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Тема 3. Основной курс
1. Viking, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonised
wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influ
ence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and
Swedish warriors were probably prompted to undertake their raids by a combina
tion of factors ranging from overpopulation at home to the relative helplessness of
victims abroad.
2. The Vikings were made up of landowning chieftains and clan heads, their retain
ers, freemen, and any energetic young clan members who sought adventure and boo
ty overseas. At home these Scandinavians were independent farmers, but at sea they
were raiders and pillagers. During the Viking period the Scandinavian countries seem
to have possessed a practically inexhaustible surplus of manpower, and leaders of
ability, who could organise groups of warriors into conquering bands and armies,
were seldom lacking. These bands would negotiate the seas in their longships and
mount hitandrun raids at cities and towns along the coasts of Europe. Their burn
ing, plundering, and killing earned them the name Viking, meaning «pirate» in the
early Scandinavian languages.
3. The exact ethnic composition of the Viking armies is unknown in particular cases,
but the Vikings’ expansion in the Baltic lands and in Russia can reasonably be at
tributed to the Swedes. On the other hand, the nonmilitary colonisation of the Ork
neys, Faroes, and Iceland was clearly due to the Norwegians.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
from the 9th to the 11th century – с 9 по 11 века
The Vikings – викинги (определенный артикль!)
pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors – языческие датские, норвежс
кие и шведские воины
They’re burning = They are burning
the early Scandinavian languages ранние скандинавские языки (определенный
артикль!)
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Viking
member of0
the Scandinavian
seafaring warriors
wide areas
Europe
Influence
profoundly
European history
probably
to undertake
by a combination of factors
from overpopulation
to the relative helplessness
victims
abroad
landowning chieftains
clan heads
any energetic young clan members
At home
independent farmers
at sea
raiders and pillages
to negotiate
at cities and towns
along
the coasts of Europe
meaning
in the early Scandinavian languages
361
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Unit 39. England
Притяжательные местоимения
Вопросительные и относительные местоимения
Притяжательные местоимения
В английском языке существуют две формы притяжательных местоимений,
которые изменяются по лицам и числам.
Вопросительные и относительные местоимения
яинемиотсемеынчиЛ
IymeniMйом
uoyruo
ehsihsiHоге
ehsrehsreHее
tististIоге
ewruosruOшан
uoyruoysruoYшав
yehtriehtsriehTхи
Вопросительные и относительные местоимения полностью совпадают по фор
ме, но перевод их на русский язык несколько отличен.
Вопросительные местоимения.
Относительные местоимения.
who whom whose what which
кто?кого? кому? чей? что? кто? какой? который? какой? что?который, кто кому,
которого чей, которого то, что; что, какой который, что, это
Вопросительные местоимения служат для образования специальных вопросов
к отдельным членам предложения.
Who are you ? Кто Вы?
Whom did you see at the concert? Кого Вы видели на концерте?
Относительные местоимения служат для введения придаточных предложений.
Они отличаются от союзов тем, что не только связывают придаточное предложе
ние с главным, но и являются одновременно какимлибо членом придаточного
предложения.
I do not know who did it. Я не знаю, кто это сделал.
This is the man who wants to speak to you. Вот человек, который хочет погово
рить с Вами.
ysruoYйовт,шав
амрофя1амрофя2
яинемиотсемеыньлетажятирП
довереП
хыньлетажятирп
йинемиотсем
Проверочные тесты
Каким местоимением можно заменить выделенные слова:
1. In England desultory raiding occurred in the late 8
nestly in 865, when a force led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok — Healfdene, In
waer, and perhaps Hubba — conquered the ancient kingdoms of East Anglia and
362
th
century but began more ear
Тема 3. Основной курс
Northumbria and reduced Mercia to a fraction of East Anglia and Northumbria and
reduced Mercia former size.
— Its
— Our
— Your
— their
2. Yet it was unable to subdue the Wessex of Alfred the Great, with whom in 878 a
truce was made, which became the basis of a treaty in or soon after 886.
