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Тема 3. Основной курс
Второй уровень
1. Colonialism commenced with the emerging European nationstates: England,
France, Portugal, Spain, and the Low Countries.
2. After the opening of a sea route around southern Africa in 1488 and the discovery
of America in 1492, voyages of colonisation and conquest were sent out by most
nations of Atlantic Europe.
3. After Christopher Columbus discovered Cuba, the Bahamas, and Hispaniola for
Spain in 1492, other Spanish voyagers staked claims to Brazil and the Isthmus of
Panama.
4. France, beset by problems on the European continent, was a weak administrator of
its overseas empire.
5. The French New World settlements began after Giovanni da Verrazano’s trip in 1524
and the exploration of the St. Lawrence River.
6. England’s East India Company led the acquisition of India, an achievement largely
due to Robert Clive.
7. In contrast, Spain’s and Portugal’s colonial growth suffered during the Napoleonic Wars.
8. Between World War I and World War II, most colonial systems, while in geographic
extent at their zenith, were politically strained or on the verge of revolt.
9. From 1945 decolonisation became a rapidly accelerating movement.
10. France’s decolonisation process was less peaceful, marked by wars in French Indo
china, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
1. The headline of this text is …
2. The main idea of this text is …
3. This text consists of … parts.
4. The fierst part is about …
5. The 2nd part is about ...
6. The 3d part is about ...
7. Concluding the text …
B.
Colonialism commenced with the emerging European nationstates: _____________
After the opening of a sea route around southern Africa in 1488 and the discovery of
America in 1492, voyages of colonisation and conquest were sent out ______________
After Christopher Columbus discovered Cuba, the Bahamas, and Hispaniola for Spain
in 1492, other ______________________________________
France, beset by problems on the European continent, was _____________________
The French New World settlements began after _____________________________
England’s East India Company led the acquisition of India, an achievement
____________________________
In contrast, Spain’s and Portugal’s colonial growth suffered ____________________
Between World War I and World War II, most colonial systems, while in geographic
extent at their zenith, were politically strained or _______________________________
From 1945 decolonisation became ____________________________________
France’s decolonisation process was less peaceful, marked by ___________________
Третий уровень
1. Colonialism commenced with the emerging European nationstates: England,
France, Portugal, Spain, and the Low Countries. After the opening of a sea route
around southern Africa in 1488 and the discovery of America in 1492, voyages of
191
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
colonisation and conquest were sent out by most nations of Atlantic Europe. Por
tugal led the way in discovery. The Portuguese expanded westward to Brazil and east
ward to the Indian Ocean, where they traded without competition until other na
tions began to move in on their monopoly.
2. After Christopher Columbus discovered Cuba, the Bahamas, and Hispaniola for
Spain in 1492, other Spanish voyagers staked claims to Brazil and the Isthmus of
Panama. Spanish conquest of the Americas began with the occupation of the larger
West Indian islands. Later, encouraged by the occupation of Aztec Mexico by
Hernбn Cortйs, which yielded much gold and silver, the Spanish established an
American empire stretching from Chile in the south to Mexico and California in
the north and including presentday Florida.
3. Early in the 16th century the Dutch became the leading European naval and commercial
power, with an Oriental empire that developed rapidly after the chartering of the Dutch
East India Company in 1602 and the company’s founding of Batavia (now Jakarta), Java,
as the centre of trade with China, Japan, India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Persia.
4. France, beset by problems on the European continent, was a weak administrator of
its overseas empire. The French New World settlements began after Giovanni da
Verrazano’s trip in 1524 and the exploration of the St. Lawrence River. Samuel de
Champlain went to New France (Canada) in 1603 and founded Quebec in 1608, but,
despite the status of royal province granted in 1663, the colony grew slowly, num
bering by 1754 only some 55,000.
