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Тема 3. Основной курс
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Liberal Party, in Great Britain, party that emerged in _________________________
It was Britain’s major party in __________________________________________
Then the Labour Party supplanted it as ___________________________________
In 1988 the Liberal Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form what
___________________________________________________
After the first Reform Act _____________________________________________
The mainly aristocratic Whigs were _______________________________________
Lord John Russell was using ___________________________________________
In overseas policy Liberal attitudes _______________________________________
The party was wary of imperial expansion in the 19
th
century and supported the
independence of ___________________________________________________
Третий уровень
1. Liberal Party, in Great Britain, party that emerged in the mid19th century as the suc
cessor to the historic Whig Party. It was Britain’s major party in opposition to the Con
servative Party until 1918, after which the Labour Party supplanted it as the major op
position, and the Liberals became a minor party. In 1988 the Liberal Party merged with
the Social Democratic Party to form what is now called the Liberal Democratic Party.
2. After the first Reform Act (1832), the mainly aristocratic Whigs were joined in the
House of Commons by increasing numbers of middleclass members and by a small
er number of Radicals, who, from about 1850, tended to work together in cooper
ation with the Pellets (antiprotectionist Tories).
3. Lord John Russell was using the term Liberal Party by 1839, and his administration of
1846 is sometimes regarded as the first Liberal government; others reserve the distinc
tion for Lord Palmerston’s 1855 administration. The first unequivocally Liberal gov
ernment was that formed in 1868 by William E. Gladstone, under whose leadership these
various elements became a cohesive parliamentary party. After 1865 the personality and
politics of Gladstone dominated the party, which held power under him for a total of
more than 12 years between 1868 and 1894. The main achievement of the Liberal Par
ty under Gladstone was its reforms. These included the establishment of a national sys
tem of education, voting by secret ballot, the legalisation of trade unions, the enfran
chisement of the working class in rural areas, reconstruction of the army (involving the
abolition of the purchase of commissions), and reform of the judicial system.
4. In 1886 the defection of the Liberal Unionists, who disliked Gladstone’s plan for
Home Rule of Ireland, weakened the party; by the early 20
ibund, but a Conservative split helped the Liberals to victory. The period 1906 —
15, during which the foundations of the British welfare state were laid, was the last
during which the Liberals held power alone.
5. In 1915, during World War I, the Liberal H.H. Asquith formed a national coalition
government with the Conservative and Labour parties. In 1916 the Liberal David
Lloyd George became prime minister, and in 1918 the party split badly between
Lloyd George’s faction and the Asquithian Liberals. In that year the Labour Party
took over the Liberal Party’s position as official opposition party.
th
century it seemed mor
251
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
6. The Liberals reunited in 1923 to poll about 30 percent of the vote, but again they
became divided, steadily losing electoral support thereafter. The Liberals took part
briefly (193132) in the National Government and in the World War II coalition
(194045). Their attempts at a comeback were severely hampered by the lack of pro
portional representation.
7. During its period as a major political party, the Liberal Party was characterised by cer
tain attitudes rather than a precise ideology. Central to Liberal attitudes was a trust in
rationality, faith in the idea of progress, attachment to individualism, emphasis on hu
man rights, and an eagerness to emancipate underprivileged groups. But Liberals’ dis
trust of the enlargement of the functions of the state eventually came into conflict with
the egalitarian political aspirations of the party, leaving it unprepared to adopt the role
subsequently taken up by the emergent Labour Party. On the one hand, the Liberal Party
championed individualism, free trade, and private enterprise, opposing what it saw as
the centralising and stultifying power of the state; on the other, it pursued policies of
active social reorganisation to prevent abuses of private power, to promote social jus
tice, and to extend the role of the state in fields such as education, social welfare, and
industrial relations. The Liberal Party always sought reform of the system of govern
ment, and Liberal reforms moulded most of Britain’s political institutions. In overseas
policy Liberal attitudes were pacific and internationalist. The party was wary of imperi
al expansion in the 19
th
the 20
century. It constantly promoted international cooperation.
th
century and supported the independence of colonial peoples in
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
in the mid19th century – в середине 19 века
a minor party – меньшинство в партии
the Social Democratic Party – социалдемократическая партия
the Liberal Democratic Party – лиьеральнодемократическая партия
Lord John Russell – лорд Джон Рассел
of colonial peoples – колониальные народы
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Great Britain
party
the successor to
the historic Whig Party
major party in opposition to
the major opposition
a minor party
the Social Democratic Party
to form
the Liberal Democratic Party.
the first Reform Act
The mainly aristocratic Whigs
In overseas policy
attitudes
pacific and internationalist
imperial expansion
the independence of colonial peoples
constantly
international cooperation
252
Тема 3. Основной курс
Unit 16. Long Parliament
Причастие
Причастие — неличная форма глагола, обладающая залоговыми и видовыми харак
теристиками. Формальным признаком причастия являются суффиксы ing , ed, t,
n . Английское причастие соответствует русским причастию и деепричастию.
