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Тема 3. Основной курс
Правила чтения английского языка и примеры
Звуки Примеры
J Me,tree,three,he,people,the
i Ship,it,ticket,this,king,shilling
e Bed,pen,egg,yes,men,well
x Man,that,am,and,Paris,can
R Past,dark,arm,are,car,hard
O Not,lot,wash,song,from,rock,coffee
L All,small,ball,or,forty,morning
u Put,full,look,good,foot,book
H Who,move,noon,blue,do,too
A Up,cup,much,sun,some,but
W Thursday, her, burn, third, thirteen,
worth, work
q A, the, under, father, address, servant,
Saturday
eI Spain, say, baby, train, plate, table,
waiter
Ou Poland, no, smoke, those, motor,
only, hotel
ai Five,nine,ice,eye,my,side
au How,count,flower,cloud,hour,now
Oi Boy,noise,boil,voice
Iq Dear,clear,beer,really,ear
Fq Where,there,their,chair,hair,care
ou Four,door,your,more,floor
uq Sure,poor
Unit 2. Harold II
*
p Pen,put
|b Bag,box
t Ten,put
d Desk,heard
|k Come,back
g Go,bag
m Mouth,him
n Name,near
N English,coming
l Look,letter
F Face,knife
V Five,knives
q Three,mouth
D These,they
s Six,face
z Nose,his
S She,fish
Z Pleasure,measure
r Right,rub
h Hat,head
C Touch,teacher
G J, j, John
w Window,what
J You,yes
Проверочные тесты
Определите примеры на данный звук
1. W
— Thursday,her
— burn,third, teacher
— hirteen, head,worth
— work, mouth
2. q
— These,they
— Three,mouth
— Name,near
— Hat,head
3. D
— These,they
— Three,mouth
— Name,near
— Hat,head
* C.E.Eckersley Essential English for foreign students. Book 1.M. 1992
4. C
— Touch,teacher
— Hat,head
— She,fish
— Pleasure,measure
5. G
— Touch
— Teacher
— Measure
— John
6. n
— English,coming, near
— Name,near, coming
— English,coming
— Name,near
181
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
7. N
— English,coming, near
— Name,near, coming
— English,coming
— Name,near
8. h
— Hat, near, head
— She,fish
— Pleasure,measure
— Hat,head
Правильные ответы.
12345678910
1211443423
9. S
— Hat, near, head
— She,fish
— Pleasure,measure
— Hat,head
10. Z
— Hat, near, head
— She,fish
— Pleasure,measure
— Hat,head
Комментарии к тексту.
Гарольд II — английский король (ок. 1020 — 1066), погиб в битве при Гастинг
се, защищая Англию от вторжения норманов.
Первый уровень
Harold II is last AngloSaxon king of England. ['hxr(q)ld] [Dq] ['sekqnd] [Iz] [lQ:st]
['xNglq(V)-] ['sxks(q)n] [kIN] [Pv] ['INglqnd]
He was killed at the Battle of Hastings. [hi:] [wPz] ['kIld] [xt] [Dq] ['bxtl] [Pv]
['heIstINz]
William the Conqueror killed him. ['wIljqm] [Dq] ['kPNkq] ['kIld] [hIm]
He was a strong ruler. [hi:] [wPz] [q] [strPN] ['ru:lq]
He was a skilled General. [hi:] [wPz] [q] [skIld] ['dZen(q)rql]
He had his fleet and army. [hi:] [hxd] [hIz] [fli:t] [xnd] ['Q:mI]
Harold attacked William near Hastings on October 14. ['hxr(q)ld] [q'txkt] ['wIljqm]
[nIq] ['heIstINz] [Pn] [Pk'tqVbq] ["fO:'ti:n]
The king Harold was killed. [Dq] [kIN] ['hxr(q)ld] [wPz] ['kIld]
It was the end of the AngloSaxon phase of English history. [It] [wPz] [DI] [end] [Pv]
[DI] ['xNglq(V) 'sxks(q)n] [feIz] [Pv] ['INglIS] ['hIst(q)rI]
It was the start of Norman phase. [It] [wPz] [Dq] [stQ:t] [Pv] ['nO:mqn] [feIz]
Фонетические трудности
Harold II [′hxr(q)ld] [Dq:] [′sekqnd]
AngloSaxon [′xNglq(V)-] [′sxks(q)n]
the Battle of Hastings[Dq:] [′bxtl] [Pv] [′heIstINz]
William the Conqueror [′wIljqm] [Dq:] [′kPNkqrq]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. Harold II was last AngloSaxon king of England.
