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Система гуманитарного и социально-экономического знания. Языковая подготовка. Учебное пособие

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Тема 3. Основной курс

Unit 31. Christianity. Reformation

Морфологический состав имен прилагательных

По своему морфологическому составу имена прилагательные делятся на:

1) простые, не имеющие в своем составе ни суффиксов, ни префиксов, напри

мер, simple — простой, long — длинный

2) производные, имеющие в своем составе суффиксы или префиксы, или те и

другие, например,

different — различный, другой indirect — косвенный unnatural — неестествен

ный,

3) сложные, например, peaceloving selfcontained миролюбивый самостоятельный Основные

ci

lalautca

luflufrewop

suosuoirav

ssel

elba

elbielbissimrep

evievitca

tnatnacifingis

tnetnedneped

etaetarucca

de

drawйыннелварпаНdrawni

СУФФИКСЫ имен прилагательных

ыскиффуСвоскиффусеинечанЗыремирП

cimanyd

автсечак

еивтсйед

йищюадалбО

ещус

менрок

менрокогонназакуеичилаН

менрокогонназакуеивтстустО

йыннолкс,йынбосопС

менрокеонназакуьтинлопыв

мынназаку,мыньлетивтс

sselesu

lbavom

dennam,dedaebgib

Принадлежность слова к категории имен прилагательных можно определить по его синтаксической функции: слово, стоящее между показаталем и именем существи тельным или после глагола связки, может быть именем прилагательным, например,

Any body is subject to the earth gravitation. Всякое тело подвержено (подвергает ся) притяжению.

Проверочные тесты

1. The latter interpretation of Scholasticism and of the medieval church itself animat ed the Protestant Reformation.

— обладающий существительным, указанным корнем — наличие указанного корнем качества

321

Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов

— отcутcтвие указанного корнем качества — способный,склонный выполнить указанное корнем действие

2. Protestantism differed from the various protest movements during the later Middle Ages by the thoroughness of its polemic against the ecclesiastical, theological, and sacramental developments of Western Catholicism.

— обладающий существительным, указанным корнем — наличие указанного корнем качества — отcутcтвие указанного корнем качества — способный,склонный выполнить указанное корнем действие

3. Initially the Protestant Reformers maintained the hope that they could accomplish the reformation of the doctrine and life of the church from within, but this proved impossi ble either because of the intransigence of the church, the extremism of the Protestant movements, or the political and cultural situation — or because of all of these factors.

4. The several parties of the Reformation may be conveniently classified according to the radicalism of their protest against medieval theology, piety, and polity.

5. The Anglican Reformers, as well as Martin Luther and his movement, were, in gen eral, the most conservative in their treatment of the Roman Catholic tradition; John Calvin and his followers were less conservative; the Anabaptists and other groups in the left wing of the Reformation were least conservative of all.

6. Despite their deep differences, almost all the various Reformation movements were characterised by an emphasis upon the Bible, as distinguished from the church or its tradition.

— обладающий существительным, указанным корнем — наличие указанного корнем качества — простые — способный,склонный выполнить указанное корнем действие

7. The voyages of discovery, the beginnings of a capitalist economy, the rise of modern nationalism, the dawn of the scientific age, the culture of the Renaissance — all these factors, and others besides, helped to break up the «medieval synthesis.»

— простые — наличие указанного корнем качества — отcутcтвие указанного корнем качества — способный,склонный выполнить указанное корнем действие

8. The Anglican Reformers, as well as Martin Luther and his movement, were, in gen eral, the most conservative in their treatment of the Roman Catholic tradition

— обладающий существительным, указанным корнем — наличие указанного корнем качества — отcутcтвие указанного корнем качества

322

Тема 3. Основной курс

— способный,склонный выполнить указанное корнем действие

9. Among these factors, however, the Reformation was one of the most important and, certainly for the history of Christianity, the most significant.

— простые — наличие указанного корнем качества — производные — способный,склонный выполнить указанное корнем действие

10. For the consequences of the Reformation, not in intention but in fact, were a di vided Christendom and a secularised West.

