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Тема 3. Основной курс
Unit 29. Diarists
Способы выражения падежей
Способы выражения падежей
В английском языке нет падежных окончаний кроме притяжательного. Рус
ским падежам родительному, дательному, творительному и предложному — в ан
глийском языке соответствует сочетания имен существительных в общем падеже
с различными предлогами.
Родительный падеж передается предлогом of
The book of this student is on the table. Книга этого студента лежит на столе
Предлог of’ может переводиться на русский язык предлогом «из», например,
One of our students is a good singer. Один ив наших студентов (хороший певец)
хорошо поет.
После предлогов
For для, ради, изза
Except for за исключением
Because of изза
By means of Посредством
With the help of с помощью
Depending upon в зависимости от
имя существительное может переводиться именем существительным в роди
тельном падеже, например,
The airplane is late because of strong wind. Самолет опаздывает изза сильного ветра
Дательный падеж передается предлогом to
Give the book to the student. Дайте книгу студенту.
Предлог «to» может переводиться на русский язык предлогом «к» например,
Не went to his friend. Он пошел к своему товарищу.
После предлогов
according to согласно, по; в соответствии с
due to
thanks to благодаря
owing to
in addition to
with regard to в дополнение к, кроме
with respect to по отношению к; относительно; в отношении
имя существительное может переводиться именем существительным в датель
ном падеже, например,
We have no definite information with regard to the construction of the new engine.
У нас нет точных сведений относительно конструкции нового двигателя.
Проверочные тесты
Какому падежу в русском языке соответствует выделенное слово:
1. Also important to the concept of conservation is the recognition that natural resources
have multiple values.
— родительному
— дательному
— творительному
— предложному
2. In addition to its value as livestock forage, grass, for example, also supports wild
animal life, holds soil in place, maintains the productivity of soil, keeps soil and water
311
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
relationships in proper balance, and helps guarantee streamflow or yields of water
to underground channels.
— родительному
— дательному
— творительному
— предложному
3. When species become extinct the restoration of past conditions becomes impossible.
— родительному
— дательному
— творительному
— предложному
4. All of the many values of grassland must be considered before a decision is made to
use a grassland for a particular purpose.
— родительному
— дательному
— творительному
— предложному
5. Ideally, an area of land can serve many purposes simultaneously or sequentially; i.e.,
can have multiple uses.
— родительному
— дательному
— творительному
— предложному
6. Another of the more hopeful aspects of conservation is the concept of restoration.
— родительному
— дательному
— творительному
— предложному
7. Two great diarists are among the most significant witnesses to the development of the
Restoration world. Both possessed formidably active and inquisitive intelligences.
— родительному
— дательному
— творительному
— предложному
8. Areas that have been mined and left barren often can be revegetated with reasona
ble expenditures of money and effort.
— родительному
— дательному
— творительному
— предложному
9. Depleted animal or plant populations recover their original abundance if suitably
protected in an adequate habitat.
— родительному
— дательному
— творительному
— предложному
10. Restoration is possible, however, only as long as species are protected and the ge
netic diversity of life is maintained.
— родительному
— дательному
312
Тема 3. Основной курс
— творительному
— предложному
Правильные ответы
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1111112142
Комментарии к тексту
Мемуаристы и мемуары — тема, без которой не возможно рассмотрение воп
росов английской литературы. Специальная лексика публицистического стиля
раскрывает эту тему.
Первый уровень
There are two main persons in Britain. [Deq] [Q:] [tu:] [meIn] ['pE:s(q)nz] [In] ['brItn]
Two great diarists are among the most significant witnesses. [tu:] [greIt] ['daIqrIsts]
[Q:] [q'mAN] [Dq] [mqVst] [sIg'nIfIkqnt] ['wItnIsIs]
They developed the Restoration world. [DeI] [dI'velqpt] [Dq] ["restq'reIS(q)n] [wE:ld]
Both were formidably active. [bqVT] [wE:] ['fO:mId qblI] ['xktIv]
Both had an inquisitive intelligence. [bqVT] [hxd] [xn] [In'kwIzItIv] [In'telIdZ(q)ns]
John Evelyn was a man of some moral rectitude. [dZPn] ['i:v|lIn] [wPz] [q] ['mxn]
[Pv] [sAm] ['mPrql] ['rektItju:d]
Besides he often unenamoured of the conduct. [bI'saIdz] [hi:] ['Pf(t)qn] ["AnInq'mVqd]
[Pv] [Dq] ['kPn|dAkt]
But his curiosity was insatiable. [bAt] [hIz] ["kjV(q)rI'PsItI] [wPz] [In'seISqb(q)l]
Samuel Pepys had famous diary too. ['sxmjVql] [pepIs] [hxd] ['feImqs] ['daIqrI] [tu:]
He gave many resonant and idiosyncratic images of the changing London of his time.