2. A strong ruler and a skilled General, he held the crown for nine months in 1066 be
fore he was killed at the Battle of Hastings by Norman invaders under William the
Conqueror.
182
Тема 3. Основной курс
3. Harold’s father, Godwine, Earl of Wessex and Kent, was the most powerful man in
the kingdom early in the reign of Edward the Confessor (104266).
4. About 1044 Godwine obtained for Harold the earldom of East Anglia.
5. In 1051 Edward banished Godwine and his sons for defying royal authority, but Harold
led the forces that in 1052 invaded England and forced the king to restore the family.
6. Upon Godwine’s death in 1053, Harold succeeded to his father’s earldoms and be
came the chief power in the land.
7. By 1057 he had obtained earldoms for his three brothers, Tostig, Gyrth, and
Leofwine. His only rival was the house of Leofric of Mercia.
8. In 1065 the Northumbrians revolted against Tostig, their earl.
9. Bowing to rebel demands, Harold gave Tostig’s earldom to Morcar of the house of
Mercia, but by doing so he made Tostig his bitterest enemy. Nevertheless, Harold’s
position remained unshaken.
10. On his deathbed Edward the Confessor had supposedly designated Harold the roy
al heir.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
1. The headline of this text is …
2. The main idea of this text is …
3. This text consists of … parts.
4. The fierst part is about …
5. The 2nd part is about ...
6. The 3d part is about ...
7. Concluding the text …
B.
Harold II was last ____________________
A strong ruler and a skilled General, he held the crown for nine months in 1066 before
_______________________
Harold’s father, Godwine, Earl of Wessex and Kent, was the most ______________
About 1044 Godwine obtained for ______________________________
In 1051 Edward banished Godwine and his sons for defying royal authority, but Harold
_______________________________________
Upon Godwine’s death in 1053, Harold succeeded to his father’s earldoms and became
_______________________________
By 1057 he had obtained earldoms for _________________________________
His only rival was the ________________________
In 1065 the Northumbrians revolted against __________________
Bowing to rebel demands, Harold gave Tostig’s earldom to Morcar of the house of
Mercia, but by doing so he _______________________
On his deathbed Edward the Confessor had supposedly designated ______________
Третий уровень.
1. Harold II, also called HAROLD GODWINESON, or GODWINSON (b. 1020 — d.
Oct. 14, 1066, near Hastings, Sussex, Eng.), last AngloSaxon king of England. A strong
ruler and a skilled General, he held the crown for nine months in 1066 before he was
killed at the Battle of Hastings by Norman invaders under William the Conqueror.
2. Harold’s father, Godwine, Earl of Wessex and Kent, was the most powerful man
in the kingdom early in the reign of Edward the Confessor (104266). About 1044
Godwine obtained for Harold the earldom of East Anglia. In 1051 Edward banished
183
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Godwine and his sons for defying royal authority, but Harold led the forces that in
1052 invaded England and forced the king to restore the family.
3. Upon Godwine’s death in 1053, Harold succeeded to his father’s earldoms and be
came the chief power in the land. By 1057 he had obtained earldoms for his three
brothers, Tostig, Gyrth, and Leofwine. His only rival was the house of Leofric of
Mercia. Leofric’s outlawed son, Aelfgar, raided Mercia with help from the Welsh,
and in retaliation Harold and Tostig subjugated Wales in 1063. In 1065 the North
umbrians revolted against.
4. Tostig, their earl, Bowing to rebel demands, Harold gave Tostig’s earldom to Mor
car of the house of Mercia, but by doing so he made Tostig his bitterest enemy. Nev
ertheless, Harold’s position remained unshaken.