Правильные ответы 12345678910 2242431231

Комментарии к тексту

Реформация в Англии имела свои характерные черты. В XVI веке Англия была страной крепнувшего абсолютизма, вступившего в острый конфликт с папством. Ито гом этого конфликта был акт (1534) о верховенстве короля, как главы англиканской церкви. Англиканская церковь стала государственной, опорой абсолютизма, а анг ликанское вероисповедание принудительным. Но Реформация в Англии была по ловинчатой, незавершенной. Оппозиция требовала углубления Реформации. Со вто рой половины XVI века в Англии все больше распространяется кальвинизм, после дователи которого назывались здесь пуританами. После Английской буржуазной ре волюции XVII века, которая совершалась под знаменем кальвинизма, пуританская оппозиция распалась на ряд самостоятельных партий. В этот период образовались просвитериане, индепенденты, левеллеры (левое крыло индепендентов).

Но государственной церковью оставалась англиканская.

Реформация имела ряд характерных черт во всех странах, в которых она прохо дила. Это  секуляризация церковных земель, падение духовного престижа церкви.

Первый уровень

Reformation is radical transformation of the church and the culture. ["ri:fO:'meIS(q)n] [Iz] ['rxdIk(q)l] ["trxnsfq'meIS(q)n] [Pv] [Dq] [tSE:tS] [xnd] [Dq] ['kAltSq]

The voyages of discovery were the really reason. [Dq] ['vOIIdZIz] [Pv] [dIs'kAv(q)rI] [wE:] [Dq] ['rI(q)lI] ['ri:z(q)n]

The beginnings of a capitalist economy were important part too. [Dq] [bI'gInINz] [Pv] [q] ['kxpItlIst] [I'kPnqmI] [wE:] [Im'pO:t(q)nt] [pQ:t] [tu:]

The dawn of the scientific age and the culture of the Renaissance are all these factors.

[Dq] [dO:n] [Pv] [Dq] ["saIqn'tIfIk] [eIdZ] [xnd] [Dq] ['kAltSq] [Pv] [Dq] [rI'neIs(q)ns] [Q:] [O:l] [Di:z] ['fxktqz]

They are helped to break up the medieval crisis. [DeI] [Q:] ['helpt] [tu:] ['breIk'Ap] [Dq] ["medI'i:v(q)l] ['kraIsIs]

It was the time of the rise of modern nationalism. [It] [wPz] [De] [taIm] [Pv] [De] [raIz] [Pv] [mPdn] ['nxS(q)nqlIz(q)m]

The Anglican Reformers are the most conservative in their treatment of the Roman Catholic tradition. [Dq] ['xNglIkqn] [rI'fO:mqz] [R] [Dq] [mqVst] [kqn'sE:vqtIv] [In] [Deq]

['tri:tmqnt] [Pv] [Dq] ['rqVmqn] ['kxT(q)lIk] [trq'dIS(q)n]

323

Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов

For example there was Martin Luther and his movement. [fO:] [Ig'zQ:mp(q)l] [Deq]

[wPz] ['mQ:tIn] ['lu:Tq] [xnd] [hIz] ['mu:vmqnt]

Another was John Calvin and his followers. [q'nADq] [wPz] [dZPn] ['kxlvIn] [xnd] [hIz]

['fPlqVqz]

The Anabaptists were the last. [Dq] ["xnq'bxptIst] [wE:] [Dq] [lQ:st]

Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова. Задание 2. Перевести текст. Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.

Второй уровень

1. Protestantism differed from the various protest movements during the later Middle Ages by the thoroughness of its polemic against the ecclesiastical, theological, and sacramental developments of Western Catholicism.

2. Initially the Protestant Reformers maintained the hope that they could accomplish the reformation of the doctrine and life of the church from within.

3. But this proved impossible either because of the intransigency of the church.

4. Another reason was the extremism of the Protestant movements, or the political and cultural situation.

5. And as result of all of these factors.

6. The several parties of the Reformation may be conveniently classified according to the radicalism of their protest against medieval theology, piety, and polity.