5. England’s East India Company (chartered in 1600) led the acquisition of India, an
achievement largely due to Robert Clive. Significant British gains in North Ameri
ca resulted from the colonial wars of the 18th century. By Queen Anne’s War with
Spain, ending in 1713, England won Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and part of north
ern Canada. The successful conclusion of the French and Indian War in 1763 gained
for Britain all of North America east of the Mississippi River. The first great colo
nial era ended with the British Empire as the most wealthy of all European colonial
systems. British sea power propelled the empire to the South Pacific, the Far East,
the South Atlantic, and the African coast. The loss of the American colonies in 1783
was a blow, although offset by the consolidation of India after the defeat of the Mar
atha opposition in 1803 and by settlement of Australia and the Caribbean.
6. In contrast, Spain’s and Portugal’s colonial growth suffered during the Napoleonic
Wars. French occupation of the Iberian Peninsula in 1807 led to estrangement be
tween South American colonies and their mother countries, both of which were too
preoccupied to intervene effectively in nationalistic movements, civil wars, and rev
olutions. By 1825 Brazil had freed itself from Portugal, and Spain had lost all its
colonies but Cuba and Puerto Rico.
7. The late 19
th
and early 20th centuries saw new expansionist powers emerge: Germany,
the United States, Belgium, Italy, and Japan. Russia, another new colonial power, ex
panded overland (as did the United States), absorbing and displacing indigenous cul
tures. Russia penetrated Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, and Asia as far as the Ko
rean coastline but was stopped by the RussoJapanese War (1905). Western Europe be
gan the partitioning of China with the Opium Wars, waged by Britain to protect British
merchants who were exporting opium from India to China. After the Treaty of Nan
king (1842), France, the United States, and Russia secured similar treaties of entry.
8. Africa was another stage for the new wave of imperialism. Before 1880 there were very
few colonial possessions in Africa, but by 1900 the continent was almost wholly con
trolled by European powers. From a beginning in French Algeria and the French build
ing of the Suez Canal and the subsequent British takeover of Egypt, the expansion
192
Тема 3. Основной курс
into subSaharan Africa produced such colonial entities as the Belgian Congo, French
Equatorial Africa, Tanganyika (German East Africa), and South Africa, where Brit
ain gained sovereignty over the Transvaal and the Orange Free State after the South
African (Boer) War (18991902). After World War I, Britain and France took control
of Middle Eastern countries formerly held by the Ottoman Empire.
9. Between World War I and World War II, most colonial systems, while in geographic
extent at their zenith, were politically strained or on the verge of revolt. The Rus
sian Revolution and various nationalistic movements contributed to the political in
stability. In addition, the process of economic modernisation helped to erode the
old military and paternalistic dominance of the mother countries. By the end of the
war with the Axis Powers, European colonial rule in Asia, sharply challenged by an
expansionist Japan, had been fatally crippled.
10. From 1945 decolonisation became a rapidly accelerating movement. Great Britain, in
particular, set about disassembling its empire. India and Pakistan were granted inde
pendence in 1947 and were followed by Britain’s black African colonies after 1956; Cy
prus and Malta were freed in the 1960s. Britain pulled out of the Persian Gulf in 1971,
and the Royal Navy left Singapore in the same year, ending British Far East presence.
11. France’s decolonisation process was less peaceful, marked by wars in French Indochi
na, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Belgium, Portugal, and The Netherlands all divested
themselves of most of their overseas possessions during the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
the Low Countries – Нидерланды исторические, область на СевероЗападе Европы
other – another (другой) – other (другие)
New World settlements – поселения Нового света
East India Company – ОстИндская компания, английская торговая компания
(16001858)
World War I – первая мировая война
World War II – вторая мировая война
Decolonisation – decolonisation – деколонизация – процесс обратный коло
ниальному порабощению новых народов
Peaceful мирный
the Napoleonic Wars – Наполеоновские войны
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Colonialism
The emerging European nationstates
After the opening of a sea route
The discovery of
Colonisation and conquest
To stake claims to
Beset by problems on
Empire
The exploration
The acquisition
An achievement
Largely
In contrast
Colonial growth
Suffered during
Colonial systems
While
Politically strained
Decolonisation
Accelerating movement
Decolonisation process
Peaceful
To mark by
193
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Unit 5. Horatio Nelson
Характеристика глагола
В английском языке, как и в русском, глаголы имеют личные и неличные формы.
