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Тема 3. Основной курс
Officer офицер
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
First years
a mixture of routine experience
To pass the examination
the most active theatre
by way of
On his return to
by the appointment
to command a
by the uninspiring
subsequently
an officer
From this moment
the enthusiastic professional
immensely
qualities
to fight the
allies
across the continent
the nation's hero
progress
triumphal.
Unit 6. Victory at Trafalgar
Времена глаголов
Времена глаголов
Indefinite (Simple)
прошедшее
Present настоящее
Выражает действие, происходящее обычно или повторно. Действие, безразлич
ное в отношении вида — может переводится совершенным или несовершенным
видом в зависимости от контекста.
Perfect
прошедшее
настоящее
Выражает действие, законченное до какоголибо момента в прошлом, настоя
щем или будущем. Переводится глаголами совершенного вида.
Continuous (Progressive)
прошедшее
настоящее
Обозначает незаконченное действие. Переводится несовершенным видом.
будущее
будущее
будущее
201
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Проверочные тесты
Определите время выделенного глагола.
1. Two days before it broke out
— Past Simple
— Present Simple
— Past Perfect
— Present Perfect
2. Nelson, in May 1803, was given command in the Mediterranean, hoisting his flag in
the Victory.
— Past Simple
— Present Continuous
— Past Perfect
— Present Perfect
3. After receiving Napoleon’s orders that he must break the blockade.
— Past Simple
— Present Simple
— Past Perfect
— Present Perfect
4. At dawn next day, the Franco—Spanish fleets were silhouetted against the sunrise off
Cape Trafalgar.
— Past Simple
— Present Simple
— Past Perfect
— Present Perfect
5. «England expects that every man will do his duty.»
— Past Simple
— Future Simple
— Past Perfect
— Present Perfect
6. The Battle of Trafalgar raged at its fiercest around the Victory.
— Past Simple
— Present Simple
— Past Perfect
— Present Perfect
7. He was carried below to the surgeon, and it was soon clear that he was dying.
— Past Simple
— Present Simple
— Past Perfect
— Past Continuous
8. Thank God, I have done my duty.
— Past Simple
— Present Simple
— Past Perfect
— Present Perfect
9. Although the victory of Trafalgar finally made Britain safe from invasion.
— Past Simple
— Present Simple
— Past Perfect
— Present Perfect
10. It was, at the time, overshadowed by the news of Nelson’s death.
202
Тема 3. Основной курс
— Past Simple
— Present Simple
— Past Perfect
— Present Perfect
Правильные ответы.
12345678910
1121224411
Комментарии к тексту
Победа при мысе Трафальгар — одно из важнейших событий биографии Гора
цио Нельсона.
Первый уровень
Napoleon Bonaparte was known to be preparing for war with England. [nq'pqVlIqn]
['bqVnq"pQ:tIq] [wPz] [nqVn] [tu] [bI:] ["prI'pqreIN] [fO:] [wO:] [wID] ['INglqnd]
It was the plan of a crossChannel invasion. [It] [wPz] [Dq] [plxn] [Pv] [q] [krPs] ['tSxnl]
[In'veIZ(q)n]
Nelson organised troops against Napoleon. ['nels(q)n] ['O:gqnaIzqd] [tru:ps] [q'ge(I)nst]
[nq'pqVlIqn]
He made his famous signal. [hi:] [meId] [hIz] ['feImqs] ['sIgn(q)l]
It was «England expects that every man will do his duty». [It] [wPz] ['INglqnd]
[Ik'spekts] [Dxt] ['evrI] [mxn] [wIl] [du:] [hIz] ['dju:tI]
The FrancoSpanish fleets were silhouetted against the sunrise off Cape Trafalgar. [Dq]
['frxNkqV] ['spxnIS] [fli:ts] [wE:] ["sIlu:'etid] [q'ge(I)nst] [Dq] ['sAnraIz] [Pf] [keIp] [trq'fxlgq]
The British began to form the two divisions. [Dq] ['brItIS] [bI'gxn] [tu:] [fO:m] [Dq] [tu:]
[dI'vIZ(q)ns]
They were one led by Nelson, the other by Collingwood. [DeI] [wE:] [wAn] [led] [baI]
['nels(q)n] [DI] ['ADq] [baI] [kqV'lIN wVd]
It was the complete victory. [It] [wPz] [Dq] [kqm'pli:t] ['vIkt(q)rI]
Nelson spoke his last words, «Now I am satisfied. Thank God, I have done my duty».