7. The Anglican Reformers were the most conservative in their treatment of the Ro man Catholic tradition.

8. The example is Martin Luther and his movement.

9. John Calvin and his followers were less conservative

10. The Anabaptists and other groups in the left wing of the Reformation were least con servative of all.

Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:

A. The headline of this text is … The main idea of this text is … This text consists of … parts. The fierst part is about … The 2nd part is about ... The 3d part is about ... Concluding the text … B. Protestantism differed from the various protest movements during the later Middle

Ages by the thoroughness of ______________________________________________

Initially the Protestant Reformers maintained the hope that they could ____________ But this proved impossible either because _________________________________ Another reason was the extremism of the Protestant movements, or ______________ The several parties of the Reformation may be _____________________________ The Anglican Reformers were the most conservative in their ___________________ The example is ___________________________________________________ John Calvin and his followers ___________________________________________ The Anabaptists and other groups _______________________________________

324

Тема 3. Основной курс

Третий уровень

1. Christianity. Reformation. The latter interpretation of Scholasticism and of the me dieval church itself animated the Protestant Reformation. Protestantism differed from the various protest movements during the later Middle Ages by the thorough ness of its polemic against the ecclesiastical, theological, and sacramental develop ments of Western Catholicism. Initially the Protestant Reformers maintained the hope that they could accomplish the reformation of the doctrine and life of the church from within, but this proved impossible either because of the intransigence of the church, the extremism of the Protestant movements, or the political and cul tural situation — or because of all of these factors.

2. The several parties of the Reformation may be conveniently classified according to the radicalism of their protest against medieval theology, piety, and polity. The Anglican Re formers, as well as Martin Luther and his movement, were, in general, the most conserv ative in their treatment of the Roman Catholic tradition; John Calvin and his followers were less conservative; the Anabaptists and other groups in the left wing of the Reforma tion were least conservative of all. Despite their deep differences, almost all the various Reformation movements were characterised by an emphasis upon the Bible, as distin guished from the church or its tradition, as the authority in religion; by an insistence upon the sovereignty of free grace in the forgiveness of sins; by a stress upon faith alone, with out works, as the preconditions of acceptance with God; and by the demand that the lai ty assume a more significant place in both the work and the worship of the church.

3. The Reformation was launched as a movement within the established Christianity that had prevailed since Constantine. It envisaged neither schism within the church nor the dissolution of the Christian culture that had developed for more than a mil lennium. But when the Reformation was over, both the church and the culture had been radically transformed. In part this transformation was the effect of the Refor mation; in part it was the cause of the Reformation.

4. The voyages of discovery, the beginnings of a capitalist economy, the rise of modern nationalism, the dawn of the scientific age, the culture of the Renaissance — all these factors, and others besides, helped to break up the «medieval synthesis.» Among these factors, however, the Reformation was one of the most important and, certainly for the history of Christianity, the most significant. For the consequences of the Refor mation, not in intention but in fact, were a divided Christendom and a secularised West. Roman Catholicism, no less than Protestantism, has developed historically in the modern world as an effort to adapt historic forms to the implications of these con sequences. Established Christianity, as it had been known in the West since the 4 century, ended after the Reformation, though not everywhere at once.

Задание 5.

A. Пересскажите текст. This text is about …

5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения: during the later Middle Ages – в течении позднего периода Средних веков the Protestant Reformers – протестантские реформаторы (не путать с реформами) The Anglican Reformers – реформаторы, принадлежащие к англиканской церкви the church  церковь Martin Luther – Мартин Лютер (Лютеранство) John Calvin – Джон Кальвин (Кальвинизм) The Anabaptists – анабаптисты (с определенным артиклем the) Roman Catholic tradition – римскокатолическая традиция

325

Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов

5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения: during the later Middle Ages

the Protestant Reformers The Anglican Reformers the church

Martin Luther John Calvin The Anabaptists Roman Catholic tradition

Unit 32. Revolution of 1688

Количественные прилагательные mach, mаnу, few, little

Прилагательные many (много, многие) и few (мало, немногие) употребляются только с исчисляемыми именами существятельными, стоящими во множествен ном числе, например, many students — много студентов, многие студенты few books — мало книг, немногие книги

Имена прилагательные much (много) и little (мало) употребляются с неисчисля емыми именами существительными, стоящими в единственном числе, например, much work — много работы little time — мало времени.

Слова much и little могут быть и наречиями. Be works much. Он много работает Не rests little. Он отдыхает мало

Проверочные тесты.

Какое прилагательное можно вставить вместо выделенного слова:

1. Revolution of 1688, byname Glorious revolution, or Bloodless revolution, in Eng lish history, the events of 1688 — 89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband William III, prince of Or ange and stakeholder of the Netherlands.