В предложении причастие выполняет две функции: определения и обстоятель
ства. В зависимости от степени связи причастного обстоятельства с подлежащим
предложения в английском языке различают зависимый и независимый обороты.
В обстоятельственной функции причастный оборот обычно отделяется запятой;
зависимый оборот может вводиться союзами.
Активное причастие одинаково часто бывает и определением и обстоятель
ством. Пассивное причастие чаще выполняет функцию определения и реже об
стоятельства, причем в обстоятельственной функции оно обычно вводится со
юзом. Сложное пассивное причастие чаще всего входит в состав независимого
оборота и реже выполняет функцию определения. Перфектное причастие бывает
только обстоятельством.
На русский язык причастный оборот переводится именем существительным,
причастием или деепричастием, придаточным предложением — определительным
или обстоятельственным, в зависимости от функции причастия в предложении.
Проверочные тесты
Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова:
1. Long Parliament, session of the English Parliament summoned in November 1640
by King Charles I; it has been named to distinguish it from the Short Parliament of
April—May 1640.
— причастие активного залога
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
2. The duration of the Long Parliament has been held to have extended either until April
1653, when its remaining members were forcibly ejected by the Cromwellian army, or
until March 1660, when its members, finally restored, passed an act for its dissolution.
— причастие активного залога
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
3. An act of the Convention Parliament of April—December 1660 can be said to have
finally dissolved the Long Parliament, though the Convention was itself not a lawful
parliament because it had not been summoned by the king; its acts were reinforced
by later legislation.
— причастие активного залога
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
4. An act of the Convention Parliament of April—December 1660 can be said to have
finally dissolved the Long Parliament, though the Convention was itself not a law
ful parliament because it had not been summoned by the king; its acts were reinforced
by later legislation.
— причастие активного залога
253
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
5. Charles I summoned both the Short and Long Parliaments in 1640 because only
the Parliament could raise the money he needed to wage the second Bishops’ War
against the Scots, who were resisting his attempts to impose episcopacy on them.
— причастие активного залога
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
6. The Long Parliament proved much more intransigent than the Short, however. Dur
ing its first nine months it brought down the king’s advisers, swept away the ma
chinery of conciliar government developed by the Tudors and early Stuarts, made
frequent sessions of Parliament a statutory necessity, and passed an act forbidding
its own dissolution without its members’ consent.
— причастие активного залога
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
7. After the king was finally defeated in the field (1646), the army exercised political
power, and in December 1648 Colonel Thomas Pride expelled all but about 60 mem
bers of the Long Parliament.
— причастие активного залога
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
8. The surviving group, known to historians as the Rump, brought Charles I to trial and
execution in 1649; it was forcibly ejected in 1653.
— причастие активного залога
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
9. After the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, the Rump was restored in May 1659 and
expelled in October.
— причастие активного залога
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
10. It was re—established in December 1659, and, after those excluded in 1648 had joined
it, it dissolved itself; the newly elected Convention Parliament then opened negoti
ations for the restoration of Charles II.
— причастие активного залога
— причастие активного залога
— герундий
— наречие
Правильные ответы
12345678910
2212111111
254
Тема 3. Основной курс
Комментарии к тексту
Долгий парламент (Long parliament) — парламент, созванный английским ко
ролем Карлом I Стюартом в 1640 году.
Он стал фактически законодательным органом начавшейся Английской бур
жуазной революции XVII века. Долгий парламент просуществовал более 12 лет и
был разогнан Оливером Кромвелем 20 апреля 1653 года.
Первый уровень
«Long Parliament» is the long session of the English Parliament. [lPN] ['pQ:lqmqnt]
[Iz] [Dq] [lPN] ['seS(q)n] [Pv] [Dq] ['INglIS] ['pQ:lqmqnt]
It summoned in November 1640. [It] ['sAmqnd] [In] [nq(V)'vembq] ["sIk'sti:n] ['fO:tI]
It summoned by King Charles I. [It] ['sAmqnd] [baI] [kIN] [tSQ:lz] [Dq] [fE:st]
It has been so named to distinguish it from the Short Parliament of AprilMay 1640.
