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Тема 3. Основной курс
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
House of Lords
the upper chamber
bicameral legislature
a distinct element
Parliament
presently
the following elements
the archbishops
the bishops
the dukes
marquises
earls
viscounts
barons
The total number of persons
The powers
the modern House of Lords
extremely
It is necessarily
Since
the permanent and substantial majority
the Conservative Party
the principles of
representative government
the Parliament acts
a far more significant role
minor and merely delaying powers
Their most useful functions
the revision of bills
a sufficiently detailed formulation
Besides
the first hearing
noncontroversial bills
a minimum of debate
to pass through
Unit 12. Impeachment
Имя прилагательное
Имя прилагательное — это часть речи, которая обозначает признак предмета, его
качество или свойство.
Принадлежность слова к категории имен прилагательных определяется в ос
новном по суффиксам.
Имя прилагательное в английском языке не изменяется ни по числам, ни по
лицам, ни по родам, ни по падежам, а только по степеням сравнения.
Степени сравнения образуются при помощи суффиксов — ег, — est, наречий
more, most или от других корней.
Имя прилагательное в предложении выполняет функций определения (левого
и правого), именной части составного сказуемого и обстоятельства (после союзов
if, when, though, although и др.)
Проверочные тесты
Чем в предложении являются выделенные слова:
1. In England impeachment originated in the 14
initiating criminal proceedings based on «clamour,» or outcry.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
2. The Good Parliament of 1376 produced the first recognised cases of impeachment,
the most important being that of William, 4
associated with the government of Edward III.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
231
th
century, when it became a means of
th
Baron Latimer, who had been closely
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
3. Subsequent subjects of impeachment have often been political figures, usually royal
ministers.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
4. Latimer’s case also marks the point at which impeachment became not merely a
means of initiating criminal proceedings but also a method of trial.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
5. After the mid—15
th
century, impeachment fell out of use until the 17th century, when
it was revived as a means by which Parliament could get rid of unpopular ministers.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
6. From 1621 until 1679, many of the chief officers of the crown were brought down
or at least jeopardised by this powerful parliamentary weapon.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
7. In the last case it was decided that the king’s power to pardon could not stop an
impeachment against his minister.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
8. The most famous case of impeachment in the United States was that against An
drew Johnson, who remains the only president ever impeached.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
9. Johnson was acquitted by a margin of a single vote.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
10. In 1974 the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives voted three arti
cles of impeachment against President Richard M. Nixon.
— согласованное определение
— именная часть составного сказуемого
— обстоятельство
— несогласованное определение
232
Тема 3. Основной курс
Правильные ответы.
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Комментарии к тексту
Импичмент — в ряде стран — процедура привлечения к суду парламента выс
ших должностных лиц государства. В России первая процедура импичмента про
ходила почти одновременно с импичментом в США. Против Б.Н.Ельцина выд
вигались следующие обвинения: война в Чечне, геноцид русского народа и рас
стрел парламента, а также незаконный развал СССР. Б.Клинтон обвинялся во лжи
под присягой. Оба импичмента не были доведены парламентами до реализации.
Первый уровень
Impeachment is notion of common law. [Im'pi:tSmqnt] [Iz] ['nqVS(q)n] [Pv] ['kPmqn] [lO:]
It is a criminal proceeding. [It] [Iz] [q] ['krImIn(q)l] [prq'si:dIN]
This instituted against a public official. [DIs] ['InstItju:tid] [q'ge(I)nst] [q] ['pAblIk] [q'fIS(q)l]
It instituted by a legislative body. [It] ['InstItju:tid] [baI] [q] ['ledZIslqtIv] ['bPdI]
In Great Britain the House of Commons can start an impeachment proceeding. [In]
[greIt] ['brItn] [Dq] [haVs] [Pv] ['kPmqnz] [kxn] [stQ:t] [qn] [Im'pi:tSmqnt] [prq'si:dIN]
In the United States this proceeding can start too. [In] [DI] [ju:'naItId] [steIts] [DIs]
[prq'si:dIN] [kxn] [stQ:t] [tu:]
In the United States the impeachment process has been employed. [In] [DI] [ju:'naItId]
[steIts] [DI] [Im'pi:tSmqnt] ['prqVsqs] [hxz] [bi(:)n] [Im'plOId]
It is very cumbersome. [It] [Iz] ['verI] ['kAmbqs(q)m]
In 1974 the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives voted three articles
of impeachment against President Richard M. Nixon. [In] ["naIn'ti:n] ['sev(q)ntI] [fO:]
[Dq] [dZu:'dIS(q)rI] [kq'mItI] [Pv] [Dq] [haVs] [Pv] ["reprI'zentqtIvz] [vqVtId] [Tri:]
['Q:tIk(q)lz] [Pv] [Im'pi:tSmqnt] [q'ge(I)nst] ['prezId(q)nt] ['rItSqd] [em] [nIksqn]
Later President B.Klinton took part in the proceeding of his impeachment. ['leItq]
['prezId(q)nt] [bi:] [klIntqn] [tVk] [pQ:t] [In] [Dq] [prq'si:dIN] [Pv] [hIz] [Im'pi:tSmqnt]
Второй уровень
1. Impeachment, in common law, a criminal proceeding instituted against a public of
ficial by a legislative body.