— mach —mаnу —few — little

2. After the accession of James II in 1685, his overt Roman Catholicism alienated the majority of the people

— mach —mаnу —few — little

3. William Sancroft, the archbishop of Canterbury, and six other bishops petitioned him against this and were prosecuted for seditious libel.

— mach —mаnу —few — little

4. Their acquittal almost coincided with the birth of a son to James’s Roman Catholic queen, Mary of Modena (June).

— mach —mаnу —few

326

Тема 3. Основной курс

— little

5. The events promised an indefinite continuance of his policy and brought discon tent to a head.

— mach —mаnу —few — little

6. Seven eminent Englishmen, among them the Tory Earl of Danby and Henry Comp ton, bishop of London, wrote inviting William of Orange to come over with an army to redress the nation’s grievances.

— mach —mаnу —few — little

7. William’s chief concern was to check the overgrowth of French power in Europe, and he welcomed England’s aid.

— mach —mаnу —few — little

8. Thus, having been in close touch with the leading English malcontents for more than a year, he accepted their invitations.

— mach —mаnу —few — little

9. Landing at Torbay (November 5), he advanced slowly on London, the support fell away from James II.

— mach —mаnу —few — little

10. James’s daughter Anne and his best general, John Churchill, were among the de serters to William’s camp; thereupon James fled to France.

— mach —mаnу —few — little

Правильные ответы 12345678910 2231441214

Комментарии к тексту

Английская буржуазная революция XVII века — первая реаолюция европейс кого масштаба, государственный переворот (1688 — 1689), так называемая «Слав ная» революция, закрепила доступ буржуазии к государственной власти.

Первый уровень

327

Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов

Revolution is the great change of social order. ["revq'lu:S(q)n] [Iz] [Dq] [greIt] [tSeIndZ]

[Pv] ['sqVS(q)l] ['O:dq]

The revolution in Britain was in 1688. [Dq] ["revq'lu:S(q)n] [In] ['brItn] [wPz] [In]

["sIk'sti:n] ['eItI] [eIt]

It was named Glorious revolution. [It] [wPz] [neImd] ['glO:rIqs] . ["revq'lu:S(q)n] Sometimes it names Bloodless revolution. ['sAmtaImz] [It] ['neIms] ['blAdlIs] ["revq'lu:S(q)n] It was marked a considerable triumph for Whig views. [It] [wPz] [mQ:kt] [q]

[kqn'sId(q)rqb(q)l] ['traIqmf] [fO:] [wIg] [vju:z]

It was a social contract between the king and his people. [It] [wPz] [q] ['sqVS(q)l]

['kPntrxkt] [bI'twi:n] [Dq] [kIN] [xnd] [hIz] ['pi:p(q)l]

These people were represented in parliament. [Di:z] ] ['pi:p(q)l] [wE:] ["reprI'zentId]

[In] ['pQ:lqmqnt]

That was the period of new role parliament. [Dxt] [wPz] [Dq] ['pI(q)rIqd] [Pv] [nju:]

[rqVl] ['pQ:lqmqnt]

That government was a part of parliament. [Dxt] ['gAv(q)mqnt] [wPz] [q] [pQ:t] [Pv]

['pQ:lqmqnt]

As a result it was the Declaration of Rights. [xz] [q] [rI'zAlt] [It] [wPz] [Dq]

["deklq'reIS(q)n] [Pv] [raIts]

Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова. Задание 2. Перевести текст. Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.

Второй уровень

1. Revolution of 1688 was named Glorious revolution.

2. Another title is Bloodless revolution.

3. That revolution was held in English history.

4. There were the events of 1688 — 89.

5. It resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband William III, prince of Orange and stakeholder of the Netherlands.

6. William was now asked to carry on the government and summon a Parliament.

7. When this Convention Parliament met, it agreed, after some debate, to treat James’s flight as an abdication and to offer the Crown.