— Our
— Your
— Their
—it
3. This recognised that much of England was in Danish hands.
— Our
— Your
— Their
—it
4. Although hard pressed by fresh armies of Vikings from 892 to 899, Alfred was finally
victorious over them.
—He
— Our
— Your
— their
5. The spirit of Wessex was so little broken that his son Edward the Elder was able to
commence the reconquest of Danish England.
— Our
— Your
— Their
—it
6. Before his death in 924 the small Danish states on old Mercian and East Anglian ter
ritory had fallen before him.
— its
— Our
— Your
— their
7. The more remote Northumbria resisted longer, largely under Viking leaders from Ire
land, but the Scandinavian power there was finally liquidated by Edred in 954.
— Our
— Your
— Their
—it
8. Viking raids on England began again in 980, and the country ultimately became part
of the empire of Canute.
— Our
— Your
— Their
—it
9. Nevertheless, the native house was peacefully restored in 1042, and the Viking threat
ended with the ineffective passes made by Canute II in the reign of William I.
363
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
— Its
— Our
— Your
— their
10. The Scandinavian conquests in England left deep marks on the areas affected, in so
cial structure, dialect, place—names, and personal names.
— Its
— Our
— Your
— their
Правильные ответы
12345678910
4441114411
Комментарии к тексту
История Англии до и после нормандского завоевания интересна прежде всего
тем, что Россия в этот период не отставала от европейской цивилизации, а даже
во многом была впереди. Известны имена короля Норвегии Олафа II, Ингвара,
которые способствовали общеевропейскому сотрудничеству.
Первый уровень
England is a part of Britain. ['INglqnd] [Iz] [q] [pQ:t] [Pv] ['brItn]
Alfred the Great was the famous English king. ['xlfrId] [Dq] [greIt] [wPz] [Dq] ['feImqs]
['INglIS] [kIN]
Some time later England was in Danish hands. [sAm] [taIm] ['leItq] ['INglqnd] [wPz]
[In] ['deInIS] [hxndz]
Then fresh armies of Vikings came to England. [Den] [freS] ['Q:mIz] [Pv] ['vaIkINz]
[keIm] [tu:] ['INglqnd]
This period was the start of settlements in the Orkneys. [DIs] ['pI(q)rIqd] [wPz] [Dq]
[stQ:t] [Pv] ['setlmqnts] [In] [DI] ['O:knIz]
Vikings settlement was never been an empire. ['vaIkINz] ['setlmqnt] [wPz] ['nevq]
[bi(:)n] [xn] ['empaIq]
Vikings had the influence to the institutions on the British Isles. ['vaIkINz] [hxd] [Dq]
['InflVqns] [tu:] [Dq] ["InstI'tju:S(q)nz] [Pn] [Dq] ['brItIS] [aIlz]
It was the Scandinavian influence on continental languages. [It] [wPz] [Dq]
["skxndI'neIvIqn] ['InflVqns] [Pn] ["kPntI'nentl] ['lxNgwIdZIz]
In the 10th century settlements on the Seine River became the germ of the duchy of
Normandy. [In] [Dq] [tenT] ['sentSqrI] ['setlmqnts] [Pn] [Dq] [seIn] ['rIvq] [bI'keIm] [Dq]
[dZE:m] [Pv] [Dq] ['dAtSI] [Pv] ['nO:mqndI]
Sporadic raiding did occur, however, until the end of the Viking period. [spq'rxdIk]
["reIdIN] [dId] [q'kE:] [haV'evq] [An'tIl] [DI] [end] [Pv] [Dq] ['vaIkIN] ['pI(q)rIqd]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. The first invaders came to England with Saxons.
2. Then the first half of the 11th century appears to have seen a new Viking movement
toward the East.
364
Тема 3. Основной курс
3. There were a number of Swedish runic stones record.
4. There were the names of men who went with Yngvarr on his journeys.
5. These journeys were to the East, but only legendary accounts of their precise direc
tion and intention survive.
6. A further activity of the Scandinavians in the East was service as mercenaries in Con
stantinople, where they formed the Varangian Guard of the Byzantine emperor.
7. After the 11
th
century the Viking chief became a figure of the past.