['nels(q)n] [spqVk] [hIz] [lQ:st] [wE:dz] [naV] [aI] [xm] ['sxtIsfaId] [TxNk] [gPd] [aI] [hxv]
[dAn] [maI] ['dju:tI]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. Bonaparte was known to be preparing for renewed war, and, two days before it broke
out.
2. Nelson, in May 1803, was given command in the Mediterranean, hoisting his flag
in the Victory.
3. After receiving Napoleon’s orders that he must break the blockade, Villeneuve, on
October 20, sailed out of Cadiz.
4. At dawn next day, the FrancoSpanish fleets were silhouetted against the sunrise
off Cape Trafalgar, and the British began to form the two divisions in which they
were to fight, one led by Nelson, the other by Collingwood.
5. As the opposing fleets closed, Nelson made his famous signal, «England expects that
every man will do his duty.»
203
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
6. The Battle of Trafalgar raged at its fiercest around the Victory, and a French sniper,
firing from the mast of the Redoutable, shot Nelson through the shoulder and chest.
7. He was carried below to the surgeon, and it was soon clear that he was dying.
8. Thomas Hardy, his flag captain, kissed his forehead in farewell and Nelson spoke
his last words, «Now I am satisfied. Thank God, I have done my duty.»
9. Although the victory of Trafalgar finally made Britain safe from invasion.
10. It was, at the time, overshadowed by the news of Nelson’s death.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Bonaparte was known to be preparing for ___________________________
Nelson, in May 1803, was given command in ______________________________
After receiving Napoleon’s orders that he must ________________________________
At dawn next day, the FrancoSpanish fleets were silhouetted against the sunrise off
Cape Trafalgar, and the British began to form the two divisions in which they
________________________________
As the opposing fleets closed, Nelson made his ___________________________
The Battle of Trafalgar raged at its fiercest around the Victory, and a French
sniper_________________________________________
He was carried below to the surgeon, and it _________________________________
Thomas Hardy, his flag captain, kissed his forehead in farewell and Nelson
______________________________________________
Although the victory of Trafalgar finally made _______________________________
It was, at the time, overshadowed by ______________________________________
Третий уровень
1. Bonaparte was known to be preparing for renewed war, and, two days before it broke
out, Nelson, in May 1803, was given command in the Mediterranean, hoisting his
flag in the Victory. Once again he was to blockade Toulon, now with the object of
preventing a rendezvous between the French ships there with those at Brest in the
Atlantic and, after Spain declared war on Britain, with Spanish ships from Cartage
na and Cadiz. A combined force of that size could well enable Bonaparte to invade
England; and in early 1805, Napoleon, who the previous year had crowned himself
emperor, ordered the fleets to converge for this purpose.
2. The French and Spanish squadrons were to burst through the British blockade; run
for the West Indies; and after ravaging British possessions and trade, return across
the Atlantic in a single invincible fleet to destroy the British near Ushant, an island
off Brittany, and take control of the English Channel while it was crossed by an in
vading army of 350,000.
3. In March, Admiral Pierre Villeneuve, who was to be in overall command, broke out
of Toulon under cover of bad weather and disappeared. Nelson set off in pursuit. Vil
204
Тема 3. Основной курс
leneuve cut short his marauding, but his fleet was intercepted and damaged by a Brit
ish squadron. Failing to win control of the English Channel, he ran south to Cadiz.
4. Nelson put into Gibraltar, made dispositions for the blockade of Cadiz, and returned
to England. During his 25 days at home, he planned the strategy for the confronta
tion with the FrancoSpanish fleets that seemed inevitable; 34 enemy ships were
blockaded in Cadiz by smaller numbers under Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood. Al
though Napoleon, abandoning the plan of a crossChannel invasion, began to re
deploy the Grand Army, in Britain the danger of invasion seemed as pressing as ever,
and Nelson appeared the country’s hope.
5. When his orders came, Nelson on September 15 sailed in the Victory. He was now at
the height of his professional powers. Worshiped by his officers and sailors alike, he was
confident that his captains understood his tactical thinking so well that the minimum
of consultation would be required. On his 47
th
birthday he dined 15 captains in his flag
ship and outlined his plans to bring on a «pellmell battle» in which British gunnery and
offensive spirit would be decisive. He planned to advance on the FrancoSpanish fleets
in two divisions to break their line and destroy them piecemeal. This was the final aban
donment of the traditionally rigid tactics of fighting in line of battle.
