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Файл:Система гуманитарного и социально-экономического знания. Языковая подготовка. Учебное пособие
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Тема 3. Основной курс
a more realistic payment
schedule on reparations
A committee
by the American financier
soontobe vice president
as well as
the Allies
to grant
sizeable loans
to assist
the economic recovery
a significant step
the upswing of
the German economy
It lasted
Until
the onset
the Great Depression
Reconciliation
the political level
This time
to succeed
the deceased as president.
Although
Seriously
to support the constitution
the republic
the leader
Основные суффиксы имен существительных
Основные суффиксы имен существительных*
ыскиффуСвоскиффусяинечанЗыремирП
ro
re
tnaроби
tne
nai
s
oiакуаНsoimanydoreAакиманидорэА
gni
ycna,ecna
олсич
еещюувтсйеД
мзинахем,оцил
рп,овтсещеВtnalooCьлетидалхО
еещюувтсйеД
яиссефорп,оцил
яивтсйедссецорП
еонневтсежонМ
rotalsnarT
revoM
tnedutS
naicinahceM
gnihcaeT
gnibuT
gnidliuB
ecnatropmIьтсонжав,еинечанЗ
Unit 10. Gibraltar
кичдовереП
ьлетагивД
кинахеМ
ы
бурТ
еинадЗ
ясйищачу,тнедутС
еинавадоперП
ecneecnereffiDеичилзар,ацинзаР
ycneycneiciffE
noinoitcennoCеиненидеос,ьзявС
ytiyticilpmiSатотсорП
yt,yteyteicoSовтсещбО
tnemt
ssenssenidaeRьтсонвотоГ
pihspihsdneirFабжурД
eruerusserPеинелваД
*
Григорьева З.А.,Фащевская М.П. Практическая грамматика английского языка. Изд.2 —е Л. 1964
еыннечелвтО
яитяноп
nempoleveDеинадзос,еитивзаР
.д.п.к
,ьтсонвиткеффЭ
221
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Проверочные тесты
Что обозначают суффиксы приведенных ниже слов.
1. decolonisation
— наука
— процесс действия
— отвлеченные понятия
2. presence
— действующее лицо,механизм,
— отвлеченные понятия
— действующее лицо
— профессия
3. resident
— действующее лицо,механизм,
— вещество, прибор
— действующее лицо
— профессия
4. expansion
— действующее лицо,механизм,
— вещество, прибор
— действующее лицо
— отвлеченные понятия
5. commuters
— действующее лицо,механизм,
— вещество, прибор
— действующее лицо
— профессия
6. settlement
— действующее лицо,механизм,
— вещество, прибор
— действующее лицо
— профессия
7. constitution
— действующее лицо,механизм,
— отвлеченные понятия
— вещество, прибор
— профессия
8. government
— действующее лицо,механизм,
— вещество, прибор
— действующее лицо
— профессия
9. canning
— действующее лицо,механизм,
— вещество, прибор
— действующее лицо
— профессия
10. importance
— действующее лицо,механизм,
— вещество, прибор
— отвлеченные понятия
— профессия
Правильные ответы.
12345678910
4234112133
Комментарии к тексту
На протяжении всей своей истории Россия пыталась выйти к воротам Среди
земного моря — к Гибралтару. Отношение к этой проблеме с английской сторо
ны рассматривается в тексте.