8. Norway and Sweden had no more force for external adventure.
9. Denmark became a conquering power, able to absorb the more unruly elements of
its population into its own royal armies.
10. Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway, before he became king in 1015, was practically the
last Viking chief in the old independent tradition.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
The first invaders ____________________________________________________
Then the first half of the 11
There were a number of ______________________________________________
There were the names of men who _______________________________________
These journeys were to the East, but only legendary _________________________
A further activity of the Scandinavians in the East was service as mercenaries in
Constantinople, where they _______________________________________________
After the 11
th
century the Viking chief became _______________________________
Norway and Sweden had no ____________________________________________
Denmark became a conquering power, able to ______________________________
Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway, before he became king in 1015, was _______________
th
century _____________________________________
Третий уровень
1. In England desultory raiding occurred in the late 8th century but began more earnestly
in 865, when a force led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok — Healfdene, Inwaer, and per
haps Hubba — conquered the ancient kingdoms of East Anglia and Northumbria and
reduced Mercia to a fraction of its former size. Yet it was unable to subdue the Wessex
of Alfred the Great, with whom in 878 a truce was made, which became the basis of a
treaty in or soon after 886. This recognised that much of England was in Danish hands.
Although hard pressed by fresh armies of Vikings from 892 to 899, Alfred was finally
victorious over them, and the spirit of Wessex was so little broken that his son Edward
the Elder was able to commence the reconquest of Danish England. Before his death
in 924 the small Danish states on old Mercian and East Anglian territory had fallen be
fore him. The more remote Northumbria resisted longer, largely under Viking leaders
from Ireland, but the Scandinavian power there was finally liquidated by Edred in 954.
Viking raids on England began again in 980, and the country ultimately became part of
the empire of Canute. Nevertheless, the native house was peacefully restored in 1042,
365
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
and the Viking threat ended with the ineffective passes made by Canute II in the reign
of William I. The Scandinavian conquests in England left deep marks on the areas af
fected, in social structure, dialect, placenames, and personal names.
2. The western seas and Ireland. In the western seas, Scandinavian expansion touched
practically every possible point. Settlers poured into Iceland from at least about 900,
and from Iceland colonies were founded in Greenland and attempted in North
America. The same period saw settlements arise in the Orkneys, the Faroes, the
Shetlands, the Hebrides, and the Isle of Man.
3. Scandinavian invasions of Ireland are recorded from 795, when Rechru, an island
not identified, was ravaged. Thenceforth fighting was incessant, and although the
natives often more than held their own, Scandinavian kingdoms arose at Dublin,
Limerick, and Waterford. The kings of Dublin for a time felt strong enough for for
eign adventure, and in the early 10
th
century several of them ruled in both Dublin
and Northumberland. The likelihood that Ireland would be unified under Scandi
navian leadership passed with the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, when the Irish Scan
dinavians, supported by the Earl of Orkney and some native Irish, suffered disas
trous defeat. Yet in the 12
th
century the English invaders of Ireland found the Scan
dinavians still dominant (though Christianized) at Dublin, Waterford, Limerick,
Wexford, and Cork.
4. The Carolingian empire and France. Viking settlement was never achieved in the well
defended empire on the scale evidenced in the British Isles, and Scandinavian in
fluence on continental languages and institutions is, outside Normandy, very slight.
Sporadic raiding did occur, however, until the end of the Viking period; and, in the
th
10
century, settlements on the Seine River became the germ of the duchy of Nor
mandy, the only permanent Viking achievement in what had been the empire of
Charlemagne.
5. Farther south than France — in the Iberian peninsula and the Mediterranean
coasts — the Vikings raided from time to time but accomplished little of permanence.
6. Eastern Europe. The eastern Viking expansion was probably a less violent process than
that on the Atlantic coasts. Although there was, no doubt, plenty of sporadic raiding
in the Baltic and although to go on the «eastViking» was an expression meaning to
indulge in such activity, no Viking kingdom was founded with the sword in that area.