2. In Great Britain the House of Commons serves as prosecutor and the House of
Lords as judge in an impeachment proceeding.
3. In the federal government of the United States the House of Representatives insti
tutes the impeachment proceedings, and the Senate acts as judge.
4. The use of impeachment gradually waned as the 18
cause it proved too blunt a political instrument by which to attack the king’s ministers.
5. In the United States the impeachment process has rarely been employed, largely
because it is so cumbersome.
6. An impeachment trial occupies the entire Senate for anywhere from 16 days to 6
weeks, fills thousands of pages of testimony, and involves conflicting and trouble
some political pressures.
7. Repeated attempts in the U.S. Congress to amend the procedure.
8. However, they have been unsuccessful, partly because impeachment is regarded as
an integral part of the system of checks and balances in the U.S. government.
9. The most famous case of impeachment in the United States was that against An
drew Johnson.
233
th
century progressed, mainly be
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
10. He remains the only president ever impeached.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Impeachment, in common law, a criminal proceeding instituted _________________
In Great Britain the House of Commons serves as prosecutor and _______________
In the federal government of the United States the House of Representatives institutes
the ___________________________________________________
The use of impeachment gradually waned as the 18
because it proved too ___________________________________________________
In the United States the impeachment process has rarely been employed, largely
because ___________________________________________________
An impeachment trial occupies the entire Senate for anywhere from 16 days to 6 weeks,
fills thousands of pages of testimony, and _____________________________________
Repeated attempts in _________________________________________________
However, they have been unsuccessful, partly because impeachment is regarded as an
integral part of ___________________________________________________
The most famous case of impeachment in _________________________________
He remains the ___________________________________________________
th
century progressed, mainly
Третий уровень
1. Impeachment, in common law, a criminal proceeding instituted against a public offi
cial by a legislative body. In Great Britain the House of Commons serves as prosecutor
and the House of Lords as judge in an impeachment proceeding. In the federal govern
ment of the United States the House of Representatives institutes the impeachment pro
ceedings, and the Senate acts as judge. In Great Britain conviction on an impeachment
has resulted in fine and imprisonment, and even in execution, whereas in the United
States the penalties extend no further than removal and disqualification from office.
2. In England impeachment originated in the 14
initiating criminal proceedings based on «clamour,» or outcry. The Good Parlia
ment of 1376 produced the first recognised cases of impeachment, the most impor
tant being that of William, 4
th
Baron Latimer, who had been closely associated with
the government of Edward III. Subsequent subjects of impeachment have often been
political figures, usually royal ministers. Latimer’s case also marks the point at which
impeachment became not merely a means of initiating criminal proceedings but also
a method of trial.
3. After the mid15
th
century, impeachment fell out of use until the 17th century, when
it was revived as a means by which Parliament could get rid of unpopular ministers,
usually court favourites protected by the king. From 1621 until 1679, many of the
chief officers of the crown were brought down or at least jeopardised by this power
ful parliamentary weapon, among them the Duke of Buckingham (1626), the Earl
of Strafford (1640), Archbishop William Laud (1642), the Earl of Clarendon (1667),
234
th
century, when it became a means of
Тема 3. Основной курс
and Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby (1678). In the last case it was decided that the
king’s power to pardon could not stop an impeachment against his minister.
4. The use of impeachment gradually waned as the 18
th
century progressed, mainly
because it proved too blunt a political instrument by which to attack the king’s min
isters. The proceeding’s limitations were clearly evident in the unsuccessful impeach
ment trial (178895) of Warren Hastings. The acceptance of the principle that cab
inet ministers are responsible to Parliament (rather than to the sovereign) in the early
th
19
century made impeachment unnecessary, and the procedure fell into disuse af
ter the unsuccessful trial of Lord Melville in 1806.