Первый уровень
Gibraltar is a heavily fortified British air and naval base. [GI'brLltq] [Iz] [q] ['hevIlI]
['fO:tIfaId] ['brItIS] [eq] [xnd] ['neIv(q)l] [beIs]
It guards the Strait of Gibraltar. [It] [gQ:dz] [Dq] [streIt] [Pv] [GI'brLltq]
It is the only entrance to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. [It] [Iz] [DI]
['qVnlI] ['entrqns] [tu:] [Dq] ["medItq'reInIqn] [si:] [frPm] [DI] [qt'lxntIk] ['qVS(q)n]
From the Mediterranean, Gibraltar appears fronting the sea on the peninsula's east
coast. [frPm] [Dq] ["medItq'reInIqn] [GI'brLltq] [q'pIqz] ['frAntIN] [Dq] [si:] [Pn] [Dq]
[pI'nInsjVlqz] [i:st] [kqVst]
The Rock's slope is more gradual on its western side. [Dq] [rPks] [slqVp] [Iz] [mO:]
['grxdVql] [Pn] [Its] ['westqn] [saId]
222
Тема 3. Основной курс
It is occupied by tier upon tier of houses. [It] [Iz] ['PkjVpaId] [baI] ['taIq] [q'pPn] ['taIq]
[Pv] [haVziz]
Gibraltar has no springs or rivers. [GI'brLltq] [hxz] [nqV] [sprINs] [O:] ['rIvqz]
Gibraltar is a colony of the United Kingdom. [GI'brLltq] [Iz] [q] ['kPlqnI] [Pv] [DI]
[ju:'naItId] ['kINdqm]
In 1981 Gibraltarians were granted full British citizenship. [In] ["naIn'ti:n] ['eItI] [wAn]
[GI'brLltqrIanz] [wE:] ['grQ:ntId] [fVl] ['brItIS] ['sItIz(q)nSIp]
The governor is appointed by the British sovereign. [Dq] ['gAv(q)nq] [Iz] [q'pOIntId]
[baI] [Dq] ['brItIS] ['sPvrIn]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. British colony was occupying a narrow peninsula of Spain’s southern Mediterrane
an coast, just Northeast of the Strait of Gibraltar.
2. It is 5 km long and 3/4 mile wide and is connected to Spain by a low, sandy isthmus
that is one mile long.
3. Its name is derived from the Arabic Jabal Tariq.
4. The colony’s total area is 5.8 square km.
5. Gibraltar is a heavily fortified British air and naval base that guards the Strait of Gi
braltar, which is the only entrance to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic
Ocean.
6. Gibraltar has no springs or rivers, and 34 acres (14 hectares) of sand slopes above
Catalan and Sandy bays have been sheeted over to provide a raincatchment area.
7. The water is stored in a number of tanks blasted into the Rock.
8. The rainwater is then blended with water pumped from wells on the isthmus or dis
tilled from the sea. Seawater is supplied for sanitation purposes.
9. Since the 18th century Gibraltar has been a symbol of British naval strength, and it
is commonly known in that context as «the Rock.»
10. Gibraltar is a colony of the United Kingdom and is selfgoverning in all matters but
defence.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
British colony was occupying a narrow peninsula of Spain’s southern Mediterranean
coast, just ___________________________________________________
It is 5 km long and 3/4 mile wide and is connected to _________________________
Its name is derived from _______________________________________________
The colony’s total area _______________________________________________
223
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Gibraltar is a heavily fortified British air and naval base that guards the Strait of
Gibraltar, which ___________________________________________________
Gibraltar has no springs or rivers, and 34 acres (14 hectares) of sand slopes above
Catalan and Sandy bays have been sheeted over _______________________________
The water is stored in _________________________________________________
The rainwater is then blended with water pumped from ________________________
Seawater is supplied for ______________________________________________
Since the 18th century Gibraltar has been a symbol of British naval strength, and
___________________________________________________
Gibraltar is a colony of the United Kingdom and ___________________________
Третий уровень
1. British colony was occupying a narrow peninsula of Spain’s southern Mediterrane
an coast, just Northeast of the Strait of Gibraltar. It is 3 miles (5 km) long and 3/4
mile wide and is connected to Spain by a low, sandy isthmus that is one mile long.
Its name is derived from the Arabic Jabal Tariq (Mount Tarik), honouring Tariq ibn
Ziyad, who captured the peninsula in AD 711. The colony’s total area is 2.25 square
miles (5.8 square km). Gibraltar is a heavily fortified British air and naval base that
guards the Strait of Gibraltar, which is the only entrance to the Mediterranean Sea
from the Atlantic Ocean.