5. On his deathbed Edward the Confessor had supposedly designated Harold the royal
heir. Earlier, Edward had, however, promised the crown to William, Duke of Nor
mandy. Moreover, Harold himself, when shipwrecked on the coast of Normandy, had
been forced to promise to support William’s claim. Hence, when Harold assumed
power on the death of Edward (Jan. 5, 1066), he was immediately threatened with
the rivalry of William and another royal claimant, Harold III Hardraade, king of Nor
way, as well as with the enmity of Tostig. In May, Harold mobilized his fleet and army
against an expected invasion by William. Instead, he had to use his forces to repel To
stig’s raids on the south and east coasts of England. He dismissed his men in early
September because he had run short of supplies. Thus, William was free to cross the
English Channel unopposed. Tostig and Harald III Hardraade joined forces and in
vaded England in that month, but they were defeated and killed by Harold at Stam
ford Bridge, near York, on September 25. Three days later William landed in Eng
land. Harold attacked him near Hastings on October 14, and in an allday battle the
king, Gyrth, and Leofwine were killed. The accession of William to the English throne
as King William I ended the AngloSaxon phase of English history.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
AngloSaxon – Англо Саксы
Crown – корона
Wessex – Уэссекс, англосаксонское королевство в Англии
Kent – Кент: 1) англосаксонское королевство в Англии (V – IX вв.), 2) граф
ство в Англии
the Battle of Hastings – битва при Гастингсе
Norman – норманы (викинги,варяги)
William the Conqueror – Вильгельм Завоеватель
Earl граф
Earldom графство
On his deathbed – на смертном одре
the chief power – верховный правитель, power – власть, сила, полномочия, дер
жава
C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
A strong ruler
The crown
the Battle of Hastings
Norman invaders
The most powerful man
The reign of
184
Тема 3. Основной курс
The earldom of
For defying royal authority
Harold led the forces
To restore the family
The chief power in the land
only rival
To revolte against
Bowing to rebel demands
Bitterest enemy
Unshaken
On his deathbed
The royal heir.
Unit 3. Macbeth
Основные способы словообразования в английском языке
Основные способы словообразования в английском языке
В английском языке существуют следующие грамматические способы образо
вания слов: аффиксация, конверсия, чередование звуков, перенос словесного уда
рения, и сложение слов.
Первые три способа объединяются под общим названием способов словопро
изводства, последний способ называется словосложением.
Аффиксация — это средство образования новых слов путем прибавления пре
фиксов или суффиксов.
Суффиксов в английском языке гораздо больше, чем префиксов. Из прилага
тельного dark при помощи суффикса ness образуется новое слово — существитель
ное darkness; при помощи суффикса еn образуется новое слово — глагол darken;
при помощи суффикса lу образуется новое слово — наречие darkly.
Префиксы изменяют значение слова, оставляя его обычно той же частью речи. На
пример: to write (писать) — to rewrite (переписывать) kind (добрый) — unkind (злой)
Суффиксы, как и другие способы словопроизводства, могут быть продуктивны
ми (при помощи которых в современном английском языке образуются новые сло
ва) и непродуктивными (которые в современном английском языке уже больше не
используются для образования новых слов). Так, например, суффикс less (useless) —
продуктивный суффикс, при помощи которого образуются прилагательные, обозна
чающие недостаток чеголибо — useless (бесполезный), hopeless (безнадежный).
Суффикс lу (brightly) — продуктивный суффикс, прибавляется к прилагатель
ным или причастиям для образования наречий. Например, carefully, usually,
beautifully и т. д.
Суффикс hood (childhood), ранее продуктивный, в современном английском
языке — непродуктивный.
Конверсия — это средство словопроизводства, при котором одна и та же фор
ма слова употребляется в качестве разных частей речи без прибавления какихлибо
словообразовательных элементов. Например: to work (глагол) — work (существи
тельное).
В ранние периоды развития английского языка конверсия не была продуктив
ным способом образования слов; в современном же английском языке конверсия
стала средством образования новых слов.
К непродуктивным средствам словопроизводства в современном английском
языке относятся:
Перенос ударения. Например, to protest [`pro`test] — the protest [`protest]
Чередование звуков. Например, to use [ju:z] пользоваться use [ju:s] польза
185
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Проверочные тесты
К какому способу словообразования относятся следующие слова:
1. to dethrone
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— чередование звуков
— перенос словесного ударения
2. eldest son
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— чередование звуков
— перенос словесного ударения
3. a grandson
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— сложение слов
— перенос словесного ударения
4. in northern Scotland
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— чередование звуков
— перенос словесного ударения
5. His followers
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— чередование звуков
— перенос словесного ударения
6. unsuccessfully attempted
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— чередование звуков
— перенос словесного ударения
7. a pilgrimage
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— чередование звуков
— перенос словесного ударения
8. of lawful kings
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— чередование звуков
— перенос словесного ударения
9. with assistance from the English
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— чередование звуков
— перенос словесного ударения
10. part of southern Scotland
— аффиксация
— конверсия
— чередование звуков
— перенос словесного ударения
Правильные ответы.