5. In the United States the impeachment process has rarely been employed, largely because
it is so cumbersome. An impeachment trial occupies the entire Senate for anywhere from
16 days to 6 weeks, fills thousands of pages of testimony, and involves conflicting and trou
blesome political pressures. Repeated attempts in the U.S. Congress to amend the proce
dure, however, have been unsuccessful, partly because impeachment is regarded as an in
tegral part of the system of checks and balances in the U.S. government. The most famous
case of impeachment in the United States was that against Andrew Johnson, who remains
the only president ever impeached. In 1868 Johnson was charged with attempting to re
move, contrary to statute, the secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton, with inducing a gener
al of the army to violate an act of Congress, and with contempt of Congress. Johnson was
acquitted by a margin of a single vote. In 1974 the Judiciary Committee of the House of
Representatives voted three articles of impeachment against President Richard M. Nixon,
but he resigned before impeachment proceedings in the full House could begin.
6. Every U.S. state except Oregon provides for the removal of executive and judicial
officers by impeachment. Exact procedures vary somewhat from state to state, but
they are all similar to federal impeachment.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
An impeachment trial – суд по процедуре импичмента (отстранения президента
от должности)
the Senate Сенат
an impeachment proceeding процедура импичмента
in the U.S. Congress – Конгресс Соединенных Штатов Америки
criminal proceeding – уголовная процедура
a public official – общественный деятель
a legislative body – законодательный орган
prosecutor – истец, обвинитель (a public prosecutor – прокурор)
judgе – судья
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
common law
a criminal proceeding
against
a public official
a legislative body
as prosecutor
as judge
an impeachment proceeding
the federal government
the Senate
The use of impeachment
gradually
mainly
a political instrument
to attack
the king's ministers
235
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
rarely
largely
so cumbersome
An impeachment trial
the entire Senate
pages of testimony
political pressures
Repeated attempts
the procedure
However
an integral part of
the system of checks and balances
The most famous case
the only president ever impeached
Unit 13. Imperialism
Имя числительное
Имя числительное
Именем числительным называется часть речи, обозначающая количество или
порядок предметов. В связи с этим числительные делятся на количественные (ко
торые отвечают на вопрос «сколько?») и порядковые (которые отвечают на воп
рос «который?»).
Количественные числительные
Числительные от 1 до 12 являются корневыми числительными. От числитель
ных 3 — 9 образуются все остальные количественные и порядковые числительные.
Числительные второго десятка от 13 до 19 образуются прибавлением к корневому
числительному суффикса teen (thirteen, fourteen, fifteen и т.д.). Числительные, обо
значающие десятки, образуются прибавлением к корневым числительным суф
фикса ty (thirty, forty, fifty и т.д.). В числительных 13, 30,15,50,40 (количествен
ных и порядковых) изменяется написание корня. Двухзначные числительные
объединяются дефисом: twentyfour (24), fiftyseven (57). При чтении трехзначных
числительных перед десятками, а если их нет, то перед единицами ставится союз
and: 371 — three hundred and seventyone; 407 — four hundred and seven. В четырех
значных, пятизначных и других многозначных числительных каждые три разряда
отделяются запятой (а не точкой как в русском языке).
Порядковые числительные (кроме 1,2,3) образуются прибавлением суффикса — th.
Бывают также числительные дробные (2/3, 7/6) и собирательные(both — двое).
В предложении имена числительные выполняют в основном функцию опре
деления или именной части составного сказуемого.
Проверочные тесты
Какие числительные приведены в предложении:
1. The tyrannical empire of the Assyrians was replaced (6
of the Persians, in strong contrast to the Assyrian in its liberal treatment of subject
ed peoples, assuring it long duation.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
2. When Greek imperialism reached an apex under Alexander the Great (356—323
BC), a union of the eastern Mediterranean with western Asia was achieved.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
236
th
— 4th century BC) by that
Тема 3. Основной курс
th
3. Between the 15
century and the middle of the 18th , England, France, the Nether
lands, Portugal, and Spain built empires in the Americas, India, and the East In
dies.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
4. The first group contains economic arguments and often turns around the question
of whether or not imperialism pays.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
5. For a decade after World War I the great expectations for a better world inspired by
the League of Nations put the problem of imperialism once more in abeyance.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
6. Then Japan renewed its empire building with an attack in 1931 upon China.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
7. The fourth group of arguments is based on moral grounds, sometimes with strong
missionary implications.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
8. The third group of arguments has to do with strategy and security.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
9. Some states of the Third World have accused the former colonial powers and other
nations of neo—colonialism.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
10. Among the measures for both purposes are collective security arrangements.
— порядковое
— колличественное
— дробное
— разделительное
Правильные ответы.
