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Тема 3. Основной курс
Первый уровень
In 1810 Napoleon's fortunes were at their zenith, [In] [eI'ti:n] [ten] [nq'pqVlIqnz]
['fO:tS(q)nz] [wE:] [xt] [Deq] ['zenIT]
But he had some failures in Spain and Portugal. [bAt] [hi:] [hxd] [sAm] ['feIljqz] [In]
[speIn] [xnd] ['pO: tjVg(q)l]
This time it was Napoleon's marriage to MarieLouise. [DIs] [taIm] [It] [wPz]
[nq'pqVlIqnz] ['mxrIdZ] [tH] ['mQ:rI] [lu:'i:z]
The political map of Europe was now greatly simplified. [Dq] [pq'lItIk(q)l] [mxp] [Pv]
['jV(q)rqp] [wPz] [naV] ['greItlI] ['sImplIfaId]
It had been complicated before 1796. [It] [hxd] [bi(:)n] ['kPmplIkeItId] [bI'fO:]
["sev(q)n'ti:n] ['naIntI] [sIks]
The frontiers coincided with nationalities. [Dq] ['frAntIqz] ["kqVIn'saIdId] [wID]
["nxSq'nxlItIz]
He prepared the ground for German unification. [hi:] [prI'peqd] [Dq] [graVnd] [fL]
['dZE:mqn] ["ju:nIfI'keIS(q)n]
He prepared Italian unification too. [hi:] [prI'peqd] [I'txlIqn] ["ju:nIfI'keIS(q)n] [tH]
There was the grouth of National feeling in Europe. [Deq] [wPz] [Dq] [graVT] [Pv]
['nxS(q)nql] ['fi:lIN] [In] ['jV(q)rqp]
And it was the first rise or the resistance against French domination. [xnd] [It] [wPz]
[Dq] [fE:st] [raIz] [O:] [Dq] [rI'zIstqns] [q'ge(I)nst] [frentS] ["dPmI'neIS(q)n]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. In 1810 Napoleon’s fortunes were at their zenith, despite some failures in Spain and
Portugal.
2. He repudiated Josephine, who had not given him a child, so that he could marry
MarieLouise, daughter of the Austrian emperor Francis I.
3. The political map of Europe was now greatly simplified.
4. It had been so complicated before 1796.
5. Yet the frontiers did not coincide either with geographical features or with «nationalities.»
6. Napoleon may later have said that he was in power this time.
7. Napoleon was interested in realising German and Italian unity.
8. He prepared the ground for German and Italian unification.
9. National feeling in Europe in turn gave rise to the first resistance against French
domination.
10. But French ideas and contact with Frenchmen were propagating institutions like
the Revolution and nationalism.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
281
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
B.
In 1810 Napoleon’s fortunes were at their zenith, despite _____________________
He repudiated Josephine, who had not given him a child, so that he _____________
The political map of Europe was _________________________________________
It had been so complicated _____________________________________________
Yet the frontiers did not coincide either with ________________________________
Napoleon may later have said that _______________________________________
Napoleon was interested in _____________________________________________
He prepared the ground for _____________________________________________
National feeling in Europe in turn gave rise to _______________________________
But French ideas and contact with Frenchmen were propagating institutions like
___________________________________________________
Третий уровень
1. In 1810 Napoleon’s fortunes were at their zenith, despite some failures in Spain and
Portugal. He considered himself Charlemagne’s heir. He repudiated Josephine, who had
not given him a child, so that he could marry MarieLouise, daughter of the Austrian
emperor Francis I. The birth of a son, the king of Rome, in March 1811 seemed to as
sure the future of his empire — now at its greatest extent, including not only the Illyri
an Provinces but also Etruria (Tuscany), some of the Papal States, Holland, and the
German states bordering the North Sea. The empire was surrounded by a ring of vassal
states ruled over by the Emperor’s relatives: the Kingdom of Westphalia (Jerome Bo
naparte); the Kingdom of Spain (Joseph Bonaparte); the Kingdom of Italy (with Eugиne
de Beauharnais, Josephine’s son, as viceroy); the Kingdom of Naples (Joachim Murat,
Napoleon’s brotherinlaw); and the Principality of Lucca and Piombino (Felix Bac
ciochi, another brotherinlaw). Finally, other territories were closely bound to the em
pire by treaties: the Swiss Confederation (of which Napoleon was the mediator), the
Confederation of the Rhine, and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Even Austria seemed
bound to France by Napoleon’s marriage to MarieLouise.