7. The greatest eastern movement of the Scandinavians was that which carried them
into the heart of Russia. The extent of this penetration is difficult to assess; for, al
though the Scandinavians were at one time dominant at Novgorod, Kiev, and oth
er centres, they were rapidly absorbed by the Slavonic population, to which, how
ever, they gave their name of Rus, «Russians.» The Rus were clearly in the main
traders, and two of their commercial treaties with the Greeks are preserved in the
Primary Chronicle under 912 and 945; the Rus signatories have indubitably Scan
dinavian names. Occasionally, however, the Rus attempted voyages of plunder like
their kinsmen in the West. Their existence as a separate people did not continue past
1050 at the latest.
8. The first half of the 11
th
century appears to have seen a new Viking movement to
ward the East. A number of Swedish runic stones record the names of men who went
with Yngvarr on his journeys. These journeys were to the East, but only legendary
accounts of their precise direction and intention survive. A further activity of the
Scandinavians in the East was service as mercenaries in Constantinople (now Is
tanbul), where they formed the Varangian Guard of the Byzantine emperor.
9. After the 11
th
century the Viking chief became a figure of the past. Norway and Swe
den had no more force for external adventure, and Denmark became a conquering
366
Тема 3. Основной курс
power, able to absorb the more unruly elements of its population into its own royal
armies. Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway, before he became king in 1015, was practi
cally the last Viking chief in the old independent tradition.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Denmark — Дания
Norway and Sweden – Норвегия и Швеция
as mercenaries – как купечество
Saxons — саксы
runic stones record — руническая летопись на камнях
Then the first half of the 11th century – в первой половине 11 века
the Scandinavians – скандинавы (определенный артикль!)
the Byzantine emperor – византийский император(определенный артикль!)
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
The first invaders
the first half of
a new Viking movement
toward the East
a number of
runic stones record
the names of
journeys
to the East
only legendary accounts of
precise direction
intention survive
A further activity
as mercenaries
the Byzantine emperor
After
a figure of the past
force
external adventure
a conquering power
unruly elements
population
own royal armies
practically
the last Viking chief
in the old independent tradition
Unit 40. Western European Union
Усилительные и возвратные местоимения
Усилительные и возвратные местоимения
Усилительные и возвратные местоимения совпадают по форме, но различаются
по значению.
яинемиотсемеыньлетилисУ
flesmih
Усилительные местоимения стоят после имени существительного (или место
имения) или в конце предложения:
I have seen Eckersley himself. Я видел самого Эккерслей.
,flesruoy,flesem
flesti,flesrehомас,амас,мас,амаСомисивазеНебеС
sevlesmeht
,sevlesruoy,sevlesruo
имаСябеС
имас,амас,маСоньлетяотсомаСябеС
367
еынтарвзоВ
яинемиотсем
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Проверочные тесты
Какое местоимение выделено в предложении:
1. WEU, association of 10 nations that operates as a forum for the co—ordination of
matters of its security and defence.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
— относительное
2. It contributed to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
and works in co—operation with that organization.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
— относительное
3. It grew out of the Brussels Treaty of 1948 — an agreement between the nations of
Belgium, France, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom to pro
vide for collective defence and to facilitate co—operation in economic, social, and
cultural matters.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
— относительное
4. In 1954 it was strengthened and modified to include West Germany and Italy them
selves, to end the occupation of West Germany.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
— относительное
5. It came into being on May 6, 1955.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
— относительное
6. In 1960 the activities of committees for social and cultural affairs were transferred
to the Council of Europe itself.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
— относительное
7. In 1984 the union was «reactivated» and a new agenda was established: it recognised
the significance of U.S. arms to the defence of Europe and resolved to increase re
gional military co—operation.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
— относительное
8. In 1988 they joined the union; Greece joined in 1992.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
368
Тема 3. Основной курс
— относительное
9. It is administered by a council consisting of the ministers of foreign affairs and of
defence of the member nations.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
— относительное
10. The council is responsible for its formulation and holds meetings to discuss prob
lems of common concern.
— личное
— усилительное
— притяжательное
— относительное
Правильные ответы
12345678910
3112121113
Комментарии к тексту
Западноевропейский Союз, военннополитическая организация в составе Ве
ликобритании, Франции, Италии, ФРГ, Бельгии, Нидерландов и Люксембурга.