[It] [hxz] [bi(:)n] [sqV] [neImd] [tu:] [dIs'tINgwIS] [It] [frPm] [Dq] [SO:t] ['pQ:lqmqnt] [Pv]
['eIprql] [meI] ["sIk'sti:n] ['fO:tI]
The duration of the Long Parliament is 1653 – 1660. [Dq] [djV(q)'reIS(q)n] [Pv] [Dq] .
[lPN] ['pQ:lqmqnt] [Iz] ["sIk'sti:n] ['fIftI] [Tri:] ["sIk'sti:n] ['sIkstI]
It has been held until March 1660, when its members passed an act for its dissolution.
[It] [hxz] [bi(:)n] [held] [An'tIl] [mQ:tS] ["sIk'sti:n] ['sIkstI] [wen] [Its] ['membqz] [pQ:st]
[qn] [xkt] [fO:] [Its] ["dIsq'lu:S(q)n]
The Rump, surviving group, brought Charles I to trial. [Dq] [rAmp] [sq'vaIvIN] [gru:p]
[brO:t] ] [tSQ:lz] [Dq] [fE:st] [tu:] ['traIql]
His execution was in 1649. [hIz] ["eksI'kju:S(q)n] [wPz] [In] ["sIk'sti:n] ['fO:tI] ["naIn]
It was forcibly ejected in 1653. [It] [wPz] ['fO:sqblI] [I'dZektId] [In] ["sIk'sti:n] ['fIftI] [Tri:]
After that it was the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. ['Q:ftq] [Dxt] [It] [wPz] [Dq]
[prq'tekt(q)rIt] [Pv] ['PlIvq] [krPm'wel]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. The Long Parliament was called by historians as antonym of the Short Parliament.
2. Long Parliament, session of the English Parliament summoned in November 1640
by King Charles I.
3. It has been so named to distinguish it from the Short Parliament of AprilMay 1640.
4. The duration of the Long Parliament has been held to have extended either until
April 1653.
5. Then its remaining members were forcibly ejected by the Cromwellian army.
6. On March 1660, its members, finally restored, passed an act for its dissolution.
7. During its first nine months it brought down the king’s advisers
8. Then it swept away the machinery of conciliar government developed by the Tu
dors and early Stuarts.
9. It made frequent sessions of Parliament a statutory necessity.
10. It passed an act forbidding its own dissolution without its members’ consent.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
255
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
The Long Parliament was called by _______________________________________
Long Parliament, session of the English Parliament summoned in _______________
It has been so named to distinguish it from _________________________________
The duration of the Long Parliament has been held to _________________________
Then its remaining members were _______________________________________
On March 1660, its members, finally _____________________________________
During its first nine months it ___________________________________________
Then it swept away the machinery of _____________________________________
It made frequent sessions of ___________________________________________
It passed an act forbidding its ___________________________________________
Третий уровень
1. Long Parliament, session of the English Parliament summoned in November 1640
by King Charles I; it has been so named to distinguish it from the Short Parliament
of AprilMay 1640. The duration of the Long Parliament has been held to have ex
tended either until April 1653, when its remaining members were forcibly ejected
by the Cromwellian army, or until March 1660, when its members, finally restored,
passed an act for its dissolution. Legally the act of 1660 was as invalid as the ejec
tion of 1653, because it lacked royal assent. An act of the Convention Parliament
of AprilDecember 1660 can be said to have finally dissolved the Long Parliament,
though the Convention was itself not a lawful parliament because it had not been
summoned by the king; its acts were reinforced by later legislation.
2. Charles I summoned both the Short and Long Parliaments in 1640 because only
the Parliament could raise the money he needed to wage the second Bishops’ War
against the Scots, who were resisting his attempts to impose episcopacy on them.
Because of disputes he dismissed the Short Parliament hastily; the Scots then in
vaded northern England, and, in order to buy them off, a fresh recourse to Parlia
ment was unavoidable. The Long Parliament proved much more intransigent than
the Short, however. During its first nine months it brought down the king’s advis
ers, swept away the machinery of conciliar government developed by the Tudors and
early Stuarts, made frequent sessions of Parliament a statutory necessity, and passed
an act forbidding its own dissolution without its members’ consent.