12345678910
2131211111
Комментарии к тексту.
Макбет — реальный исторический персонаж. Зная произведения Шекспира,
многие думают, что это вымышленный персонаж. Макбет — шотландский король
(ум. 15.8.1057). Пришел к власти (1040), убив короля Дункана I в битве при Дуп
сипейне. Погиб в сражении с сыном Дункана — Малькольмом (1057). Малькольм
и был в итоге провозглашен королем. Сохранилась легенда о Макбете, которая и
легла в основу сюжета одноименной трагедии Шекспира. Возможно, что Шекс
пир почерпнул их из «Хроник» Р.Холиншеда, одного из авторов «Хроник Англии,
Шотландии и Ирландии», известных как «Хроники».
Первый уровень
Macbeth was a king of Scots from 1040. ['mxkbqT] [wPz] [q] [kIN] [Pv] [skPts] [frPm]
[ten] ['fO:tI]
The legend of whose life was the basis of Shakespeare's Macbeth. [Dq] ['ledZ(q)nd]
[Pv] [hu:z] [laIf] [wPz] [Dq] ['beIsIs] [Pv] [SeIk"spIqz] ['mxkbqT]
He was a strong king. [hi:] [wPz] [q] [strPN] [kIN]
Macbeth derived his rights to the crown. ['mxkbqT] [di'raivd] [hIz] [raIts] [tu:] [Dq]
[kraVn]
186
Тема 3. Основной курс
He derived his rights to the crown through his mother. [hi:] [di'raivd] [hIz] [raIts] [tu:]
[Dq] [kraVn] [Tru:] [hIz] ['mADq]
He was the famous person. [hi:] [wPz] [Dq] ['feImqs] ['pE:s(q)n]
Macbeth was killed in battle by Malcolm. ['mxkbqT] [wPz] ['kIld] [In] ['bxtl] [baI]
['mxlkqm]
This was the cruel battle. [DIs] [wPz] [Dq] ['kru:ql] ['bxtl]
Macbeth was buried on the island of Iona. ['mxkbqT] [wPz] ['berId] [Pn] [DI] ['aIlqnd]
[Pv] [aI'ounA]
We know him thanks to Shakespeare. [wi:] [nqV] [hIm] [TxNks] [tu:] [SeIk"spI(q)]
Фонетические трудности
Macbeth [`mxkbqT]
Scots [skPts]
from 1040 [frPm] [ten] [`fO:tI]
of Shakespeare’s Macbeth [Pv] [SeIk`spIqz] [`mxkbqT]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. Macbeth was a king of Scots from 1040. He was the legend of whose life was the
basis of Shakespeare’s Macbeth.
2. He was probably a grandson of King Kenneth II (ruled 971995), and he married
Gruoch, a descendant of King Kenneth III (ruled 9971005).
3. About 1031 Macbeth succeeded his father, Findlaech (Sinel in Shakespeare), as
mormaer, or chief, in the province of Moray, in northern Scotland.
4. Macbeth established himself on the throne after killing his cousin King Duncan I
in battle near Elgin.
5. Macbeth’s victory in 1045 over a rebel army, near Dunkeld may account for the later
references to Birnam Wood, for the village of Birnam is near Dunkeld.
6. In 1046 Siward, Earl of Northumbria, unsuccessfully attempted to dethrone Mac
beth in favour of Malcolm, eldest son of Duncan I.
7. Macbeth was buried on the island of Iona, regarded as the resting place of lawful
kings but not of usurpers.
8. His followers installed his stepson.
9. Lulach, as king; when Lulach was killed on March 17, 1058.
10. Malcolm III was left supreme in Scotland.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
1. The headline of this text is …
2. The main idea of this text is …
3. This text consists of … parts.
4. The fierst part is about …
5. The 2nd part is about ...
6. The 3d part is about ...
7. Concluding the text …
B.
