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Тема 3. Основной курс
angles. By noon the larger squadron, led by Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood in the
Royal Sovereign, had engaged the rear (south) 16 ships of the FrenchSpanish line.
At 11:50 AM Nelson, in the Victory, signalled his famous message: «England ex
pects that every man will do his duty.» Then his squadron, with 12 ships, attacked
the van and centre of Villeneuve’s line, which included Villeneuve in the Bucen
taure. The majority of Nelson’s squadron broke through and shattered Villeneuve’s
lines in the pellmell battle. Six of the leading French and Spanish ships, under Ad
miral Pierre Dumanoir, were ignored in the first attack and about 3:30 PM were able
to turn about to aid those behind. But Dumanoir’s weak counterattack failed and
was driven off. Collingwood completed the destruction of the rear, and the battle
ended about 5:00 PM. Villeneuve himself was captured, and his fleet lost 19 or 20
ships—which were surrendered to the British—and 14,000 men, of whom half were
prisoners of war. Nelson was mortally wounded by a sniper, but when he died at 4:30
PM he was certain of his complete victory. About 1,500 British seamen were killed
or wounded, but no British ships were lost. Trafalgar shattered forever Napoleon’s
plans to invade England.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
At 11:50 AM – часы в Англии считаются до полудня и после полудня по 2 раза
по 12 часо в сутках – в 11.50 утра
100 years – сто лет
A fleet of 33 ships (18 French and 15 Spanish) – флот, состоявший из 33х кораб
лей (18 фрвнцузских и 15 испанских)
about 5:00 PM – около 5 часов вечера
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
Battle of Trafalgar
naval engagement
of the Napoleonic Wars
British naval supremacy
for more than
between
At 11:50 AM
famous message
every man
to do smb. duty
the van and centre of
The majority of
the pellmell battle
weak counterattack
the destruction of the rear
the battle
351
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Unit 37. United Nations
Дробные числа
Дробные числа
Как и в русском языке, в простых дробях числитель читается как количествен
ное числительное, а знаменатель — как порядковое числительное, причем, если
числитель больше единицы, знаменатель читается во множественном числе.
1/3 — one third или a third ;
2/3 — two thirds
3/7 — three sevenths
1/2 — a half
1/4 — one (a) quarter, one (a) fourth.
Вместо слов zero, nought можно читать букву о [ou]
Проверочные тесты
1. 1/3.
— One third.
— A third.
— Все вышеперечисленные.
— Нет правильных ответов.
2. One third.
— 1.3.
— 1/3.
— Все вышеперечисленные.
— Нет правильных ответов.
3. 2/3.
— Two thirds.
— Three seventh.
— Все вышеперечисленные.
— Нет правильных ответов.
4. 2 5/8.
— Two, five eighths.
— Two and five eighths.
— Two, five, eighth.
— Нет правильных ответов.
5. 1/2.
— A half.
— Two.
— One (a) quarter.
— One (a) fourth.
6. 1/4.
— One (a) quarter.
— One (a) fourth.
— Все вышеперечисленные.
— Нет правильных ответов.
7. 0.275.
— Nought (zero) point two seven five.
— Nought point two hundred and seventy.
— Все вышеперечисленные.
— Нет правильных ответов.
8. 3.82.
— Three point eight two.
— Three point eightytwo.
— Все вышеперечисленные.
— Нет правильных ответов.
9. .275.
— Point two seven five.
— Period two hundred seventyfive.
— Все вышеперечисленные.
— Нет правильных ответов.
10. 3/7.
— Three sevenths.
— A third.
— Все вышеперечисленные.
— Нет правильных ответов.
Правильные ответы
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3212133331
Комментарии к тексту
В связи с изменением геополитической картины мира изменяется и роль Орга
низации Объединенных Наций. Современная лексика позволяет определить в дан
ном случае возможности научнопублицистического стиля. Необходимо крити
352
Тема 3. Основной курс
чески подойти к английскому источнику. США играют сегодня в мире ведущую
роль, поэтому объективно вырастает роль НАТО.