2. The political map of Europe, which had been so complicated before 1796, was now
greatly simplified. Yet the frontiers did not coincide either with geographical features
or with «nationalities.» Whatever he may later have said, Napoleon, while he was in
power, was not interested in realising either German or Italian unity. Yet by reducing
the number of states, by pushing the frontiers about, by amalgamating populations, and
by propagating institutions like those that the Revolution and nationalism had created
in France, he prepared the ground for German and Italian unification. National feel
ing in Europe, stirred by French ideas and by contact with Frenchmen, in turn gave
rise to the first resistance against French domination. From 1809 onward Spanish guer
rillas, supported by British troops, were harassing the French, and the national Cortes,
convened at Cadiz by the insurrectionaries, in 1812, promulgated a constitution inspired
by the ideas of the French Revolution of 1789 and by British institutions.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Despite вопреки
was interested in – to be interested in – интересоваться чем либо
Josephine Жозефина
MarieLouise – МарияЛуиза
282
Тема 3. Основной курс
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
at their zenith
despite
some failures
The political map of
greatly
so complicated
before
the frontiers
geographical features
to be in power
this time
to be interested in
the ground for
unification
to the first resistance
against domination
propagating institutions
the Revolution
nationalism
Unit 23. Disaster in Russia and its aftermath
Показатели имен существительных
Показатели имен существительных
Показатели имен существительных — это слова, которые могут стоять перед
именами существительными и тем самым отличать других частей речи. Знать по
казатели имен существительных важно для перевода, т.к в английском языке одно
и то же слово может быть, без изменения формы, и существительным, и прилага
тельным и глаголом, например,
change — изменять(ся), изменение
show — показывать, выставка
К показателям имен существительных относятся:
1. Артикли ( а, an, the ), например,
There is a book on the table.
На столе лежит книга.
2. Притяжательные местоимения (mу, his, her, its, our, your, their), например,
His work is simple. Его работа — проста.
3. Указательные местоимения (this, these, that, those ), например,
This man is rather tall. Этот человек довольно высокий.
4. Неопределенные местоимения ( some, any, no у every, all, each, other, both ) ,
например,
They gаve no definite answer. Они не дали (никакого) определенного ответа
5. Вопроситвльнне и относительные местоимения ( whose, which, what), например,
We invited the professor whose works are well known. Мы пригласили профессо
ра, труды которого (чьи труды) хорошо известны.
6. Употребление одного из названных показателей исключает употребление
других.
7. Предлоги также являются показателями имен существительных, например
The work was made by this man.
Работа была выполнена этим человеком.
Проверочные тесты
Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова и их показатели:
1. Since the Congress of Erfurt, the Russian emperor had shown himself less and less
inclined to deal with Napoleon as a trusted partner.
— существительное
283
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
2. In the spring of 1812, therefore, Napoleon massed his forces in Poland to intimi
date Alexander.
— существительное
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
3. After some last attempts at agreement, in late June his Grande Armee — about
453,000 men, including contingents extorted from Prussia and from Austria — be
gan to cross the Niemen River.
— существительное
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
4. The Russians retreated, adopting a «scorched earth» policy. Napoleon’s army did
not reach the approaches to Moscow until the beginning of September.
— существительное
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
5. The Russian commander in chief, Mikhail Kutuzov, engaged it at Borodino on Sep
tember 7.
— существительное
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
6. The fight was savage, bloody, and indecisive, but a week later Napoleon entered Mos
cow, which the Russians had abandoned.
— существительное
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
7. On that same day, a huge fire broke out, destroying the greater part of the town.
— существительное
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
8. Withdrawal was necessary, and the premature onset of winter made it disastrous.
— существительное
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
9. After the difficult crossing of the Berezina River in November, fewer than 10,000
men fit for combat remained with Napoleon’s main force.
— существительное
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
284
Тема 3. Основной курс
10. This catastrophe heartened all the peoples of Europe to defy Napoleon.
— существительное
— прилагательное
— инфинитив
— местоимение
Правильные ответы
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3111111211
Комментарии к тексту
Крупнейшее поражение Наполеон потерпел в России. Хотя русским пришлось
оставить Москву и принести ее в жертву победе, русская армия освободила не
только Россию, но и принесла освобождение всем европейским государствам.