Личные формы имеют время, лицо, число, наклонение, залог и вид, неличные
формы — вид и залог.
Общая характеристика глагола.
Время
Tense
Настоящее
Present
Прошедшее
Past
Будущее
Future
Личные формы глагола
Finite forms of the verb
Число, лицо
Number, person
Единственное
Singular
Множественное
Plural
Наклонение
Mood
Изъявительное
Indicative
Сослагательное
Subjunctive
Повелительное
Imperative
Verbals: infinitive, participle, gerund
Залог
Voice
Действительный
Active
Страдательный
Passive
Вид
Aspect
Неопределенный
Indefinite
Несовершенный
(длительный)
Continuous
Совершенный
Perfect
Неличные формы глагола
Проверочные тесты
Определите форму глагола.
1. Nelson’s first years in the navy were a mixture of routine experience and high adventure.
— глагол прошедшего времени единственного числа
— глагол настоящего времени единственного числа
— глагол прошедшего времени множественного числа
— глагол будущего времени единственного числа
2. In 1777 Nelson passed the examination for lieutenant and sailed for the West In
dies, the most active theatre in the war against the American colonies.
— глаголы прошедшего времени единственного числа
— глаголы настоящего времени единственного числа
— глаголы прошедшего времени множественного числа
— глаголы будущего времени единственного числа
3. In 1783, after the end of the American Revolution, Nelson returned to England by
way of France.
— глагол прошедшего времени единственного числа
— глагол настоящего времени единственного числа
— глагол прошедшего времени множественного числа
— глагол будущего времени единственного числа
4. On his return to London he was cheered by the appointment, in 1784, to command
a frigate bound for the West Indies.
— глагол прошедшего времени единственного числа
— глагол настоящего времени единственного числа
194
Тема 3. Основной курс
— глагол прошедшего времени множественного числа
— глагол будущего времени единственного числа
5. At the end of 1794, Hood was replaced by the uninspiring Admiral William Hotham.
— глагол настоящего времени единственного числа страдательного залога
— глагол прошедшего времени множественного числа страдательного залога
— глагол прошедшего времени единственного числа страдательного залога
— глагол будущего времени единственного числа страдательного залога
6. From this moment, Nelson the enthusiastic professional was gradually replaced by
Nelson the commander of genius.
— глагол настоящего времени единственного числа страдательного залога 1го лица
— глагол прошедшего времени множественного числа страдательного залога 2 лица
— глагол прошедшего времени единственного числа страдательного залога 3го
лица
— глагол будущего времени единственного числа страдательного залога 1го
лица
7. On his return to London he was cheered by the appointment, in 1784, to command a
frigate bound for the West Indies.
— инфинитив действительного залога
— инфинитив страдательного залога
— глагол
— причастие
8. At the end of 1794, Hood was replaced by the uninspiring Admiral William Hotham.
— причастие
— герундий
— глагол
— инфинитив
9. At the end of 1794, Hood was replaced by the uninspiring Admiral William Hotham,
who was subsequently replaced by Sir John Jervis, an officer more to Nelson’s liking.
— причастие
— герундий
— глагол
— инфинитив
10. From this moment, Nelson the enthusiastic professional was gradually replaced by
Nelson the commander of genius.
— глагол прошедшего времени
— глагол настоящего времени
— глагол будущего времени
— причастие
Правильные ответы
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Комментарии к тексту
Горацио Нельсон (17581805) — национальный герой Англии, самый извест
ный английский флотоводец, вицеадмирал. Его жизнь похожа на захватывающий
роман. Родился он в семье священника. С 12ти лет на флоте, воевал против фран
цузов под командованием адмирала С.Худа. он отличался большой личной храб
ростью. В боях у Корсики Нельсон потерял правый глаз, а под СантаКрусдеТе
нерифе (Испания) — правую руку.