3. Tension between the king and Parliament steadily increased, notably upon Charles’
abortive attempt to arrest five of its members in January 1642, and the Civil War
broke out later that year. After the king was finally defeated in the field (1646), the
army exercised political power, and in December 1648 Colonel Thomas Pride ex
pelled all but about 60 members of the Long Parliament («Pride’s Purge»). The sur
viving group, known to historians as the Rump, brought Charles I to trial and exe
cution in 1649; it was forcibly ejected in 1653. After the Protectorate of Oliver
Cromwell, the Rump was restored in May 1659 and expelled in October. It was re
established in December 1659, and, after those excluded in 1648 had joined it, it
dissolved itself; the newly elected Convention Parliament then opened negotiations
for the restoration of Charles II.
256
Тема 3. Основной курс
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
the Cromwellian army – армия Кромвеля
the king's advisers – королевские советники
the Tudors and early Stuarts – Тюдоры и ранние Стюарты
members' consent – согласие членов
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
To be called
as antonym of
the Short Parliament
session of the English Parliament
so named
to distinguish from
The duration of
forcibly
finally restored,
an act for dissolution
During
the king's advisers
the machinery
conciliar government
a statutory necessity
an act
own dissolution
Unit 17. Middle Ages
Герундий
Герундий — неличная форма глагола, означающая в основном процесс действия.
Герудий обдадает залоговыми и видовыми характеристиками. Формальными при
знаками герундия являются суффиксы ing и такие показатели, как притяжатель
ные местоимения и предлоги.
В предложении герундий может выполнять различные функции, однако сам
сказуемым не бывает, а является лишь составной частью именного сказумого.
Герундий без предлога может быть подлежащим, прямым дополнением, имен
ной частью сказуемого и левым определением. Герундий с предлогом может быть
косвенным дополнением, правым определением и обстоятельством, на русский
язык герундий переводится именем существительным, инфинитивом, дееприча
стием или придаточным предложением, тип которого определяется функцией ге
рундия в предложении.
Проверочные тесты
Определите, какой частью речи является выделенное слово.
1. Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilisa
tion in the 5
beginning in the 13
on other factors).
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
— наречие
2. The term and its conventional meaning were introduced by Italian humanists with
invidious intent; the humanists were engaged in a revival of classical learning and
culture, and the notion of a thousand—year period of darkness and ignorance sepa
th
century AD to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as
th
, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and
257
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
rating them from the ancient Greek and Roman world served to highlight the hu
manists’ own work and ideals.
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
— наречие
3. Many of the improvements in the quality of life introduced during the Roman Em
pire, such as a relatively efficient agriculture, extensive road networks, water—sup
ply systems, and shipping routes, decayed substantially, as did artistic and scholarly
endeavours.
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
— наречие
4. This decline persisted throughout the period of time sometimes called the Dark
Ages, from the fall of Rome to about the year 1000, with a brief hiatus during the
flowering of the Carolingian court established by Charlemagne.
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
— наречие
5. Many different kinds of social units proliferated, including guilds, associations, civic
councils, and monastic chapters, each eager to obtain some measure of autonomy.
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
— наречие
6. The only force capable of providing a basis for social unity was the Roman Catholic
Church.
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
— наречие
7. The Middle Ages therefore present the confusing and often contradictory picture
of a society attempting to structure itself politically on a spiritual basis.
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
— наречие
8. This attempt came to a definitive end with the rise of artistic, commercial, and other ac
tivities anchored firmly in the secular world in the period just preceding the Renaissance.
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
— наречие
9. The break—up of feudal structures, the strengthening of city—states in Italy, and the
emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England.
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
258
Тема 3. Основной курс
— наречие
10. Such cultural developments as the rise of secular education, culminated in the birth
of a self—consciously new age with a new spirit, one that looked all the way back to
classical learning for its inspiration and that came to be known as the Renaissance.
— причастие
— герундий
— предлог
— наречие
Правильные ответы
12345678910
2232121122
Комментарии к тексту
Средние века (средневековье)— период истории, характеризующийся засили
ем церковной идеологии. Предшествовали периоду Ренесанса или Возрождения
в Европе. Возрождались античные ценности и интерес к человеку, как индивиду
альности.