Macbeth was a king of Scots from 1040. He was the _______________________
187
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
He was probably a _______________________________________
About 1031 Macbeth succeeded his ___________________________________
Macbeth established himself on the throne after __________________________
Macbeth’s victory in 1045 over a rebel army, near Dunkeld may account for
________________________________________
In 1046 Siward, Earl of Northumbria, unsuccessfully attempted to ______________
Macbeth was buried on the island of Iona, regarded as _______________________
His followers installed ___________________
Lulach was killed on ________________
Malcolm III was left supreme in ______________
Третий уровень
1. Macbeth (d. Aug. 15, 1057, near Lumphanan, Aberdeen, Scot.), king of Scots from 1040,
the legend of whose life was the basis of Shakespeare’s Macbeth. He was probably a grand
son of King Kenneth II (ruled 971995), and he married Gruoch, a descendant of King
Kenneth III (ruled 9971005). About 1031 Macbeth succeeded his father, Findlaech (Si
nel in Shakespeare), as mormaer, or chief, in the province of Moray, in northern Scot
land. Macbeth established himself on the throne after killing his cousin King Duncan I in
battle near Elginnot, as in Shakespeare, by murdering Duncan in bed — on Aug. 14, 1040.
Both Duncan and Macbeth derived their rights to the crown through their mothers.
2. Macbeth’s victory in 1045 over a rebel army, near Dunkeld (in modern Tayside re
gion) may account for the later references (in Shakespeare and others) to Birnam
Wood, for the village of Birnam is near Dunkeld. In 1046 Siward, Earl of North
umbria, unsuccessfully attempted to dethrone Macbeth in favour of Malcolm (af
terward King Malcolm III Canmore), eldest son of Duncan I. By 1050 Macbeth felt
secure enough to leave Scotland for a pilgrimage to Rome. But in 1054 he was ap
parently forced by Siward to yield part of southern Scotland to Malcolm. Three years
later Macbeth was killed in battle by Malcolm, with assistance from the English.
3. Macbeth was buried on the island of Iona, regarded as the resting place of lawful
kings but not of usurpers. His followers installed his stepson, Lulach, as king; when
Lulach was killed on March 17, 1058, Malcolm III was left supreme in Scotland.
Задание 5. A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Scots – скотты, древний народ Ирландии и Шотландии
Shakespeare – Вильям Шекспир – великий английский драматург
in northern Scotland – в северной Шотландии
a descendant потомок
to dethrone свергать
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
The legend
The basis of Shakespeare's Macbeth
Probably
A descendant of King
To succeede
Chief
The province of
The throne
After killing
Victory
Unsuccessfully attempted to dethrone
The resting place
Lawful kings
Usurpers
Supreme
188
Тема 3. Основной курс
Unit 4. Colonialism
Словарные формы глагола
Правильные глаголы
Неправильные глаголы
В современном английском языке все глаголы делятся на две большие группы: пра
вильные глаголы и неправильные глаголы. Правильные глаголы — это глаголы,
которые спрягаются по определенным правилам. Неправильные глаголы имеют
свои особые типы спряжения.
Необходимо знать все четыре формы неправильных глаголов, выписывая их из
словаря. У английских глаголов всего 4 словарные формы:
1. Инфинитив Simple действительного залога.
2. Past Simple (прошедшее время действительного залога).
3. Past Participle (причастие прошедшего времени действительного залога).
4. Present Participle (причастие настоящего времени действительного залога).
Например правильный глагол имеет следующие словарные формы:
1. to work
2. worked
3. worked
4. working
Например неправильный глагол имеет следующие словарные формы (в слова
ре он имеет следующий вид — pay (paid, paid) или pay (paid), так как вторая и тре
тья формы совпадают):
1. begin
2. began
3. begun
4. begining
Неправильные глаголы:
beat, begin, bind, bite, blow, break, bring, build, buy, catch, choose, do, drink, drive,
eat, fall, feel, find, fly, forget, get, give, hear, hide, keep, know, lead, leave, lose, make,
meet, pay, ride, run, say, see, sell, send, sing, sink, sit, speak, spend, stand, steal, strive,
swim, take, teach, tear, tell, think, throw, understand, wear.