195
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
С 1798 года Нельсон командовал эскадрой в Средиземном море. Одержал ряд
блестящих побед, в том числе у мыса Абукир (Египет). Здесь 12 августа (1798) во
время Египетской экспедиции Наполеона Бонапарта английская эскадра под ко
мандованием Нельсона разгромила французский флот и армия Бонапарта оказа
лась отрезанной в Египте от Франции.
21 октября 1805 года у мыса Трафальгар, около города Кадис (Испания) про
изошло знаменитое Трафальгарское сражение, в котором франкоиспанский флот
адмирала П.Вильнёва потерпел сокрушительное поражение, что обеспечило гос
подство Англии на море. В этот сражении Нельсон был смертельно ранен. Похо
ронен в Лондоне 9 января 1806 года.
Широко известна также, в значительной степени благодаря необычайно попу
лярному в своё время кинофильму «Леди Гамильтон» (1941), история любви его к
Эмме Гамильтон.
Первый уровень.
Horatio Nelson is the national hero of England. [hP'reISIqV] ['nels(q)n] [Iz] [Dq]
['nxS(q)nql] ['hI(q)r|qV] [qv] ['INglqnd]
His life was as novel. [hIz] [laIf] [wPz] [xz] ['nPv(q)l]
He was a hero for Lady Hamilton too. [hi:] [wPz] [q] ] ['hI(q)rqV] [fO:] ['leIdI]
['hxmIlt(q)n] [tu:]
This was a very romantic story. [DIs] [wPz] [q] ['verI] [rq(V)'mxntIk] ['stOrI]
Nelson, admiral, became a commander in chief. ['nels(q)n] ['xdm(q)rql] [bI'keIm]
[q] [kq'mQ:ndq] [In] [tSi:f]
He was the victor of Trafalgar. [hi:] [wPz] [Dq] ['vIktq] [qv] [trq'fxlgq]
The victory of Trafalgar finally made Britain safe from invasion. [Dq] ['vIkt(q)rI] [qv]
[trq'fxlgq] ['faInqlI] [meId] ['brItn] [seIf] [frPm] [In'veIZ(q)n]
His popularity was recorded in countless monuments, streets, and inns named after
him. [hIz] ["pPpjV'lxrItI] [wPz] [rI"kO:dId] [In] ['kaVntlIs] ['mPnjVmqnts] [stri:ts] [xnd]
['Inz] [neImd] ['Q:ftq] [hIm]
Emma Hamilton had his daughter, Horatia. ['emq] ['hxmIlt(q)n] [hxd] [hIz] ['dO:tq]
[hP'reISIa]
Emma died nine years later. ['emq] ['daI'd] [naIn] [jqz] ['leItq]
Фонетические трудности
Horatio Nelson [hP|reISIqV] [`nels(q)n]
Lady Hamilton [`leIdI] [`hxmIlt(q)n]
Trafalgar [trq|fxlgq]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень.
1. Nelson’s first years in the navy were a mixture of routine experience and high ad
venture.
2. In 1777 Nelson passed the examination for lieutenant and sailed for the West In
dies, the most active theatre in the war against the American colonies.
3. In 1783, after the end of the American Revolution, Nelson returned to England by
way of France.
196
Тема 3. Основной курс
4. On his return to London he was cheered by the appointment, in 1784, to command
a frigate bound for the West Indies.
5. At the end of 1794, Hood was replaced by the uninspiring Admiral William Hotham,
who was subsequently replaced by Sir John Jervis, an officer more to Nelson’s liking.
6. From this moment, Nelson the enthusiastic professional was gradually replaced by
Nelson the commander of genius.
7. At the age of 60, Jervis was an immensely experienced seaman who quickly recog
nised Nelson’s qualities and who regarded Nelson «more as an associate than a sub
ordinate Officer.»