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1211121114
237
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Комментарии к тексту
Империализм (франц.imperiallsme, англ. imperialism, нем. imperiallsmus, от лат.
imperium — власть, господство) в западной и отечественной литературе — понятия
совершенно разные. В западном понимании — это стадия государства, в которой при
сутствует монархическая власть и ее представитель — император. В отечественной
традиции до сегодняшнего дня действует ленинская концепция понятия «империа
лизм». Империализм — это монополистический капитализм, высшая и последняя
стадия капитализма, канун социалистической революции. Западная концепция им
периализма относит его к началу нашей эры. Отечественная считает, что переход к
империализму произошел на рубеже XIXXX веков, когда капитализм претерпел ка
чественные изменения и в промышленно развитых капиталистических странах сло
жилось господство монополий. Основная заслуга всестороннего теоретического ис
следования новых явлений капитализма принадлежит В.Ленину. Он, путем анализа
множества фактов пришел к выводу, что совокупность новых явлений означает «...пе
реход количества в качество, переход развитого капитализма в империализм». В.Ле
нин определил и пять основных экономических признаков империализма: I) Кон
центрация производства и капитала, дошедшая до такой высокой ступени развития,
что она создала монополии, играющие решающую роль в хозяйственной жизни; 2)
слияние банкового капитала с промышленным и образование, на базе этого финан
сового капитала, финансовой олигархии; 3) преобладание значения вывоза капита
ла над вывозом товаров; 4) раздел мира монополистическими международными со
юзами капиталистов; 5) борьба между «великими державами» за передел уже поде
ленного мира. (В.Ленин «Империализм, как высшая стадия капитализма» 1916) Им
периализм, в отечественной историографии, — это монополистическая стадия капи
тализма, поскольку именно господство монополий составляет его экономическую
сущность. Западная точка зрения изложена ниже на английском языке.
Первый уровень
Imperialism is political and economic control. [Im'pI(q)rIqlIz(q)m] [Iz] [pq'lItIk(q)l]
[xnd] ["ekq'nPmIk] [kPn'trqVl]
Now it has not moral grounds. [naV] [It] [hxz] [nPt] ['mPrql] [graVndz]
Imperialism is excused as the means of liberating peoples from tyrannical rule.
[Im'pI(q)rIqlIz(q)m] [Iz] [Ik'skju:zd] [xz] [Dq] [mi:nz] [Pv] ["lIbq'reIS(q)N] ['pi:plz] [frPm]
[tI'rxnIk(q)l] [ru:l]
It is not a superior way of life. [It] [Iz] [nPt] [q] [s(j)u:'pI(q)rIq] [weI] [Pv] [laIf]
Modern imperialism calls itself the result from a complex of causes. [mPdn]
[Im'pI(q)rIqlIz(q)m] [kO:lz] [It'self] [Dq] [rI'zAlt] [frPm] [q] ['kPmpleks] [Pv] [kO:zIz]
The first is economic pressures. [Dq] [fE:st] [Iz] ["ekq'nPmIk] ['preSqz]
Then it is human aggressiveness and greed. [Den] [It] [Iz] ['hju:mqn] [q'gresIvnIs] [xnd]
[gri:d]
Then there is search for security. [Den] [Deq] [Iz] [sE:tS] [fO:] [sI'kjV(q)rItI]
Other factors are nationalist emotions, humanitarianism. ['ADq] ['fxktqz] [Q:r]
['nxS(q)nqlIst] [I'mqVS(q)nz] [hju:"mxnI'te(q)rIqnIzm]
It is the stimulation of cultural relations between nations. [It] [Iz] [Dq] ["stImjV'leIS(q)n]
[Pv] ['kAltS(q)rql] [rI'leIS(q)nz] [bI'twi:n] ['neIS(q)nz]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
238
Тема 3. Основной курс
Второй уровень
1. Imperialism, state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion,
especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic con
trol of other areas.
2. It always involves the use of power, whether military force or some subtler form,
imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible.
3. This term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and dis
credit an opponent’s foreign policy.
4. Imperialism in ancient times is clear in the history of China and in the history of
western Asia and the Mediterranean — an unending succession of empires.