Первый уровень
Russia company started in1812. ['rASq] ['kAmpqnI] [stQ:tId] [In] [eI'ti:n] [twelv]
Napoleon led his Grand Armee into Russia. [nq'pqVlIqn] [led] [hIz] [grxnd] [Q:'mi:]
['Intu:] ['rASq]
Commander in chief Kutuzov finished his company at the south. [kq'mQ:ndq] [In]
[tSi:f] [kutuzOv] ['fInISt] [hIz] ['kAmpqnI] [xt] [Dq] [saVT]
In the spring of 1812 Napoleon massed his forces in Poland. [In] [Dq] [sprIN] [Pv]
[eI'ti:n] [twelv] [nq'pqVlIqn] [mxst] [hIz] [fO:sIs] [In] ['pqVlqnd]
Poland was the part of Russia. ['pqVlqnd] [wPz] [Dq] [pQ:t] [Pv] ['rASq]
Napoleon intimidated Alexander I. [nq'pqVlIqn] [In'tImIdeItId] ["xlIg'zxndq] [Dq][fWst]
Kutuzov became commander in chief of Russian force again. [kutuzPv] [bI'keIm]
[kq'mQ:ndq] [In] [tSi:f] [Pv] ['rAS(q)n] [fO:s] [q'ge(I)n]
Mikhail Kutuzov gave the battle at Borodino on September 7. [mIhAIl] [kutuzPv] [geIv]
[Dq] ['bxtl] [xt] [bOrOdInO] [Pn] [sep'tembq] ['sev(q)n]
But a week later Napoleon entered Moscow. [bAt] [q] [wi:k] ['leItq] [nq'pqVlIqn]
['entqd] ['mPskqV]
Despite the Russians won this war. [dIs'paIt] [Dq] ['rAS(q)nz] [wAn] [DIs] [wO:]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. Grande Armee began to cross the Niemen River in the spring of 1812.
2. The Russian commander in chief, Mikhail Kutuzov, engaged it at Borodino on Sep
tember 7.
3. The fight was savage, bloody, and indecisive.
4. A week later Napoleon entered Moscow, which the Russians had abandoned.
5. Withdrawal was necessary.
6. The premature onset of winter made it disastrous.
7. After the difficult crossing of the Berezina River in November, fewer than 10,000
men fit for combat remained with Napoleon’s main force.
8. That defeat degenerated fast into collapse.
9. In Paris a malcontent general nearly succeeded in carrying out a coup d’etat after
announcing, on October 23, 1812, that Napoleon had died in Russia.
10. Russian troops came to Paris.
285
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Grande Armee began to _______________________________________________
The Russian commander in chief, Mikhail Kutuzov, engaged ___________________
The fight was ___________________________________________________
A week later Napoleon entered __________________________________________
Withdrawal was ___________________________________________________
The premature onset of ________________________________________________
After the difficult crossing of the Berezina River in November, fewer than
___________________________________________________
That defeat degenerated _______________________________________________
In Paris a malcontent general nearly succeeded in carrying out a coup d’etat after
___________________________________________________
Russian troops ___________________________________________________
Третий уровень
1. Since the Congress of Erfurt, the Russian emperor had shown himself less and less in
clined to deal with Napoleon as a trusted partner. In the spring of 1812, therefore, Na
poleon massed his forces in Poland to intimidate Alexander. After some last attempts
at agreement, in late June his Grande Armee — about 453,000 men, including contin
gents extorted from Prussia and from Austria — began to cross the Niemen River. The
Russians retreated, adopting a «scorched earth» policy. Napoleon’s army did not reach
the approaches to Moscow until the beginning of September. The Russian commander
in chief, Mikhail Kutuzov, engaged it at Borodino on September 7. The fight was sav
age, bloody, and indecisive, but a week later Napoleon entered Moscow, which the Rus
sians had abandoned. On that same day, a huge fire broke out, destroying the greater
part of the town. Moreover, Alexander unexpectedly refused to treat with Napoleon.
2. Withdrawal was necessary, and the premature onset of winter made it disastrous.
After the difficult crossing of the Berezina River in November, fewer than 10,000
men fit for combat remained with Napoleon’s main force.
3. This catastrophe heartened all the peoples of Europe to defy Napoleon. In Germa
ny the news unleashed an outbreak of antiFrench demonstrations. The Prussian
contingents deserted the Grande Armee in December and turned against the French.