8. His task was to fight the Revolutionary French and support British allies in the Med
iterranean.
9. In 1800 he returned, but across the continent in company with the Hamiltons.
10. When the curious little party landed in England, it was at once clear that he was the
nation’s hero, and his progress to London was triumphal.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Nelson’s first years in the navy were___________________________
In 1777 Nelson passed the examination for ________________________
In 1783, after the end of the American Revolution, Nelson returned to ___________
On his return to London he was cheered by the appointment, in 1784, to ___________
At the end of 1794, Hood was replaced by the uninspiring Admiral William Hotham,
who ______________________________________________________
From this moment, Nelson the enthusiastic professional was ___________________
At the age of 60, Jervis was an immensely experienced seaman who _______________
His task was to fight the Revolutionary French and ___________________________
In 1800 he returned, but _______________________________________________
When the curious little party landed in England, it was at once clear that
_______________________
Третий уровень
1. Early years. Horatio Nelson was the sixth of 11 children of the village rector, Edmund
Nelson, and his wife, Catherine. The Nelsons were genteel, scholarly, and poor. The fam
ily’s most important connection from which Nelson could expect preferment was that
with a distant relation, Lord Walpole, the descendant of Sir Robert Walpole, who had
been prime minister earlier in the century. Decisive for Nelson’s life, however, was his
mother’s brother, Captain Maurice Suckling, who was to become comptroller of the Brit
ish Navy. When Horatio’s mother died, Captain Suckling agreed to take the boy to sea.
2. Nelson’s first years in the navy were a mixture of routine experience and high ad
venture. The former was gained particularly in the Thames estuary, the latter in a
voyage to the West Indies by merchant ship and a dangerous and unsuccessful sci
entific expedition to the Arctic in 1773. Nelson had his first taste of action in the
197
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Indian Ocean. Soon after, struck down by fever — probably malaria — he was invalid
home, and, while recovering from the consequent depression, Nelson experienced
a dramatic surge of optimism. From that moment, Nelson’s ambition, fired by pa
triotism tempered by the Christian compassion instilled by his father, urged him to
prove himself at least the equal of his eminent kinsmen.
3. In 1777 Nelson passed the examination for lieutenant and sailed for the West Indies,
the most active theatre in the war against the American colonies. Promoted to cap
tain in 1779, at the early age of 20, he was given command of a frigate and took part
in operations against Spanish settlements in Nicaragua, which became targets once
Spain joined France in alliance with the American Revolutionaries. The attack on San
Juan was militarily successful but ultimately disastrous when the British force was al
most wiped out by yellow fever; Nelson himself was lucky to survive.
4. In 1783, after the end of the American Revolution, Nelson returned to England by
way of France. On his return to London he was cheered by the appointment, in 1784,
to command a frigate bound for the West Indies. But this was not to be a happy com
mission. By rigidly enforcing the Navigation Act against American ships, which were
still trading with the British privileges they had officially lost, he made enemies not
only among merchants and shipowners but also among the resident British authori
ties who, in their own interest, had failed to enforce the law. Under the strain of his
difficulties and of the loneliness of command, Nelson was at his most vulnerable when
he visited the island of Nevis in March 1785. There he met Frances Nisbet, a widow,
and her fiveyearold son, Josiah. Nelson conducted his courtship with formality and
charm, and in March 1787 the couple was married at Nevis.
5. Returning with his bride to Burnham Thorpe, Nelson found himself without another
appointment and on half pay. He remained unemployed for five years, aware of «a prej
udice at the Admiralty evidently against me, which I can neither guess at, nor in the
least account for» — but which may well have been connected with his enforcement of
the Navigation Act. Within a few days of the execution of King Louis XVI of France in
January 1793, however, he was given command of the 64gun Agamemnon.