Первый уровень
The primary function of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and
security. [Dq] ['praIm(q)rI] ['fANkS(q)n] [Pv] [Dq] [ju:'naItId] ['neIS(q)nz] [Iz] [tu:]
[meIn'teIn] ["Intq'nxS(q)nql] [pi:s] [xnd] [sI'kjV(q)rItI]
It was the function of the League of Nations before it. [It] [wPz] [Dq] ['fANkS(q)n] [Pv]
[Dq] [li:g] [Pv] ['neIS(q)nz] [bI'fO:] [It]
The Security Council may decide some questions for peacemaking purposes. [Dq]
[sI'kjV(q)rItI] ['kaVns(q)l] [meI] [dI'saId] [sAm] ['kwestS(q)nz] [fO:] ['pi:s"meIkIN] ['pE:pqsiz]
It determines that a threat to the peace exists. [It] [dI'tE:mInz] [Dxt] [q] [Tret] [tu:]
[Dq] [pi:s] [Ig'zIsts]
It determines a threat act of aggression has occurred. [It] [dI'tE:mInz] [q] [Tret] [xkt]
[Pv] [q'greS(q)n] [hxz] [q'kWd]
Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin had an important role in this cooperation. ['tSE:tSIl]
['rOuzqvqlt] [xnd] ['stx"lIn] [hxd] [xn] [Im'pO:t(q)nt] [rqVl] [In] [DIs] [kqV"Ppq'reIS(q)n]
It was basic agreement among the Great Powers. [It] [wPz] ['beIsIk] [q'gri:mqnt]
[q'mAN] [Dq] [greIt] ['paVqz]
The United Nations was created for peacemaking purposes. [DI] [ju:'naItId] ['neIS(q)nz]
[wPz] [krI'eItId] [fO:] ['pi:s"meIkIN] ['pE:pqsIz]
The United Nations has the General Assembly. [DI] [ju:'naItId] ['neIS(q)nz] [hxz] [Dq]
['dZen(q)rql] [q'semblI]
There are «any questions relating to the maintenance of international peace and
security". [Deq] [Q:r] ['enI] ['kwestS(q)nz] [rI'leItIN] [tu:] [Dq] ['meInt(q)nqns] [Pv]
["Intq'nxS(q)nql] [pi:s] [xnd] [sI'kjV(q)rItI]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. The primary function of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and
security.
2. It was the function of unformed League of Nations before it.
3. Chapter 6 of the Charter provides for the pacific settlement of disputes, through such
means as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and/or judicial decisions.
4. When pacific settlement fails, the goal of collective security — whereby the securi
ty of each member is assured by all, and aggression against one would be met by the
resistance of all.
5. There are all measures, including economic and military sanctions, against an ag
gressor.
6. In practice, however, collective security has been extremely difficult to achieve.
7. During the Cold War, collective security was replaced by peacekeeping and preven
tive diplomacy.
8. In the postCold War period the United Nations plays a new role.
9. The United Nations can not be used for peacemaking purposes.
10. It depends of the new role of USA.
353
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
The primary function of the United Nations is _____________________________
It was the function of ________________________________________________
Chapter 6 of the Charter provides for the pacific settlement of disputes, through such
means as __________________________________________________________
When pacific settlement fails, the goal of collective security — whereby the security
of each member is assured by ______________________________________________
There are all measures, including _______________________________________
In practice, however, collective security __________________________________
During the Cold War, collective security __________________________________
In the postCold War period ____________________________________________
The United Nations can not ____________________________________________
It depends of ______________________________________________________
Третий уровень.
1. Functions of the United Nations. Settlement of disputes. The primary function of the Unit
ed Nations, as was the function of the League of Nations before it, is to maintain in
ternational peace and security. Chapter 6 of the Charter provides for the pacific set
tlement of disputes, through such means as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and/
or judicial decisions. When pacific settlement fails, the goal of collective security —
whereby the security of each member is assured by all, and aggression against one
would be met by the resistance of all — underlies the provisions in Chapter 7 for co
ercive measures, including economic and military sanctions, against an aggressor. In
practice, however, collective security has been extremely difficult to achieve. During
the Cold War, collective security was replaced by peacekeeping and preventive diplo
macy. In the postCold War period, appeals to the United Nations for peacemaking
purposes increased dramatically, renewing discussion about the feasibility of putting
into practice the original UN provisions for collective security.
2. According to Chapter 6 of the Charter, whenever a dispute arises, the Security Council
must first seek to bring about a pacific settlement. If the parties to a dispute that threat
ens the peace fail to settle it by nonviolent means of their own choice, the cecurity
Council must call upon them to settle it. The council may investigate any dispute or
situation to determine whether it is likely to endanger international peace and secu
rity. At any stage of the dispute the Security Council may recommend appropriate
procedures or methods of adjustment, and if the parties fail to settle the dispute by
peaceful means the Security Council may recommend terms of settlement.
3. The Security Council may decide on necessary action when it determines that a threat
to the peace exists or that a breach of the peace or act of aggression has occurred.