[hi:] [geIv] ['menI] ['rezqnqnt] [xnd] ["IdIqsIN'krxtIk] ['ImIdZIz] [Pv] [Dq] ['tSeIndZIN]
['lAndqn] [Pv] [hIz] [taIm]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень.
1. Two great diarists are among the most significant witnesses to the development of
the Restoration world.
2. Both possessed formidably active and inquisitive intelligence.
3. Both gave the resonant and idiosyncratic images.
4. John Evelyn was a man of some moral rectitude.
5. Therefore he often unenamoured of the conduct he observed in court circles.
6. But his curiosity was insatiable, whether the topic in question happened to be Tu
dor architecture, contemporary horticulture, or the details of sermon rhetoric.
7. Samuel Pepys was the more selfscrutinizing of the two.
8. He was constantly mapping his own behaviour with an alert and quizzical eye.
9. Samuel Pepys’ diary, unlike Evelyn’s, covers only the first decade of the Restoration.
10. It is he who gives the more resonant and idiosyncratic images of the changing Lon
don of the time.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
313
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Two great diarists are among the most significant witnesses to ___________________
Both possessed formidably active _______________________________________
Both gave the resonant and _____________________________________________
John Evelyn was a ___________________________________________________
Therefore he often unenamoured of ______________________________________
But his curiosity was insatiable, whether the topic in question happened to
___________________________________________________
Samuel Pepys was ___________________________________________________
He was constantly mapping his __________________________________________
Samuel Pepys’ diary, unlike Evelyn’s, covers only ____________________________
It is he who gives the more resonant and __________________________________
Третий уровень.
1. Two great diarists are among the most significant witnesses to the development of the
Restoration world. Both possessed formidably active and inquisitive intelligences. John
Evelyn was a man of some moral rectitude and therefore often unenamoured of the
conduct he observed in court circles; but his curiosity was insatiable, whether the topic
in question happened to be Tudor architecture, contemporary horticulture, or the de
tails of sermon rhetoric. Samuel Pepys, whose diary, unlike Evelyn’s, covers only the
first decade of the Restoration, was the more selfscrutinising of the two, constantly
mapping his own behaviour with an alert and quizzical eye. Though not without his
own moral inhibitions and religious gravity, Pepys immersed himself more totally than
Evelyn in the new world of the 1660s, and it is he who gives the more resonant and
idiosyncratic images of the changing London of the time.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
in court circles
Tudor architecture – архитертура периода правления Тюдоров
Both – оба, собирательное числительное
only the first decade of the Restoration – только первая декада реставрации
Samuel Pepys’ diary – притяжательный падеж существительного, заканчиваю
щегося на s имеет форму Pepys’
unlike Evelyn's – притяжательный падеж в обычной форме Evelyn's
i.e. – например
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
great diarists
among
the most significant witnesses to
the development
the Restoration world
Both
formidably
active and inquisitive intelligence
314
Тема 3. Основной курс
the resonant and idiosyncratic images
of some moral rectitude
Therefore
the conduct
in court circles
curiosity
the topic in question
to be Tudor architecture
contemporary horticulture
the details of sermon rhetoric
constantly
own behaviour
with an alert and quizzical eye
the first decade of
the more resonant and idiosyncratic images
the changing London
Unit 30. Puritanism
Предложение
Предложение
Предложения делятся на простые и сложные (сложносочиненные и сложно
подчиненные), повествовательные и вопросительные.
В английском повествовательном предложении члены предложения распола
гается — 1. обстоятельство, 2. подлежащее, 3. сказуемое, 4. дополнение, 5. обсто
ятельство. Этот порядок может быть нарушен только в случае инверсии.
В вопросительном предложении необходимо наличие вспомогательносго гла
гола (либо модального, связочного глагола перед подлежащим). Смысловая часть
сказуемого ставится после подлежащего.