6. Service in the Mediterranean. From this moment, Nelson the enthusiastic professional
was gradually replaced by Nelson the commander of genius. The coming months were
probably his most tranquil emotionally. At home waited a loving wife, whose son he
had taken to sea with him. His ship, fast and manoeuvrable, and his crew, superbly
trained, pleased him. His task was to fight the Revolutionary French and support Brit
ish allies in the Mediterranean. Assigned to the forlorn defence of the port of Toulon
against the revolutionaries among them a 24yearold officer of artillery, Napoleon
Bonaparte — Nelson was dispatched to Naples to collect reinforcements.
7. He later gratefully recognised that he owed the success of his mission largely to the Brit
ish minister — the adroit and scholarly Sir William Hamilton, who had lived at Naples
for 30 years and whose vivacious young wife, Emma, was in the queen’s confidence.
8. When Toulon fell, Lord Hood, Nelson’s commander, moved his base to Corsica,
where Nelson and his ship’s company went ashore to assist in the capture of Bastia
and Calvi, where a French shot flung debris into Nelson’s face, injuring his right
eye and leaving it almost sightless. At the end of 1794, Hood was replaced by the
uninspiring Admiral William Hotham, who was subsequently replaced by Sir John
Jervis, an officer more to Nelson’s liking. At the age of 60, Jervis was an immensely
experienced seaman who quickly recognised Nelson’s qualities and who regarded
Nelson «more as an associate than a subordinate Officer.» The arrival of Jervis co
incided with an upsurge of French success by land so that the British were forced to
abandon their Mediterranean bases and retreat upon Gibraltar and the Tagus.
198
Тема 3. Основной курс
9. Battles of Cape St. Vincent and the Nile. Making for a rendezvous with Jervis in the At
lantic off Cape St. Vincent, Nelson found himself sailing in mist through a Spanish fleet
of 27 ships. The Spaniards were sailing in two divisions and Jervis planned to cut be
tween the two and destroy one before the other could come to its assistance. But he
had miscalculated, and it became clear that the British ships would not be able to turn
quickly enough to get into action before the Spanish squadrons closed up. Without or
ders from Jervis, Nelson hauled out of line and attacked the head of the second Span
ish division. While the rest of Jervis’ fleet slowly turned and came up in support, Nel
son held the two Spanish squadrons apart, at one time fighting seven enemy ships. The
efficiency of British gunnery was decisive, and he not only boarded and captured one
enemy manofwar but, from her deck, boarded and took a second.
10. The Battle of Cape St. Vincent won for Jervis the earldom of St. Vincent and for
Nelson a knighthood, which coincided with his promotion by seniority to rear ad
miral. His first action in command of a major independent force, however, was dis
astrous. In the course of an assault on Tenerife, a grapeshot shattered his right el
bow, and back in his flagship the arm was amputated. In the spring of 1798 Nelson
was fit enough to rejoin the Earl of St. Vincent, who assigned him to watch a French
fleet waiting to embark an expeditionary force.
11. Cruising off the port in his flagship, the Vanguard, Nelson was struck by a violent
northwesterly gale that blew his squadron off station and carried the French well on
their way to their destination, Egypt. The British set out in pursuit, Nelson believing
that the French were going either to Sicily or Egypt. After a somewhat confused chase
the British caught up with the French squadron in the harbour at Alexandria near the
mouth of the Nile. There the British saw the harbour crowded with empty French
transports and, to the east, an escorting French squadron of 13 ships anchored in a
defensive line across Abu Qir Bay near the mouths of the Nile. Once the signal to
engage had been hoisted in the Vanguard, Nelson’s ships attacked the French. With
the French ships immobilised, the attacking British ships could anchor and concen
trate their fire on each enemy before moving on to demolish their next target. Its out
come never in doubt from its beginning at sunset, the battle raged all night. By dawn
the French squadron had been all but annihilated. The strategic consequences of the
Battle of the Nile were immense, and Nelson took immediate steps to broadcast the
news throughout the Mediterranean as well as hastening it to London.