6. After receiving Napoleon’s orders that he must break the blockade, Villeneuve, on Oc
tober 20, sailed out of Cadiz. At dawn next day, the FrancoSpanish fleets were silhou
etted against the sunrise off Cape Trafalgar, and the British began to form the two divi
sions in which they were to fight, one led by Nelson, the other by Collingwood. As the
opposing fleets closed, Nelson made his famous signal, «England expects that every man
will do his duty.» The Battle of Trafalgar raged at its fiercest around the Victory, and a
French sniper, firing from the mast of the Redoutable, shot Nelson through the shoul
der and chest. He was carried below to the surgeon, and it was soon clear that he was
dying. When told that 15 enemy ships had been taken, he replied, «That is well, but I
had bargained for 20.» Thomas Hardy, his flag captain, kissed his forehead in farewell
and Nelson spoke his last words, «Now I am satisfied. Thank God, I have done my duty.»
7. Although the victory of Trafalgar finally made Britain safe from invasion, it was, at
the time, overshadowed by the news of Nelson’s death. A country racked with grief
gave him a majestic funeral in St. Paul’s Cathedral, and his popularity was record
ed in countless monuments, streets, and inns named after him and, eventually, in
the preservation at Portsmouth of the Victory. Emma Hamilton and his daughter,
however, were ignored. Emma died, almost destitute, in Calais nine years later. Ho
ratia, showing her father’s resilience, married a clergyman in Norfolk and became
the mother of a large and sturdy family.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Victory побела
Napoleon's orders – распоряжения Наполеона
Cadiz – город Кадис
At dawn next day – к концу следующего дня
«England expects that every man will do his duty». – Англия верит, что каждый ис
полнит свой долг
The Battle of Trafalgar – битва у мыса Трафальгар
the surgeon хирург
Thank God – спасибо Господи!
205
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
to be preparing for
two days before
hoisting the flag
After receiving
orders
At dawn next day
silhouetted against
the sunrise
to form the two divisions
to fight
As the opposing fleets closed
famous signal
a French sniper
through the shoulder and chest
the surgeon
it was soon clear
Although
the victory
finally
safe from invasion.
overshadowed by the news
Unit 7. European Free Trade Association
Английский словарь
Английский словарь
Необходимо правильно выбрать словарь. Транскрипция в словаре должна пе
редавалься знаками латинской транскрипции, а не «русскими буквами».
Слова в словаре расположены гнездами. В гнезде даны различные в значения
слова.
Каждая группа значений английского слова отмечается арабской цифрой со
скобкой, например: 1) ткань; 2) сукно; 3) скатерть.
После каждого слова в квадратных скобках дана его фонетическая транскрип
ция, в круглых скобках даются вторая и третья формы неправилью глаголов (Past
Indefinite, Past Participle). Если обе формы (Past lndefihite и Past Participle) совпа
дают, в круглых скобках дается только одна форма.
Разные части речи и их формы имеют свои условные обозначе: n. — существи
тельное; v. — глагол; а. — прилагательное; adv. — наречие; p.p. — причастие про
шедшего времени; prep. — предлог; num — числительное; pass. — страдательный
залог, cj — союз, presp. — причастие настоящего времени.
Внутри словарного гнезда заставное (корневое) слово заменяется значком ~
(тильда). В случае изменения окончания слова тильда заменяет часть слова, отде
ленную двумя параллельными линиями, div//.
Также следует помнить о том, что слова в словаре даются в исходной форме,
т.е., глаголы — в инфинитиве, существительные — в единственном числе и т. д.
Проверочные тесты
1. But
—v.
—cj
— adv.
— prep.
2. with
—v.
—cj
— adv.
— prep.
3. countries
—v.
—cj
—n.
— prep.
4. nation
206
Тема 3. Основной курс
—v.
—cj
—n.
— prep.
5. maintaining
—v.
—cj
—n.
— presp.
6. its
—v.
—cj
—n.
— pronoun.
7. outside
—v.
—cj
Правильные ответы.
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1433443334
— adv.
— prep.
8. commercial
—v.
—cj
—a.
— prep.
9. policy
—v.
—cj
—n.
— prep.
10. toward
—v.
—cj
— adv.
— prep.
Комментарии к тексту
Европейская ассоциация свободной торговли (ЕАСТ), торговоэкономическая
группировка, образованная (1960) Австрией, Великобританией, Данией, Норве
гией, Португалией, Швейцарией и Швецией в противовес Европейскому Эконо
мическому Сообществу (ЕЭС).