В отрицательных предложениях возможно наличие только одного отрицатель
ного элемента.
Члены предложения могут быть выражены различными частями речи.
Подлежаще и дополнение чаще всего выражаются именем существительным, ге
рундием и инфинитивом, также — местоимением и придаточным предложением.
Обстоятельство выражается наречием, инфинитивом, причастием, герундием,
существительным с предлогом и придаточным предложением.
Определение — любая часть речи, кроме наречия.
Сказуемое бывает двух типов: простое и составное. Простое сказуемое выра
жается какойлибо временной формой глагола. Составное сказуемое состоит из
двух элементов, из которых второй является носителем смысла сказуемого. Пер
вым элементом может быть глагосвязка, модальный глагол.
Проверочные тесты
Какие виды предложений представлены в примерах:
1. Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16
sought to «purify» the Church of England from remnants of Roman Catholic «pop
ery» that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached
early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Puritans became noted for a spirit of moral
and religious earnestness that determined their whole way of life, and they sought
through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation.
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные)
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
315
th
and 17th centuries which
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
2. Their efforts to transform the nation led to civil war in England and to the founding
of colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life.
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные)
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
3. King Henry VIII separated the Church of England from Rome in 1534, and the cause
of Protestantism advanced rapidly under Edward VI (reigned 1547—53).
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные)
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
4. During the reign of Queen Mary (1553—58), however, England returned to Roman
Catholicism, and many Protestants were martyred or forced into exile.
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные)
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
5. Many of the exiles found their way to Geneva, where John Calvin’s church provid
ed a working model of a disciplined church.
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные )
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
6. Out of this experience also came the two most popular books in Elizabethan England —
the Geneva Bible and John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs — which provided a view of Eng
land as an elect nation chosen by God to complete the work of the Reformation.
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
7. Thus, Elizabeth’s accession was enthusiastically welcomed by these Protestants in
1558, but her settlement disappointed those who sought extensive reform, and they
were unable to achieve their objectives in the Convocation, the primary governing
body of the church.
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
8. Many of these Puritans — as they came to be known during a controversy over vest
ments in the 1560s — sought parliamentary support for an effort to institute a Pres
byterian form of polity for the Church of England.
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
9. Other Puritans, concerned with the long delay in reform, decided upon a «refor
mation without tarrying for any.»
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные
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Тема 3. Основной курс
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
10. Both groups, but especially the Separatists, were repressed by the establishment.
— простые
— сложные (сложносочиненные
— сложные (сложноподчиненные)
— вопросительные
Правильные ответы
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3123333311
Комментарии к тексту
Пуритане (Puritans, от позднелат. puritas — чистота), наименование во второй
половине XVI — первой половине XVII веков английских протестантов, последо
вателей кальвинизма, недовольных половинчатой Реформацией, проведенной в
Англии в форме англиканства, против абсолютизма. Пуритане требовали уничто
жения епископата, замены его выборными старейшинами (пресвитерами), удале
ния из церкви украшений, замены мессы проповедью, упрощения одних и унич
тожения других церковных обрядов. Они требовали создания «дешевой» церкви.
«Мирская этика» пуритан поощряла расчетливость, поклонение богатству и пре
зрение к бедности, трудолюбие. С 8090х годов XVI века и особенно с начала XVII
века на пуритан обрушились репрессии, многие из них бежали на континент или
в Северную Америку. В первой половине XVII века идеи пуританизма усложни
лись, основной его поддержкой стали джентри, среднее и мелкое дворянство.
Пуританизм стал выражением политической оппозиции абсолютизму, идеологи
ей Английской буржуазной революции XVI века.
Первый уровень
Puritanism was a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries.