2. The peninsula consists of a limestone and shale ridge known as the Rock. It rises
abruptly from the isthmus to 1,380 feet (421 m) at Rock Gun, which is its north
ernmost summit. Its greatest height, 1,396 feet (426 m), is attained near its south
ern end. The Rock shelves down to the sea at Europa Point, which faces Ceuta (a
Spanish enclave in Morocco), 20 miles (32 km) to the south across the strait. From
the Mediterranean, Gibraltar appears as a series of sheer, inaccessible cliffs, front
ing the sea on the peninsula’s east coast. The Rock’s slope is more gradual on its
western side and is occupied by tier upon tier of houses that stretch for some 300
feet (90 m) above the old defensive walls. Higher up, limestone cliffs almost isolate
the Upper Rock, which is covered with a tangle of wild trees.
3. Gibraltar has no springs or rivers, and 34 acres (14 hectares) of sand slopes above
Catalan and Sandy bays have been sheeted over to provide a raincatchment area.
The water is stored in a number of tanks blasted into the Rock. The rainwater is then
blended with water pumped from wells on the isthmus or distilled from the sea. Sea
water is supplied for sanitation purposes. Gibraltar has hot, humid, and almost rain
less summers; mild winters during which there is usually adequate rain; and warm,
moderately rainy transitional seasons.
4. There are more than 500 species of small flowering plants on Gibraltar, and the Gi
braltar candytuft is a flower native only to the Rock. Wild olive and pine trees grow on
the Upper Rock. Mammals include rabbit, fox, and Barbary ape. The only wild mon
keys in Europe, the Barbary apes have roamed the Rock for hundreds of years and were
long a symbol of the British presence in Gibraltar. Although free to wander at will, they
are generally to be seen on the Upper Rock. Migratory birds are common, and Gibral
tar is the home of the only specimens of Barbary partridge in Europe.
5. Gibraltar is considered to have been one of the two Pillars of Hercules, the other
being Mount Hacho, on the African coast opposite. The Pillars defined the western
limits of navigation for the ancient Mediterranean world. Since the 18th century
Gibraltar has been a symbol of British naval strength, and it is commonly known in
that context as «the Rock.» With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Gibraltar
increased in strategic importance, and its position as a provisioning port was great
224
Тема 3. Основной курс
ly enhanced. Since World War II the British military garrison and naval dockyard
have continued to be an important part of Gibraltar’s economy, and naval opera
tions of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) often use the port facili
ties.
6. Gibraltar is a colony of the United Kingdom and is selfgoverning in all matters but
defence. In 1981 Gibraltarians were granted full British citizenship; Gibraltarians
of both sexes over 18 years of age and British civilians resident for more than six
months are entitled to vote. The governor, appointed by the British sovereign, is the
head of the executive and is advised by the Gibraltar Council. The governor appoints
the Council of Ministers, composed of the chief minister and up to eight other min
isters, from the party or coalition of parties that gains a majority of seats in the House
of Assembly. The House of Assembly consists of the speaker (appointed by the gov
ernor), 15 members elected to fouryear terms, and 2 exofficio members. Instead
of a city council, one minister is responsible for municipal affairs.
7. Because of lack of space on the peninsula, there is no agriculture. There is a small
amount of light industry — tobacco, beverages, canning — but the main sources of in
come are the provisioning of ships and military personnel, tourism, and the reexport
trade. Largescale expansion of hotel and beach facilities has been undertaken to stim
ulate tourism. The port facilities occupy most of the western shore and a portion of land
reclaimed from the sea. Income and customs taxes produce most of the colony’s reve
nue. The United Kingdom supplies a significant amount of development aid. Principal
expenditures include social services, public works, and municipal services. Gibraltar
joined the European Economic Community with the United Kingdom in 1973.
8. Passenger and cargo vessels stop at Gibraltar’s port, and a car ferry crosses daily to
Tangier. There are regular flights linking Gibraltar to London and Tangier. The pe
ninsula has a road system and a system of tunnels within the Rock for vehicular traf
fic. A cable car ascends to the central summit of the ridge.
9. Twothirds of the population are Gibraltarians—those born in Gibraltar before 1925
and their descendants. About onefifth are resident aliens, and the remainder is the
families of British military personnel. Only Gibraltarians have the right to live in
the colony. All others must obtain residence permits. Most Gibraltarians are of
mixed Genoese, British, Spanish, Maltese, and Portuguese decent. The alien com
munity includes Indian shopkeepers and their families and workers from Morocco.