The Austrians also withdrew their troops and adopted an increasingly hostile atti
tude, and in Italy the people began to turn their backs on Napoleon.
4. Even in France, signs of discontent with the regime were becoming more frequent.
In Paris a malcontent general nearly succeeded in carrying out a coup d’etat after
announcing, on October 23, 1812, that Napoleon had died in Russia. This incident
was a major factor in Napoleon’s decision to hasten back to France ahead of the
Grande Armee. Arriving in Paris on December 18, he proceeded to stiffen the dic
tatorship, to raise money by various expedients, and to levy new troops.
5. Thus, in 1813 the forces arrayed against France were no longer armies of mercenaries
286
Тема 3. Основной курс
but were those of nations fighting for their freedom as the French had fought for theirs
in 1792 and 1793; and the French themselves, for all their courage, had lost their former
enthusiasm. The Emperor’s ideal of conquest was no longer that of the nation.
6. In May 1813 Napoleon won some successes against the Russians and Prussians at
the battles of Leptzen and Bautzen, but his decimated army needed reinforcements.
The armed mediation of Austria induced Napoleon to agree to an armistice, during
which a congress was held at Prague. There, Austria proposed very favourable con
ditions: the French Empire was to return to its natural limits; the Grand Duchy of
Warsaw and the Confederation of the Rhine were to be dissolved; and Prussia was
to return to its frontiers of 1805. Napoleon made the mistake of hesitating too long.
The congress closed on August 10 before his reply arrived, and Austria declared war.
7. The French were even worse off than in the spring. The allies were gaining new
troops every day, as one German contingent after another left Napoleon to go over
to the other side. The greatest debacle since Napoleon came to power was the Bat
tle of Leipzig, or «Battle of the Nations» (October 1619, 1813), in which the Grande
Armee was torn to shreds. That defeat degenerated fast into collapse. The French
armies in Spain, forced to retreat, had been defeated in June; and by October the
British were attacking their defences north of the Pyrenees. In Italy the Austrians
took the offensive, crossed the Adige River, and occupied Romagna.
8. Murat, now openly a traitor to the Emperor who had made him king of Naples, en
tered into negotiations with the Viennese court. The Dutch and the Belgians dem
onstrated against Napoleon.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Grande Armee – (фр.) Великая армия Наполеона
the Niemen River – (с определенным артиклем) река Неман
commander in chief главнокомандующий
10,000 men
Withdrawal разоружать
a coup d'etat (фр.) – государственный переворот
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Grande Armee
to cross
the Niemen River
in the spring of
The Russian
commander in chief
bloody
indecisive
A week later
the Russians
Withdrawal
necessary
The premature onset of
After the difficult crossing of
That defeat
into collapse
Russian troops
287
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Unit 24. Downfall and abdication
Род имен существительных
Род имен существительных
В русском языке принадлежность имени существительного к мужскому, жен
скому или среднему роду определяется по окончанию, например, высота, ско
рость — имена существительные женского рода.
В английском языке имена существительные делятся на одушевленные и нео
душевленные. Неодушевленные имена существительные имеют средний род, а
одушевленные причисляются соответственно к мужскому или женскому роду.
A woman —женщина; a girl — девочка; an actress— актриса — имена существи
тельные женского рода
Man — мужчина; bоу — мальчик — имена существительные мужского рода.
A tablе — стол; a window — окно; a dog — собака — имена существительные
среднего рода.
Проверочные тесты
Определите, какого рода являются выделенные существительные:
1. As president of the provisional government, Talleyrand proclaimed the deposition
of the Emperor and, without consulting the French people, began to negotiate with
Louis XVIII, the brother of the executed Louis XVI.
— мужской
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
2. In January 1814 France was being attacked on all its frontiers.
— мужской
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
3. The allies cleverly announced that they were fighting not against the French people
but against Napoleon alone, since in November 1813 he had rejected the terms of
fered by the Austrian foreign minister Metternich, which would have preserved the
natural frontiers of France.
— мужской
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
4. The extraordinary strategic feats achieved by the Emperor during the first three
months of 1814 with the army of young conscripts were not enough; he could nei
ther defeat the allies, with their overwhelming numerical superiority, nor arouse the
majority of French people from their resentful torpor.