['pjV(q)rIt(q)nIz(q)m] [wPz] [q] [rI'lIdZqs] ["ri:'fO:m] ['mu:vmqnt] [In] [Dq] [leIt] ["sIk'sti:nT]
[xnd] ["sev(q)n'ti:nT] ['sentSqrIz]
They wanted to "purify" the Church of England. [DeI] ['wPntId] [tu:] ['pjV(q)rIfaI] [Dq]
[tSE:tS] [Pv] ['INglqnd]
They fought against remnants of Roman Catholic «popery». [DeI] [fO:t] [q'ge(I)nst]
['remnqnts] [Pv] ['rqVmqn] ['kxT(q)lIk] ['pqVp(q)rI]
Puritans started reform in spirit and moral life. ['pjV(q)rItqnz] ['stQ:tId] ["ri:'fO:m] [In]
['spIrIt] [xnd] ['mPrql] [laIf]
All of them determined their whole way of life. [O:l] [Pv] [Dem] [dI'tE:mInd] [Deq] [hqVl]
[weI] [Pv] [laIf]
They made church reform. [DeI] [meId] [tSE:tS] ["ri:'fO:m]
This reform could make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. [DIs] ["ri:'fO:m]
[kVd] [meIk] [Deq] ['laIfstaIl] [Dq] ['pxtn] [fO:] [Dq] [hqVl] ['neIS(q)n]
Their efforts to transform the nation led to civil war in England. [Deq] ['efqts] [tu:]
['trxnsfO:m] [Dq] ['neIS(q)n] [led] [tu:] ['sIv(q)l] [wO:] [In] ['INglqnd]
They found a lot of colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life.
[DeI] [faVnd] [q] [lPt] [Pv] ['kOlqnIz] [In] [q'merIkq] [xz] ['wE:kIN] ['mPdqlz] [Pv] [Dq]
['pjV(q)rItn] [weI] [Pv] [laIf]
They found that God could revolutionize history. [DeI] [faVnd] [Dxt] [gPd] [kVd]
["revq'lu:SqnaIz] ['hIst(q)rI]
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Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. Puritanism is a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries.
2. It sought to «purify» the Church of England from remnants of Roman Catholic
«popery».
3. The Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached early
in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
4. Puritans became noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness.
5. That determined their whole way of life.
6. They sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole
nation.
7. Their efforts to transform the nation led to civil war in England.
8. Then it led to the founding of colonies in America.
9. It was working models of the Puritan way of life.
10. The conversion experience that was characteristic of Puritans combined with the
doctrine of predestination inherited from Calvinism to produce a sense of themselves
as elect spirits chosen by God to revolutionise history.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Puritanism is a religious ______________________________________________
It sought to «purify» the Church of England from ___________________________
The Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached
___________________________________________________
Puritans became noted for _____________________________________________
That determined their _________________________________________________
They sought through church reform to make their ____________________________
Their efforts to transform the nation ______________________________________
Then it led to the ___________________________________________________
It was working models of ______________________________________________
The conversion experience that was characteristic of Puritans combined with the
doctrine of predestination inherited from Calvinism to ___________________________
Третий уровень
1. Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries which
sought to «purify» the Church of England from remnants of Roman Catholic «pop
ery» that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement
reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Puritans became noted for a spirit
of moral and religious earnestness that determined their whole way of life, and they
318
Тема 3. Основной курс
sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole na
tion. Their efforts to transform the nation led to civil war in England and to the
founding of colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life.
2. King Henry VIII separated the Church of England from Rome in 1534, and the cause of
Protestantism advanced rapidly under Edward VI (reigned 154753). During the reign of
Queen Mary (155358), however, England returned to Roman Catholicism, and many
Protestants were martyred or forced into exile. Many of the exiles found their way to Ge
neva, where John Calvin’s church provided a working model of a disciplined church. Out
of this experience also came the two most popular books in Elizabethan England — the
Geneva Bible and John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs — which provided a view of England as
an elect nation chosen by God to complete the work of the Reformation. Thus, Eliza
beth’s accession was enthusiastically welcomed by these Protestants in 1558, but her set
tlement disappointed those who sought extensive reform, and they were unable to achieve
their objectives in the Convocation, the primary governing body of the church.
3. Many of these Puritans — as they came to be known during a controversy over vest
ments in the 1560s — sought parliamentary support for an effort to institute a Pres
byterian form of polity for the Church of England. Other Puritans, concerned with
the long delay in reform, decided upon a «reformation without tarrying for any.» These
«Separatists» repudiated the state church and formed voluntary congregations based
on a covenant with God and among themselves. Both groups, but especially the Sep
aratists, were repressed by the establishment. Denied the opportunity to reform the
established church, English Puritanism turned to preaching, pamphlets, and a variety
of experiments in religious expression and in social behaviour and organisation. Its
successful growth also owed much to patrons among the nobility and in Parliament
and its control of colleges and professorships at Oxford and Cambridge.