12. At Naples, the most convenient port for repairs, he was given a hero’s welcome,
stagemanaged by Lady Hamilton. A prolonged British naval presence in Naples was
useful in supporting the shaky military strength of King Ferdinand, the one major
ruler in Italy to be resisting the southward march of the French, who had already
taken Rome and deposed the pope.
13. The love affair that developed between Nelson and Emma Hamilton came at a time
of crisis. With Nelson’s encouragement, King Ferdinand had indulged his own fan
tasies of glory and, openly joining the alliance of Great Britain, Russia, and Austria
against the French, led his own insignificant army to recapture Rome. Not only was
this a disastrous failure but the French counteroffensive drove him back to Naples,
which itself then fell. Nelson had to evacuate the Neapolitan royal family to Sicily,
and at Palermo it became obvious to all that his infatuation with Emma Hamilton
was complete. She had proved herself indispensable company to him.
14. Blockade of Naples and battle of Copenhagen. In the summer of 1799, Nelson’s squad
ron supported Ferdinand’s successful attempt to recapture Naples, but word of his
dalliance with Emma had reached the Admiralty, and his superiors began to lose
patience. Bonaparte had escaped from Egypt to France, and the French still held
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Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Malta when Lord Keith, who had replaced St. Vincent as commander in chief, de
cided that the enemy’s next objective would be Minorca. Nelson was ordered to that
island with all available ships but refused on the grounds that he expected the threat
to be toward Naples. Events justified him, but to disobey orders so blatantly was un
forgivable. The Admiralty, also angered by his acceptance of the dukedom of Bron
te in Sicily from King Ferdinand, sent him an icy order to return home.
15. In 1800 he returned, but across the continent in company with the Hamiltons. When
the curious little party landed in England, it was at once clear that he was the na
tion’s hero, and his progress to London was triumphal. Emma was pregnant by Nel
son when he was appointed second in command to the elderly admiral Sir Hyde
Parker, who was to command an expedition to the Baltic. Shortly before sailing,
Nelson heard that Emma had borne him a daughter named Horatia.
16. Parker’s fleet sailed for the first objective, Copenhagen, early in 1801. At first Nel
son’s advice was not sought; then, as Danish resistance became increasingly likely,
he could record, «Now we are sure of fighting, I am sent for.» By the stratagem of
taking the fleet’s ships of shallower draught through a difficult channel, Nelson by
passed the shore batteries covering the city’s northern approaches. The next morn
ing, April 2, he led his squadron into action. There was to be no room for tactical
brilliance; only superior gunnery would tell. The Danes resisted bravely, and Park
er, fearing that Nelson was suffering unacceptable losses, hoisted the signal to dis
engage. Nelson disregarded it, and, an hour later, victory was his; the Danish ships
lay shattered and silent, their losses amounting to some 6,000 dead and wounded,
six times heavier than those of the British.
17. Before this success could be followed by similar attacks on the other potential ene
mies, Tsar Paul of Russia died and the threat faded. Parker was succeeded by Nel
son, who at last became a commander in chief. The Admiralty, well aware of his
popular appeal, now made maximum use of it by giving him a home command.
18. At once he planned an ambitious attack on the naval base of Boulogne in order to
foil a possible French invasion. He did not take part himself, and the operation was
a gory failure. A second attempt was abandoned because of peace negotiations with
France, and in March 1802 the Treaty of Amiens was signed.
19. At last there was time to enjoy the fruits of his victories. Emma had, on Nelson’s
instructions, bought an elegant country house, Merton Place, near London, and
transformed it into an expensive mirror for their vanities. At last her husband re
belled, but it was too late for change, and he appeared reconciled to his lot when,
early in 1803, he died with his wife and her lover at his side.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
a mixture – здесь «сочетание»
Admiral — адмирал
support British allies – поддержка британских союзников
the appointment — назначение
the Mediterranean – Средиземное море
a frigate — фрегат
the West Indies – Западные Индии
an associate – неопределенный артикль перед гласными имеет форму an
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