Проверочные тесты
Выберите ответы, которые включают в себя только неправиьные глаголы:
1. — beat, begin, bind
— hide, keep,work
— start, send, sing
— keep, finish, know
2. — bite, blow, break
— spend, stand, esablish
— sink, enslave, sit
— know, lead, envelope
3. — give, hear, wash, hide
— forget, get, give, watch
— send, sing, sink, relax
— bring, build, buy, catch
4. — choose, do
— understand, manage
— wear, load
— build, lose
5. — hear, hide, save, know, lead, leave
— hear, hide, keep, scare, lead, leave
— hear, scorn, keep, know, lead, leave
— hear, hide, keep, know, lead, leave
6. — teach, proof, tell, think
— pollute, tear, tell, think
— teach, tear, tell, think
— teach, tear, propose, think
7. — throw, touch, wear
— throw, trail, wear
— throw, understand, wear
— throw, understand, transfer
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Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
8. — sit, speak, hate, stand
— sit, speak, spend, fade
— sit, express, spend, stand
— sit, speak, spend, stand
9. — hear, colonize, keep, know
— hear, hide, keep, know
Правильные ответы.
12345678910
1141433422
— hear, hide, commit, know
— compare, hide, keep, know
10. — sell, send, sing, serve, sit
— sell, send, sing, sink, sit
— sell, send, sing, sink, separate
— sell, send, sing, seal, sit
Комментарии к тексту
«Колониализм» как термин включает совершенно разные понятия в западной и
отечественной традиции. И это объясняется прежде всего тем, что России никогда
не имела отдаленных колоний. Другая ситуация в западных странах — Англии,
Франции, США.
Поэтому в отечественной традиции колониализм — это политическое, эконо
мическое и духовное порабощение стран, как правило, менее развитых в социаль
ном отношении. Это характерно и для современной традиции и для эпохи так на
зываемого «монополистического капитализма», когда сложилась колониальная си
стема империализма. Сегодня термин «колониализм» используется также в значе
нии «колониальная политика».
Первый уровень
Colonialism started by the discovery of America in 1492. [kq'lqVnIqlIz(q)m] ['stQ:tid]
[baI] [Dq] [dIs'kAv(q)rI] [Pv] [q'merIkq] [In] ["fo:'ti:n] ['naIntI] [tu:]
Portugal led the way in discovery. ['pO:|tjVg(q)l] [led] [Dq] [weI] [In] [dIs'kAv(q)rI]
Christopher Columbus discovered Cuba and the Bahamas. ['krIstqfq] [kq'lAmbqs]
[dIs'kAv(q)rqd] ['kju:bq] [xnd] [Dq] [bq'hQ:mqz]
In the 16th century the Dutch became the leading European naval and commercial
power. [In] [Dq] ["sIk'sti:nT] ['sentSqrI] [Dq] [dAtS] [bI'keIm] [Dq] ['li:dIN] ["jV(q)rq'pIqn]
[xnd] [kq'mE:S(q)l] ['paVq]
It was Dutch East India Company. [It] [wPz] [dAtS] [i:st] ['IndIq] ['kAmpqnI]
The French New World settlements began in 1524. [Dq] [frentS] [nju:] [wE:ld] ['setlmqnts]
bI'gxn] [In] [fIf'ti:n] ['twentI] [fO:]
England's East India Company led the acquisition of India. ['INglqndz] [i:st] ['IndIq]
['kAmpqnI] [led] [DI] ["xkwI'zIS(q)n] [Pv] ['IndIq]
Spain had lost all its colonies in 1825. [speIn] [hxd] [lPst] [O:l] [Its] [kOlqnIz] [In] [eI'ti:n]
["twentI'fO:]
Great Britain lost its colonial empire. [greIt] ['brItn] [lPst] [Its] [kq'lqVnIql] ['empaIq]
From 1945 decolonization became a rapidly accelerating movement. [frPm] ["naIn'ti:n]
['fO:tI] [faIv] ['di:"kPlqn(a)I'zeISqn] [bI'keIm][q] ['rxpIdlI]] [qk'selqreItIN] ['mu:vmqnt]
Фонетические трудности
Portugal [`pO:tjVg(q)l]
Christopher Columbus [`krIstqfq] [kq′lAmbqs]
Cuba [`kju:bq]
the Bahamas [Dq] [bq'hQ:mqz]
European [`jV(q)rq"pIqn]
190
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