Первый уровень
Middle Ages is the period in European history. [mIdl] [eIdZIz] [Iz] [Dq] ['pI(q)rIqd] [In]
["jV(q)rq'pIqn] ['hIst(q)rI]
It starts from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century AD to the period
of the Renaissance. [It] [stQ:ts] [frPm] [Dq] [kq'lxps] [Pv] ['rqVmqn] ["sIv(q)laI'zeIS(q)n]
[In] [Dq] [fIfT] ['sentSqrI] [eI] [di:] [tu:] [Dq] ['pI(q)rIqd] [Pv] [Dq] [rI'neIs(q)ns]
The term and its conventional meaning were introduced by Italian humanists. [Dq] [tE:m]
[xnd] [Its] [kqn'venS(q)nql] ['mi:nIN] [wE:] ["Intrq'dju:st] [baI] [I'txlIqn] ['hju:mqnIsts]
It was the thousandyear period of darkness and ignorance. [It] [wPz] [Dq] ['TaVz(q)nd]
[jFq] ['pI(q)rIqd] [Pv] ['dQ:knIs] [xnd] ['Ignqrqns]
It separates from the ancient Greek and Roman world to the Renaissance. [It]
['sep(q)rIts] [frPm] [Dq] ['eInS(q)nt] [gri:k] [xnd] ['rqVmqn] [wE:ld] [tu:] [Dq] [rI'neIs(q)ns]
The Renaissance is the highlight of the humanists' own work and ideals. [Dq]
[rI'neIs(q)ns] [Iz] [Dq] ['haIlaIt] [Pv] [Dq] ['hju:mqnIsts] [qVn] [wE:k] [xnd] [aI'dIqlz]
Sometimes it was called the Dark Ages. ['sAmtaImz] [It] [wPz] ['kO:ld] [Dq] [dQ:k] [eIdZIz]
It was the period from the fall of Rome to about the year 1000. [It] [wPz] [Dq]
['pI(q)rIqd] [frPm] [Dq] [fO:l] [Pv] [rqVm] [tu:] [q'baVt] [DI] [jFq] ['TaVz(q)nd]
It was the period of famous philosophical method of Scholasticism by St. Thomas
Aquinas. [It] [wPz] [Dq] ['pI(q)rIqd] [Pv] ['feImqs] ["fIlq'sPfIk(q)l] ['meTqd] [Pv]
[skq'lxstIsIz(q)m] [baI] [sqnt] ['tPmqs] ['xkwqnxs]
St. Thomas Aquinas is one of the greatest syntheses in Western intellectual history.
[sqnt] ['tPmqs] ['xkwqnxs] [Iz] [wAn] [Pv] [Dq] [greItest] ['sInTqsi:z] [In] ['westqn]
["IntI'lektSVql] ['hIst(q)rI]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilisa
tion in the 5
th
century AD to the period of the Renaissance.
259
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
2. The term and its conventional meaning were introduced by Italian humanists with
invidious intent.
3. The humanists were engaged in a revival of classical learning and culture.
4. The notion of a thousandyear period of darkness and ignorance separating them
from the ancient Greek and Roman world served to highlight the humanists’ own
work and ideals.
5. The humanists invented the Middle Ages in order to distinguish themselves from it.
6. The Middle Ages nonetheless provided the foundation for the transformations of
the humanists’ own Renaissance.
7. The 13
th
century was the apex of medieval civilisation.
8. The classic formulations of Gothic architecture and sculpture were achieved.
9. Many different kinds of social units proliferated.
10. It included guilds, associations, civic councils, and monastic chapters, each eager
to obtain some measure of autonomy.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Middle Ages, the period in European history ________________________________
The term and its conventional meaning were introduced by _____________________
The humanists were engaged in __________________________________________
The notion of a thousandyear period of darkness and ignorance separating them from
___________________________________________________
The humanists invented the Middle Ages in _______________________________
The Middle Ages nonetheless provided the foundation for ______________________
th
The 13
The classic formulations of Gothic _______________________________________
Many different kinds of social ___________________________________________
It included guilds, associations, civic councils, and monastic chapters, each eager to
___________________________________________________
century was __________________________________________________
Третий уровень
1. Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilisation
in the 5
ginning in the 13
other factors). The term and its conventional meaning were introduced by Italian hu
manists with invidious intent; the humanists were engaged in a revival of classical
learning and culture, and the notion of a thousandyear period of darkness and igno
rance separating them from the ancient Greek and Roman world served to highlight
the humanists’ own work and ideals. In a sense, the humanists invented the Middle
Ages in order to distinguish themselves from it. The Middle Ages nonetheless pro
vided the foundation for the transformations of the humanists’ own Renaissance.
2. The sack of Rome by Alaric the Visigoth in AD 410 had enormous impact on the
th
century AD to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as be
th
, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and on
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