Создана в мае 1955 года. Связан с НАТО.
Первый уровень
Western European Union is association of 10 nations. ['westqn] ["jV(q)rq'pIqn]
['ju:nIqn] [Iz] [q"sqVsI'eIS(q)n] [Pv] [ten] ['neIS(q)nz]
The short way of pronounciation is WEU. [Dq] [SO:t] [weI] [Pv] [prq"nAnsI'eIS qn] [Iz]
['dAb(q)lju:] [J] [ju:]
It contributed to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. [It]
[kqn'trIbju:tId] [tu:] [Dq] [krI'eIS(q)n] [Pv] [Dq] [nO:T] [qt'lxntIk] ['tri:tI] ["O:gqnaI'zeIS(q)n]
The short name of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is NATO. [Dq] [SO:t] [neIm]
[Pv] [Dq] [nO:T] [qt'lxntIk] ['tri:tI] ["O:gqnaI'zeIS(q)n] [Iz] ['neItqV]
WEU works in cooperation with that organization. ['dAb(q)lju:] [J] [ju:] [wE:ks] [In]
[kqV"Ppq'reIS(q)n] [wID] [Dxt] ["O:gqnaI'zeIS(q)n]
The WEU is administered by a council. [Dq] ['dAb(q)lju:] [J] [ju:] [Iz] [qd'mInIstqd]
[baI] [q] ['kaVns(q)l]
It consists of the ministers of foreign affairs. [It] ['kPnsIsts] [Pv] [Dq] ['mInIstqz] [Pv]
['fPrIn] [q'feqz]
It has defence of the member nations. [It] [hxz] [dI'fens] [Pv] [Dq] ['membq] ['neIS(q)nz]
The council is responsible for policy formulation and holds meetings. [Dq] ['kaVns(q)l]
[Iz] [rI'spPnsqb(q)l] [fO:] ['pPlIsI] ["fO:mjV'leIS(q)n] [xnd] [hqVldz] ['mi:tINz]
Twice a year the council discusses problems of common concern. [twaIs] [q] [jIq] [Dq]
['kaVns(q)l] [dIs'kAsIz] ['prPblqmz] [Pv] ['kPmqn] [kqn'sE:n]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Третий уровень
1. WEU, association of 10 nations ( Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lux
embourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom) that oper
369
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
ates as a forum for the coordination of matters of European security and defence.
It contributed to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
and works in cooperation with that organization.
2. The WEU grew out of the Brussels Treaty of 1948 — an agreement between the na
tions of Belgium, France, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom
to provide for collective defence and to facilitate cooperation in economic, social,
and cultural matters. NATO and the Council of Europe, both of which were formed
in 1949, developed out of that framework. In 1954 the Brussels Treaty was strength
ened and modified to include West Germany and Italy, to end the occupation of
West Germany, and to include West Germany in NATO; and the WEU came into
being on May 6, 1955. In 1960 the activities of committees for social and cultural
affairs were transferred to the Council of Europe. In 1984 the union was «reactivat
ed» and a new agenda was established: it recognised the significance of U.S. arms
to the defence of Europe and resolved to increase regional military cooperation.
In 1988 Portugal and Spain joined the union; Greece joined in 1992.
3. The WEU is administered by a council consisting of the ministers of foreign affairs
and of defence of the member nations. The council is responsible for policy formu
lation and holds meetings (twice a year at the ministerial level, more often at the
ambassadorial level) to discuss problems of common concern. Three internal agen
cies are also involved. The assembly of the WEU, which has a number of perma
nent committees, consists of the delegates of the member nations to the Parliamen
tary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Headquarters of the WEU are in London.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
The WEU
of the Brussels Treaty of
an agreement
between
the Brussels Treaty
to include
West Germany and Italy
to end
the occupation
the activities
committees
social
the union
a new agenda
the significance of
to the defence of Europe
the union
by a council
consisting of
for policy
formulation
to discuss problems of
internal agencies
The assembly of
a number of permanent committees
the delegates of
the member nations
Headquarters
370
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