8. It was an accompanying Declaration of Right, to William and Mary jointly.

9. Both gift and conditions were accepted.

10. Thereupon the convention turned itself into a proper Parliament and the Declara tion into a Bill of Rights.

Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:

A. The headline of this text is … The main idea of this text is … This text consists of … parts. The fierst part is about … The 2nd part is about ... The 3d part is about ... Concluding the text … B. Revolution of 1688 was ________________________________________________ Another title is ___________________________________________________

328

Тема 3. Основной курс

That revolution was held ______________________________________________ There were the events of _______________________________________________ It resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of ____________________ William was now asked to carry on _______________________________________ When this Convention Parliament met, it agreed, after some debate, to ___________ It was an accompanying _______________________________________________ Both gift and ______________________________________________________ Thereupon the convention turned itself into a proper _________________________

Третий уровень

2. After the accession of James II in 1685, his overt Roman Catholicism alienated the majority of the population. In 1687 he issued a Declaration of Indulgence, suspend ing the penal laws against dissenters and recusants, and in April 1688 ordered that a second Declaration of Indulgence be read from every pulpit on two successive Sun days. William Sancroft, the archbishop of Canterbury, and six other bishops peti tioned him against this and were prosecuted for seditious libel. Their acquittal al most coincided with the birth of a son to James’s Roman Catholic queen, Mary of Modena (June). This event promised an indefinite continuance of his policy and brought discontent to a head. Seven eminent Englishmen, among them the Tory Earl of Danby and Henry Compton, bishop of London, wrote inviting William of Orange to come over with an army to redress the nation’s grievances.

3. William’s chief concern was to check the overgrowth of French power in Europe, and he welcomed England’s aid. Thus, having been in close touch with the leading English malcontents for more than a year, he accepted their invitation. Landing at Torbay (November 5), he advanced slowly on London, as support fell away from James II. James’s daughter Anne and his best general, John Churchill, were among the deserters to William’s camp; thereupon James fled to France.

4. William was now asked to carry on the government and summon a Parliament. When this Convention Parliament met (Jan. 22, 1689), it agreed, after some debate, to treat James’s flight as an abdication and to offer the Crown, with an accompanying Dec laration of Right, to William and Mary jointly. Both gift and conditions were ac cepted. Thereupon the convention turned itself into a proper Parliament and the Declaration into a Bill of Rights. This bill gave the succession to Mary’s sister, Anne, in default of issue to William and Mary; barred Roman Catholics from the throne; abolished the power to suspend laws; condemned the power of dispensing with laws «as it has been used of late»; declared a standing army illegal in time of peace; and required frequent parliaments and free elections.

5. The settlement marked a considerable triumph for Whig views. If no Roman Catholic could be king, then no kingship could be unconditional. The adoption of the exclusionist solution lent support to John Locke’s contention that government was in the nature of a social contract between the king and his people represented in parliament.

Задание 5.

A. Пересскажите текст. This text is about …

5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:

329

Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов

Glorious revolution = Bloodless revolution – Славная или Бескровная революция Declaration of Right – Декларация прав a Bill of Rights – 1) «Билль л правах», один из конституционных актов Вели

кобритании (1689), 2) Первые десять поправок к конституции США (1787)

5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения: Revolution

To be named Glorious revolution Another title Bloodless revolution English history the events of It resulted in the deposition the accession stakeholder to carry on the government a Parliament

some debate to treat as an abdication to offer the Crown accompanying Declaration of Right Both gift and conditions Thereupon the convention into a proper Parliament a Bill of Rights

Unit 33. Saxon

Степени сравнения имен прилагательных

Существует три степени сравнения: положительная (исходная форма прилага

тельного), сравнительная и превосходная (см. таблицу).

Как правило, имена существительные, определяемые именем прилагатель

ным в превосходной степени, употребляются с определенным артиклем.

This is the shortest way to the station. Это кратчайшая (самая короткая) дорога к

станции.

Если нужно образовать нисходящие степени сравнения, то во всех случаях в сравнительной степени перед прилагательным ставится less(менеe), а в превосход ной — least(наименее), например, less easy — least easy less important — least important less good — least good.

Проверочные тесты

Выберите возможную форму прилагательного:

1. Saxon, member of a Germanic people who in ancient times lived in the area of mod ern Schleswig and along the Baltic coast.

— more ancient — most ancient — ancienter — нет правильных ответов

2. The period of Roman decline in the West was marked by vigorous Saxon piracy in the North Sea.

— more vigorous — vigorousest

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