10. The majority of the population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. The Angli
can bishopric also covers communities in southern Europe. The small Jewish com
munity is of Sephardic descent. Spanish is the language of most homes, although
most Gibraltarians are bilingual in English and Spanish.
11. Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 15. Educational facili
ties include several government primary schools and two comprehensive secondary
schools. There are also private and military institutions, a school for handicapped
children, and a technical college.
12. Excavations of limestone caves in the Rock have revealed that Gibraltar was spo
radically inhabited from prehistoric times. The Muslim commander Tariq ibn Ziy
ad captured Gibraltar in AD 711, and the site was thereafter held as a fortress by all
its successive occupiers. The Muslim occupation was permanently ended by the
Spanish in 1462, and Isabella I annexed Gibraltar to Spain in 1501. But in 1704,
during the War of the Spanish Succession, Sir George Rooke captured Gibraltar for
the British, and Spain formally ceded it to Britain under the terms of the Treaty of
Utrecht in 1713. The Spanish nevertheless made several attempts to retake Gibral
tar from Britain, most notably in a protracted but unsuccessful military siege that
225
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
lasted from 1779 to 1783. In 1830 Gibraltar became a British crown colony. The
opening of the Suez Canal (1869) heightened British determination to keep posses
sion of Gibraltar, since the Mediterranean was now the main route to Britain’s col
onies in East Africa and southern Asia.
13. Early in the 20th century the Rock was tunnelled to facilitate communication be
tween the peninsula’s east and west sides, and the excavated material was used to
reclaim 64 acres (26 hectares) from the sea and thus expand the area of the cramped
settlement. Gibraltar was a vital repair and assembly point for Allied convoys dur
ing the world wars. In the 1960s the Spanish government stepped up its demands
for the «decolonisation» of Gibraltar.
14. A referendum that Britain held in Gibraltar in 1967 gave the colony’s residents a
choice of opting either for Spanish sovereignty or for continued close association
with Britain; the result was an overwhelmingly proBritish vote (12,138 votes to 44).
The new constitution that Britain introduced for Gibraltar in 1969 explicitly reaf
firmed Gibraltar’s link with Britain while also granting it full internal selfgovern
ment. Spain responded by closing its border with Gibraltar, thus depriving the col
ony of its Spanish trade and a labour force of Spanish commuters. Spain lifted its
border blockade in 1985.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
a narrow peninsula – узкий полуостров
the Strait of Gibraltar – пролив Гибралтар
of Spain's southern Mediterranean coast – испанское южное побережье Среди
земного моря
3/4 mile – чтение дробей: первая цифра – количественное числительное, ниж
няя цифра – порядковое. Three fourth mile (заметьте – слово mile находится в един
ственном числе)
the 18th century – восемнадцатое столетие
the Mediterranean Sea – Средиземное море (всегда с определенным артиклем the)
the Atlantic Ocean – Атлантический океан (всегда с определенным артиклем the)
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
British colony
a narrow peninsula
a coast
the Strait of Gibraltar.
sandy isthmus
one mile long
total area
a heavily fortified
air and naval base
the only entrance
the Mediterranean Sea
the Atlantic Ocean.
to provide a raincatchment area
The water
a number of tanks blasted
The rainwater
from the sea
for sanitation purposes
Since the 18th century
a symbol of
naval strength
commonly
a colony
all matters
defence
226
Тема 3. Основной курс
Unit 11. House of Lords
Число имен существительных
Число имен существительных
В английском, как и в русском, языке имена существительные имеют два чис
ла: единственное и множественное.
Образование множественного числа.
