the search for the Northeast Passage. In about 1630 the company ceased to function on a jointstock basis and became a regulated company, in which, sub ject to various rules, merchants traded on their own account. Exports to Russia in cluded woollen cloth, metals, and Mediterranean goods; the English traders brought back, through Arkhangelsk, hemp, wax tallow, cordage, and other Russian prod ucts. Although the tsar Alexis ended the company’s privileges in 1649, and at home

265

Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов

it lost its monopoly of the Russian trade in 1698, it survived as an influential City of London institution and shared in the 18thcentury revival of AngloRussian trade.

Задание 5.

A. Пересскажите текст. This text is about …

5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения: Muscovy Company Московская компания the tsar Alexis – царь Алексей Михайлович the company's privileges – привилегии компаний City of London – сити Лондона It survived …and shared

5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения: the body of

English merchants The company by the navigator and explorer a monopoly of the first jointstock company The capital regularly in use instead of being repaid after every voyage to function on

a jointstock basis a regulated company woollen cloth metals Mediterranean goods The English traders Although the tsar the company's privileges an influential City of London

Unit 19. Founding the empire

Служебные слова

К служебным словам относятся артикли, предлоги, послелоги, союзы и союз

ные слова (относительные местоимения и союзные наречия).

Служебные слова отличаются от знаменательных тем, что они (за исключени ем союзных слов) не выполняют функции отдельных членов предложения, а слу жат лишь для выражения синтаксических связей между членами предложения (предлоги,союзы), между отдельными предложениями (союзы), а также являют ся показаталями имени существительного, как части речи (артикли, предлоги).

Союзные слова могут вводить придаточные предложения, играя таким обра зом роль союзов и, вместе с тем, выполнять функции различных членов предло жения (подлежащего, дополнения, определения).

Артикль является основным показателем имени существительного. Как всякий показатель, он начинает группу существительного. В английском языке имеется два артикля: неопределенный артикль а (an) и определенный артикль — the.

Проверочные тесты

Определите, какой частью речи является выделенное слово:

1. In the hope of consolidating his own position — предлог — союз

266

Тема 3. Основной курс

— определеный артикль — неопределеный артикль

2. It now suggested to Bonaparte that the best way to discourage conspiracy would be to transform the life.