4. Puritan hopes were again raised when the Calvinist James VI of Scotland succeeded
Elizabeth as James I of England in 1603. But at the Hampton Court Conference in
1604 he dismissed the Puritans’ grievances with the phrase «no bishop, no king.» Pu
ritans remained under pressure. Some were deprived of their positions; others got by
with minimal conformity; and still others, who could not accept compromise, fled
England. The pressure for conformity increased under Charles I (162549) and his
archbishop, William Laud. Nevertheless, the Puritan spirit continued to spread, and
when civil war broke out between Parliament and Charles in the 1640s, Puritans seized
the opportunity to urge Parliament and the nation to renew its covenant with God.
5. Parliament called together a body of clergy to advise it on the government of the church,
but this body — the Westminster Assembly — was so badly divided that it failed to achieve
reform of church government and discipline. Meanwhile, the New Model Army, which
had defeated the royalist forces, feared that the Assembly and Parliament would reach a
compromise with King Charles that would destroy their gains for Puritanism, so it seized
power and turned it over to its hero, Oliver Cromwell. The religious settlement under
Cromwell’s Commonwealth allowed for a limited pluralism that favoured the Puritans.
A number of radical Puritan groups appeared, including the Levellers, the Diggers, the
Fifth Monarchy Men, and the Quakers (the only one of lasting significance).
6. After Cromwell’s death in 1658, conservative Puritans supported the restoration of King
Charles II and a modified episcopal polity. However, they were outmanoeuvred by those
who reinstituted Laud’s strict episcopal pattern. Thus, English Puritanism entered a pe
riod known as the Great Persecution. English Puritans made a final unsuccessful at
tempt to secure their ideal of a comprehensive church during the Glorious Revolution,
but England’s religious solution was defined in 1689 by the Act of Toleration, which
continued the established church as episcopal but also tolerated dissenting groups.
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Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
7. The Puritan ideal of realising the Holy Commonwealth by the establishment of a cov
enanted community was carried to the American colony of Virginia by Thomas Dale,
but the greatest opportunity came in New England. The original pattern of church
organisation in the Massachusetts Bay colony was a «middle way» between Presbyte
rianism and Separatism, yet in 1648 four New England Puritan colonies jointly adopt
ed the Cambridge Platform, establishing a congregational form of church government.
8. The New England Puritans fashioned the civil commonwealth according to the
framework of the church. Only the elect could vote and rule. When this raised prob
lems for secondgeneration residents, they adopted the HalfWay Covenant, which
permitted baptised, moral, and orthodox persons to share the privileges of church
membership. Other variations of the Puritan experiment were established in Rhode
Island by Roger Williams, who was banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony,
and in Pennsylvania by the Quaker William Penn.
9. Puritanism may be defined primarily by the intensity of the religious experience that it fos
tered. Puritans believed that conversion was necessary to redeem one from one’s sinful con
dition, that God had chosen to reveal salvation through preaching, and that the Holy Spirit
rather than reason was the energising instrument of salvation. This naturally led to the re
jection of much that was characteristic of contemporary Anglican preaching and ritual. In
its place the Puritans emphasised plain preaching that drew on images from scripture and
from everyday experience. Still, because of the importance of preaching, the Puritans placed
a premium on a learned ministry. The conversion experience that was characteristic of Pu
ritans combined with the doctrine of predestination inherited from Calvinism to produce a
sense of themselves as elect spirits chosen by God to revolutionise history.
Задание 5. A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
in the late 16th and 17th centuries – в конце 16 и в 17 веках
to «purify» очищать
civil war – гражданская война
lifestyle – образ жизни
to revolutionise history – совершить революционный переворот в истории
Roman Catholic – римскокатолический
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Puritanism
a religious reform movement
in the late 16th and 17th centuries
to «purify»
the Church of England
The Puritans
claimed
after
the religious settlement
early in the reign of
to note for
a spirit of
moral and religious earnestness
their whole way of
through church reform
to make their lifestyle
the pattern
for the whole nation
to transform the nation
civil war
Then
To lead to
the founding of colonies
working models of
the Puritan way of life
The conversion experience
the doctrine of predestination
Calvinism
to produce
a sense of
to revolutionise history
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