— мужской
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
5. As president of the provisional government, Talleyrand proclaimed the deposition
of the Emperor and, without consulting the French people, began to negotiate with
Louis XVIII, the brother of the executed Louis XVI.
— мужской
288
Тема 3. Основной курс
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
6. The Legislative Assembly and the Senate, formerly so docile, were now asking for
peace and for civil and political liberties.
— мужской
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
7. As president of the provisional government, Talleyrand proclaimed the deposition
of the Emperor and, without consulting the French people, began to negotiate with
Louis XVIII, the brother of the executed Louis XVI.
— мужской
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
8. By the Treaty of Chaumont of March 1814, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Brit
ain bound themselves together for 20 years, undertook not to negotiate separately,
and promised to continue the struggle until Napoleon was overthrown.
— мужской
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
9. When the allied armies arrived before Paris on March 30, Napoleon had moved east
to attack their rear guard.
— мужской
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
10. The Parisian authorities, no longer overawed by the Emperor, lost no time in treat
ing with the allies.
— мужской
— женский
— средний
— это не существительное
Правильные ответы
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1311131313
Комментарии к тексту.
Окончательно Франция капитулировала в 1914 году. Бывший министр иност
ранных дел Наполеона Талейран предал своего императора и начал переговоры о
реставрации монархии во Франции.
Первый уровень
In January 1814 France was being attacked on all its frontiers. [In] ['dZxnjV(q)rI]
[eI'ti:n] ["fO:'ti:n] [frQ:ns] [wPz] ['bi:IN] [q'txkt] [Pn] [O:l] [Its] ['frAntIqz]
Russian troops came into Paris. ['rAS(q)n] [tru:ps] [keIm] ['Intu:] ['pxrIs]
French people began to negotiate with Louis XVIII. [frentS] ['pi:p(q)l] [bI'gxn] [tH]
[nI'gqVSIeIt] [wID] ['lu(:)Is] [eI'ti:nT]
289
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Louis XVIII was the brother of the executed Louis XVI. ['lu(:)Is] [eI'ti:nT] [wPz] [Dq]
['brADq] [Pv] [Dq] ['eksIkju:tId] ['lu(:)Is] [Dq] ["sIk'sti:nT]
Napoleon had only reached Fontainebleau. [nq'pqVlIqn] [hxd] ['qVnlI] [ri:tSt] ["fOnteIn'blOV]
He heard that Paris had capitulated. [hi:] [hE:d] [Dxt] ['pxrIs] [hxd] [kq'pItjVleItId]
Further resistance was useless. ['fE:Dq] [rI'zIstqns] [wPz] ['ju:slIs]
He finally abdicated on April 6. [hi:] ['faInqlI] ['xbdIkeItIt] [Pn] ['eIprql] [sIks]
By the Treaty of Fontainebleau he was granted by the island of Elba. [baI] [Dq] ['tri:tI]
[Pv] ["fOnteIn'blOV] [hi:] [wPz] ['grQ:ntId] [baI] [DI] ['aIlqnd] [Pv] ['elbq]
Also he retained the title of emperor. ['O:lsqV] [hi:] [rI'teInd] [Dq] ['taItl] [Pv] ['emp(q)rq]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. In January 1814 France was being attacked on all its frontiers.
2. Napoleon was complete defeated.
3. As president of the provisional government, Talleyrand proclaimed the deposition
of the Emperor.
4. He, without consulting the French people, began to negotiate with Louis XVIII,
the brother of the executed Louis XVI.
5. Napoleon had only reached Fontainebleau when he heard that Paris had capitulated.
6. Persuaded that further resistance was useless, he finally abdicated on April 6.
7. By the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the allies granted him the island of Elba as a sover
eign principality with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs to be provided by France
and a guard of 400 volunteers.
8. He retained the title of emperor.
9. After unsuccessfully trying to poison himself, Napoleon spoke his farewell to his «Old
Guard».
10. Then he arrived at Elba on May 4.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
In January 1814 France was ___________________________________________
As president of the provisional government, Talleyrand proclaimed _______________
He(Napoleon), without consulting the French people, began to _________________
Napoleon had only reached Fontainebleau when he _________________________
Persuaded that further resistance was useless, he _____________________________
By the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the allies granted him the island of Elba as a sovereign
principality with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs to _________________________
He retained _______________________________________________________
After unsuccessfully trying to poison himself, Napoleon spoke _________________
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