До сегодняшнего дня играет ведущую роль в экономике европейских стран.
Первый уровень
European Free Trade Association is group of four countries. ["jV(q)rq'pIqn] [fri:] [treId]
[q"sqVsI'eIS(q)n] [Iz] [gru:p] [Pv] [fO:] ['kAntrIz]
They organized to remove trade in industrial goods among themselves. [DeI]
['O:gqnaIzd] [tu:] [rI'mu:v] [treId] [In] [In'dAstrIql] [gVdz] [q'mAN] [Dqm'selvz]
The EFTA is based on the Stockholm Convention. [DI] [i:] [ef] [ti:] [eI] [Iz] [beIst] [Pn]
[Dq] ['stPkhqVm] [kqn'venS(q)n]
It signed by the seven nations in November 1959. [It] ['saInd] [baI] [Dq] ['sev(q)n]
['neIS(q)nz] [In] [nq(V)'vembq] ["naIn'ti:n] ['fIftI] [naIn]
It became operative in May 1960. [It] [bI'keIm] ['Pp(q)rqtIv] [In] [meI] ["naIn'ti:n] ['sIkstI]
The aim is liberalization for industrial goods. [DI] [eIm] [Iz] ["lIb(q)rqlaI'zeIS(q)n] [fO:]
[In'dAstrIql] [gVdz]
There were made agreements to liberalize trade in agricultural products. [Deq] [wE:]
[meId] [q'gri:mqnts] [tu:] ['lIb(q)rqlaIz] [treId] [In] ["xgrI'kAltS(q)rql] ['prPdAkts]
All members take part in it. [O:l] ['membqs] [teIk] [pQ:t] [In] [It]
Their domestic economies proved too great profit. [Deq] [dq'mestIk] [I'kPnqmIz]
[pru:vd] [tu:] [greIt] ['prPfIt]
The agreements were useful for trade. [DI] [q'gri:mqnts] [wE:] ['ju:sf(q)l] [fO:] [treId]
Фонетические трудности
The EFTA [DI] [i:] [ef] [ti:] [eI]
207
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Второй уровень
1. European Free Trade Association is the group of four countries.
2. There are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
3. They were organised to remove barriers to trade in industrial goods among them
selves.
4. But with each nation maintaining its own commercial policy toward countries out
side the group.
5. Headquarters are in Geneva, Switz.
6. A minimal administrative structure was set up by the original convention.
7. Meetings at the ministerial level usually occur twice yearly.
8. Meetings at the official level take place every other week.
9. Decisions are implemented by the individual governments themselves.
10. EFTA holds no supranational powers.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
European Free Trade Association is _____________________________________
There are Iceland, ___________________________________________________
They were organised to remove barriers to _________________________________
But with each nation maintaining its _____________________________________
Headquarters are in __________________________________________________
A minimal administrative structure was ____________________________________
Meetings at the ministerial level usually __________________________________
Meetings at the official level take place ____________________________________
Decisions are implemented by _________________________________________
EFTA holds no ___________________________________________________
Третий уровень
1. European Free Trade Association. (EFTA), group of four countries — Iceland, Liech
tenstein, Norway, and Switzerland — organised to remove barriers to trade in indus
trial goods among themselves, but with each nation maintaining its own commercial
policy toward countries outside the group. Headquarters are in Geneva, Switz.
2. The member countries of the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
(OEEC) originally proposed an OEECwide freetrade area to which countries not
wishing to join the European Economic Community (EEC; now part of the Europe
an Union) could belong and in which the EEC would function as one unit. When ne
gotiations for this broke down in November 1958, the «outside» group, then composed
of Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United King
dom (later known as the Outer Seven), decided to join together in the EFTA to
strengthen their future bargaining power in establishing the wider freetrade area. The
EFTA is based on the Stockholm Convention signed by the seven nations in Novem
ber 1959 and becoming operative in May 1960. Finland became an associate member
208
Тема 3. Основной курс
in 1961 and a full member in 1986; Iceland was admitted to full membership in 1970;
and Liechtenstein (formerly associated through a customs union with Switzerland)
became a full member in 1991. In January 1973, however, Britain and Denmark be
came members of the EEC and left the EFTA. Portugal joined the EEC in 1986. Aus
tria, Finland, and Sweden became members of the European Union (q.v.) in 1995.