босопСолсичеонневтснидЕ
меинелвабирП
sяиначноко
меинелвабирП
seяиначноко
меиненемзИ
лгйовенрок
йонса
)ьнед(yad
)ьщев(gniht
(egats
)ьнепутс
)ссалк(ssalc
)еиналеж(hsiw
)мйюд(hcni
)кищя(xob
)йорег(oreh
)аниволоп(flah
)дорог(ytic
,кеволеч(nam
)аничжум
)конебер(dlihc
)агон(toof
)буз(htoot
syad
sgniht
segats
sessalc
sehsiw
sehcni
sexob
seoreh
sevlah
seitic
nem
)анищнеж(namow
nemow
nerdlihc
teef
et
hte
еонневтсежонМ
олсич
немиУ
,y,f,o
яансалг
еиначемирП
йачулсйищбО
,хыньлетивтсещус
яс
хищюавичнако
,x,hc,hs,ssан
,vанястеянемf
,iанястеянемy
тиотсyдерепилсе
Имена существительные, заимствованные из греческого и латинского языков,
сохраняют свою форму множественного числа.
Единственное число Множественное число
crisis кризис crises
thesis тезис, диссертация theses
index индекс indices
stimulus стимул stimuli
datum данная data
erratum ошибка, опечатка errata
medium среда media
formula формула formulae, formulas
criterion критерий criteria
Проверочные тесты
Оброазуйте множественное число существительных:
1. day (день)
— dayes
— daies
— dayz
— days
2. thing (вещь)
— thinges
— thingies
— things
— thingss
227
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
3. stage (ступень)
— stagies
— stages
— stags
— stagis
4. class (класс)
— clases
— classies
— classes
— class
5. wish (желание)
— wishs
— wishies
— wishes
— wishyes
6. inch (дюйм)
— inchs
— inches
— inchies
— inchees
Правильные ответы.
12345678910
4323323423
7. box (ящик)
— boxs
— bokses
— boxes
— boxs
8. hero (герой)
— heroies
— heros
— heroyes
— heroes
9. half (половина)
— halffes
— halves
— halvs
— halfes
10. city (город)
— cites
— cites
— cities
— citys
Комментарии к тексту.
Палата лордов — верхняя палата парламента Великобритании, в состав кото
рой входят только светские и духовные лорды. Духовные лорды называются пэ
рами. Председатель Палаты лордов лордканцлер. Законодательные полномочия
Палаты лордов ограничены Актами о парламенте (1911 и 1949). Этот средневеко
вый институт поддерживается британской монархией и является ее опорой.
Палата общин — название нижних палат парламентов Великобритании и Ка
нады. В Великобритании нижняя палата являет собой противовес палате лордов.
Палата представителей — название нижних палат парламентов США, Японии,
Бельгии, Колумбии, Австралии, Ямайки и некоторых других стран; в Парагвае и
Новой Зеландии — название однопалатных парламентов. Впервые Палата пред
ставителей была образована в США на основе Конституции 1787 года.
Первый уровень.
House of Lords is part of Britain Parliament. [haVs] [Pv] [lO:dz] [Iz] [pQ:t] [Pv] ['brItn]
['pQ:lqmqnt]
The House of Lords plays an important role in Parliament. [Dq] [haVs] [Pv] [lO:ds]
[pleIz] [xn] [Im'pO:t(q)nt] [rqVl] [In] ['pQ:lqmqnt]
Its most useful functions are the revision of bills of the House of Commons. [Its] [mqVst]
['ju:sf(q)l] ['fANkS(q)ns] [Q:] [Dq] [rI'vIZ(q)n] [Pv] [bIls] [Pv] [Dq] [haVs] [Pv] ['kPmqnz]
House of Lords calls Upper House. [haVs] [Pv] [lO:ds] [kO:lz] ['Apq] [haVs]
It consists of 650 members. [It] ['kPnsIsts] [Pv] [sIks 'hAndrqd] ['fIftI] ['membqz]
It is not an elective body. [It] [Iz] [nPt] [xn] [I'lektIv] ['bPdI]
There are peers, lords. [Deq] [Q:] [pIqz] [lO:dz]
There is hereditary right. [Deq] [Iz] [hI'redIt(q)rI] [raIt]
228
Тема 3. Основной курс
There are Lords «Spiritual and Temporal». [Deq] [Q:] [lO:dz] ['spIrItSVql] [xnd] ['temp(q)rql]
The Life Peerage Act, 1958 created for peers. [Dq] [laIf] ['pI(q)rIdZ] [xkt] ["naIn'ti:n]
['fIftI] [eIt] [krI'eItId] [fL] [pIqz]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. House of Lords is the upper chamber of Great Britain’s bicameral legislature.