5. This idea of empire as a unifying force was never again realised after the fall of Rome.
6. The nations arising from the ashes of the Roman Empire in Europe, and in Asia on
the common basis of Islamic civilisation, pursued their individual imperialist policies.
7. Imperialism became a divisive force among the peoples of the world.
8. Imperialism results from a complex of causes in which in varying degrees economic pres
sures, human aggressiveness and greed, search for security, drive for power and pres
tige, nationalist emotions, humanitarianism, and many other factors are effective.
9. This mixture of motivations makes it difficult to eliminate imperialism but also easy
for states considering themselves potential victims to suspect it in policies not in
tended to be imperialistic.
10. Some states of the Third World have accused the former colonial powers and other
nations of neocolonialism.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Imperialism, state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion,
especially by ___________________________________________________
It always involves the use of power, whether military force or some subtler form,
imperialism has ___________________________________________________
This term is frequently employed in international propaganda to _________________
Imperialism in ancient times is clear in the history of China and in _______________
This idea of empire as a unifying force was never again realised after _____________
The nations arising from the ashes of the Roman Empire in Europe, and in Asia on
the common basis of ___________________________________________________
Imperialism became a _________________________________________________
Imperialism results from a complex of causes in which in varying degrees economic
pressures, human aggressiveness and greed, search for security, drive for ______________
This mixture of motivations makes it difficult to eliminate imperialism but
___________________________________________________
Some states of the Third World have accused the ____________________________
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Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Третий уровень
1. Imperialism, state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion,
especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic con
trol of other areas. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military
force or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally repre
hensible and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to de
nounce and discredit an opponent’s foreign policy.
2. Imperialism in ancient times is clear in the history of China and in the history of western
Asia and the Mediterranean — an unending succession of empires. The tyrannical em
pire of the Assyrians was replaced (6
contrast to the Assyrian in its liberal treatment of subjected peoples, assuring it long du
ration. It eventually gave way to the imperialism of Greece. When Greek imperialism
reached an apex under Alexander the Great (356323 BC), a union of the eastern Medi
terranean with western Asia was achieved. But the cosmopolites, in which all citizens of
the world would live harmoniously together in equality, remained a dream of Alexander.
It was partially realised when the Romans built their empire from Britain to Egypt.
3. This idea of empire as a unifying force was never again realised after the fall of Rome.
The nations arising from the ashes of the Roman Empire in Europe, and in Asia on
the common basis of Islamic civilisation, pursued their individual imperialist poli
cies. Imperialism became a divisive force among the peoples of the world.
4. Three periods in the modern era witnessed the creation of vast empires, primarily colo
nial. Between the 15
th
century and the middle of the 18th , England, France, the Neth
erlands, Portugal, and Spain built empires in the Americas, India, and the East Indies.
For almost a century thereafter, relative calm in empire building reigned as the result
of a strong reaction against imperialism. Then the decades between the middle of the
th
19
century and World War I were again characterised by intense imperialistic policies.
5. Russia, Italy, Germany, the United States, and Japan were added as newcomers
among the imperialistic states and indirect, especially financial, control became a
preferred form of imperialism. For a decade after World War I the great expecta
tions for a better world inspired by the League of Nations put the problem of impe
rialism once more in abeyance. Then Japan renewed its empire building with an at
tack in 1931 upon China, and under the leadership of the totalitarian states, Japan,
Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Union, a new period of imperialism
was inaugurated in the 1930s and 1940s.
6. In their modern form, arguments about the causes and value of imperialism can be clas
sified into four main groups. The first group contains economic arguments and often
turns around the question of whether or not imperialism pays. Those who argue that it
does point to the human and material resources and the outlets for goods, investment
capital, and surplus population provided by an empire. Their opponents, among them
Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and J.A. Hobson, often admit that imperialism may ben
efit a small, favoured group but never the nation as a whole. Marxist theoreticians in
terpret imperialism as a late stage of capitalism when the national capitalist economy
has become monopolistic and is forced to conquer outlets for its overproduction and
surplus capital in competition with other capitalist states. This is the view held, for in
stance, by Vladimir Lenin and N.I. Bukharin, to whom capitalism and imperialism are
identical. The weakness in that view is that historical evidence does not support it and
that it fails to explain precapitalist imperialism and Communist imperialism.
7. A second group of arguments relates imperialism to the nature of human beings and
human groups, such as the state. Such different personalities as Machiavelli, Sir
Francis Bacon, Ludwig Gumplowicz, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini, reason
th
— 4th century BC) by that of the Persians, in strong
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