3. The original convention committed the members to a schedule of tariff reductions and
quota liberalisation for industrial goods but also included provisions for escape if the
burden imposed on domestic economies proved too great. Provisions also were made
for bilateral agreements to liberalise trade in agricultural products. By 1967, import du
ties on most industrial goods had been abolished. In 1977 the EFTA entered into agree
ments with the EEC that established industrial free trade between the two organisations’
member countries. In October 1991 the members of the EFTA and EEC agreed to es
tablish a freetrade zone among themselves called the European Economic Area (EEA),
which came into effect on Jan. 1, 1994; only Switzerland (which did not ratify the agree
ment) and Liechtenstein (bound by its union with Switzerland) did not join the EEA.
4. A minimal administrative structure was set up by the original convention; meetings
at the ministerial level usually occur twice yearly, and meetings at the official level
take place every other week. Decisions are implemented by the individual govern
ments themselves; EFTA holds no supranational powers.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
European Free Trade Association – EFTA Европейская ассоциация свободной
торговли.
Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland – Исландия, Лихтенштейн,
Норвегия и Швейцария
Barriers – барьеры, препядствия
industrial goods – промышленные товары
Headquarters – употребляется как единственное и как множественное число –
военный термин, обозначает “штаб”, “орган управления”
Meetings at the ministerial level – совещания на уровне министров
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
the group of
They were organised
to remove barriers
to trade
industrial goods
with each nation
maintaining
commercial policy
toward countries
outside the group
A minimal administrative structure
the original convention
Meetings
the ministerial level
usually
twice yearly.
the official level
to take place
every other week
by the individual governments
supranational powers
209
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Unit 8. European Union (EU)
Английский язык в системе мировой цивилизации
Английский язык в системе мировой цивилизации.
Английский язык относится к западногерманской группе индоевропейских
языков. На английском языке говорят в Великобритании и Ирландии (наряду с
ирландским), в США, Канаде (наряду с французским), Австралии, Новой Зелан
дии, частично в Южной Африке и Индии.
Английский язык — один из пяти официальных и рабочих языков, принятых ООН.
Английский язык ведет свое начало от языка древнегерманских племен (анг
лов, саксов и ютов), переселившихся в VVI веках с континента в Британию
Сложное взаимодействие древнегерманских племенных наречий, принесенных в
Британию, населенную кельтскими племенами (бриттами и галлами), и развивав
шихся в условиях формирования английской народности, привело к образованию
территориальных диалектов на старой племенной основе.
В становлении английского языка можно выделить три периода:
Древнеанглийский период (VIIXI века) язык представлен четырьмя диалек
тами: нортумбрийским, мерсийским, уэссексским и кентским. Благодаря эконо
мическому и политическому влиянию Уэссексского королевства в IXX веках
(когда страна стала называться Англией) наибольшее значение приобрел уэссек
сский диалект. После проникновения в Англию в (VI век) христианства латинс
кий алфавит заменил древнегерманские руны, значительно повлиял на английс
кую лексику. В языке покорённого англосаксами кельтского населения Британии
сохранились главным образом географические названия. Набеги скандинавов (ко
нец VIII века), закончившиеся подчинением Англии (1016) датскому королю,
обусловили возникновение скандинавских поселений в стране. Взаимодействие
близкородственных языков, английского и скандинавских, прослеживается и се
годня в современном английском языке имеется значительное количество слов
скандинавского происхождения, а также ему присущи некоторые фонетические
особенности, характерные для диалектов Северной Англии.
Среднеанглийский период (XIXV века). Смешение со скандинавскими язы
ками способствовало усилению и ряда грамматических тенденций, имевшихся в
английском языке. Завоевание Англии норманнами (1066) привело к длительно
му существованию в стране двуязычья, когда английский язык, имевший три ос
новных территориальных диалекта (северный, центральный и южный), сохранялся
как язык народа, но государственным языком считался французский. В течение
долгого времени он был основным при королевском дворе, в парламенте, суде и
школе и после вытеснения французского языка из этих сфер (к XIV веку) в анг
лийском языке сохранились обширные пласты французской лексики. Введение в
Англии книгопечатания (1476) способствовало закреплению и распространению
лондонских форм, чему немало помогла популярность произведений крупного пи
сателя Дж. Чосера (1340—1400), писавшего на лондонском диалекте.
Новоанглийский период начинается приблизительно с XV века. В процессе
образования нации происходило формирование национального английского язы
ка, складывавшегося на основе лондонского диалекта, который сочетал в себе
южные и восточноцентральные диалектные черты. Через книгопечатание лон
*
.
* Британия – одно из древнейших названий (от бриттов) современной территории Англии,
Шотландии и Уэльса.
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