2. It emerged as a distinct element of Parliament in the 13th and 14th centuries
3. It presently comprises the following elements: the archbishops, the bishops, all the
dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons.
4. The total number of persons thus qualified to sit in the House of Lords is in excess
of 1,170.
5. The powers of the modern House of Lords are extremely limited.
6. It is necessarily so, since the permanent and substantial majority enjoyed there by
the Conservative Party would otherwise be incompatible with the principles of rep
resentative government.
7. The House of Lords’ powers are defined in the Parliament acts of 1911 and 1949.
8. The House of Lords plays a far more significant role in Parliament than their minor
and merely delaying powers suggest.
9. Their most useful functions are the revision of bills that have not received a suffi
ciently detailed formulation in the House of Commons.
10. Besides the first hearing of noncontroversial bills that are then able, with a mini
mum of debate, to pass through the House of Commons.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
House of Lords is ___________________________________________________
It emerged as a distinct ________________________________________________
It presently comprises the following elements: ______________________________
The total number of persons thus _______________________________________
The powers of the modern House of Lords _________________________________
It is necessarily so, since the permanent and substantial majority enjoyed there by the
Conservative Party would _________________________________________________
The House of Lords’ powers are defined ___________________________________
The House of Lords plays a far more significant role in Parliament than ___________
Their most useful functions are the revision of bills that _______________________
Besides the first hearing of noncontroversial bills that are then able, with ___________
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Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Третий уровень
1. House of Lords is the upper chamber of Great Britain’s bicameral legislature. It
emerged as a distinct element of Parliament in the 13th and 14th centuries and pres
ently comprises the following elements: the archbishops of Canterbury and York,
the bishops of Durham, London, and Winchester, and 21 other bishops holding sees
in England, all the dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons in the hereditary
peerages of England, Scotland, and the rest of the United Kingdom, from January
1980, all life peers and peeresses created under the Life Peerages Act of 1958, and
the judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature (the Court of Appeal and the High
Court of Justice). The last act as Britain’s final court of appeal. The total number
of persons thus qualified to sit in the House of Lords is in excess of 1,170.
2. The powers of the modern House of Lords are extremely limited — necessarily so,
since the permanent and substantial majority enjoyed there by the Conservative Party
would otherwise be incompatible with the principles of representative government.
The House of Lords’ powers are defined in the Parliament acts of 1911 and 1949.
Under the 1911 act, all bills specified by the speaker of the House of Commons as
money bills (involving the raising of revenues) become law one month after being
sent for consideration to the House of Lords, with or without the consent of that
house. All other public bills (except bills to extend the maximum duration of Par
liament) not receiving the approval of the House of Lords become law (under the
1949 act) provided that they are passed by two successive parliamentary sessions and
that a period of one year has elapsed between the bill’s second reading in the first
session and its third reading in the second session.
3. The House of Lords plays a far more significant role in Parliament than their minor
and merely delaying powers suggest. Their most useful functions are the revision of
bills that have not received a sufficiently detailed formulation in the House of Com
mons and the first hearing of noncontroversial bills that are then able, with a mini
mum of debate, to pass through the House of Commons. It is further argued by some
observers that the House of Lords serves a valuable function by providing a nation
al forum of debate free from the constraints of party discipline.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
the archbishops архиепископы
extremely limited – крайне ограничены
noncontroversial bills – controversial спорный, противоречивый bill – законопро
ект, билль, специальное юридическое значение “иск”
the House of Commons – палата общин
the Parliament acts – парламентские акты
the bishops епископы
the Conservative Party – консервативная рартия
marquises маркизы
viscounts – виконты (служители католическое церкви)
barons бароны
House of Lords – палата лордов
Great Britain's bicameral legislature – вританская двухпалатная законодательная
власть (legist правовед)
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