The Charter envisages the application of graduated measures, from economic and dip
lomatic sanctions to military action. By subscribing to the Charter, all members un
dertake to place at the disposal of the Security Council armed forces and facilities for
354
Тема 3. Основной курс
military sanctions against aggressors or disturbers of the peace, but during the Cold
War no agreements to give this measure effect were concluded. The issue of creating
permanent UN forces was raised again with the end of the Cold War.
4. The Charter places primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace
and security on the Security Council. Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin believed that
without basic agreement among the Great Powers, there could be no effective co
operation in the maintenance of peace or the application of sanctions against an ag
gressor. Consequently, despite the objections of the small states and many consult
ant groups, the final charter provided that substantive decisions would require the
unanimous vote of the five permanent members of the Security Council. During the
Cold War, however, this requirement resulted in frequent stalemates in the Securi
ty Council, since substantive disagreement, especially between the United States and
the Soviet Union, often rendered the Council unable to act.
5. Notwithstanding the emphasis on unanimity of the Great Powers in maintaining
international peace and security, the Charter does provide for the participation of
the General Assembly and nonmember states in security issues. Any state, wheth
er it is a member of the United Nations or not, may bring any dispute or situation
that endangers international peace and security to the attention of the Security
Council or the General Assembly. Article 11, paragraph 2, of the Charter authoris
es the General Assembly to «discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of
international peace and security» and to «make recommendations with regard to any
such questions to the state or states concerned or to the Security Council or to both.»
This authorisation is restricted by the provision of Article 12 that, «while the Secu
rity Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the functions assigned
to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommen
dation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so re
quests.» Moreover, the General Assembly adopted the « Uniting for Peace» resolu
tion in November 1950 (during the Korean War), granting itself the power to deal
with threats to the peace if the Security Council fails to act owing to a veto by a
permanent member. Nevertheless, while these provisions grant the General Assem
bly a broad secondary role, the Security Council can make decisions that bind all
the members, whereas the General Assembly can make only recommendations.
6. Owing to the Security Council’s inability to agree on the instigator of aggression during
the Cold War, actions to maintain international peace and security often took the form
of peacekeeping missions. These missions began under the initiative of SecretaryGen
eral Dag Hammarskjeld (served 195361) and represented a procedural innovation not
established in the Charter. In peacekeeping missions, UN troops are placed in situa
tions of conflict to defuse tensions and are deployed only in situations in which all par
ties to the conflict in question have agreed on their emplacement. The UN troops are
to remain neutral and use force only for selfdefence purposes. Peacekeeping missions
have generally been used after a stalemate in fighting has been reached or after allied
states (such as the United States and the Soviet Union) have agreed to place joint pres
sure on those in conflict to reach a ceasefire. As a result, UN peacekeeping has most
often been used to contain extant conflicts rather than to prevent the outbreak of wars.
7. UN peacekeeping troops, called «blue helmets,» have served throughout the world,
most extensively in the Middle East. After the end of the Cold War, appeals for UN
forces proliferated, engendering new debates over the creation of permanent UN
forces, the requirement that all parties to a conflict agree to the presence of UN
troops, and the functions such UN troops might be expected to perform, including
offensive, as well as defensive, actions.
355
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
8. In addition to traditional peacekeeping and preventive diplomacy tasks, the func
tions of UN forces in the postCold War era have been expanded considerably. From
1990 they supervised elections in many parts of the world, including Nicaragua, Er
itrea, and Cambodia; encouraged peace negotiations in El Salvador, Angola, and
Western Sahara; and distributed food in Somalia. UN troop presence during the vi
olent and protracted disintegration of Yugoslavia renewed discussion about the role
of UN troops in refugee resettlement. Despite the inability of the United Nations
to enact fully the collective security measures envisioned in the Charter, the im
portance of UN peacekeeping forces was recognised in 1988, when they were award
ed the Nobel Peace Prize.
9. The United Nations’ actions in two conflicts went far beyond the constraints of
peacekeeping. The preponderant role of the United States in initiating and com
manding UN actions in Korea in 1950 and the Persian Gulf in 199091 engendered
debate over whether or not the requirements and spirit of collective security could
ever be achieved apart from Great Power interests and without U.S. control. After
fighting broke out between North and South Korea in June 1950, the United States
obtained a Security Council resolution authorising the use of force to support its
ally, South Korea, and turn back North Korean forces.
10. The Soviet Union was at the time boycotting the Security Council over its refusal
to seat the People’s Republic of China, and so there was no veto of the U.S. meas
ure. As a result, a U.S. — led multinational force fought under the UN banner until
a ceasefire was reached on July 27, 1953. The Security Council again voted to use
UN armed forces to repel an aggressor after the August 1990 invasion of Kuwait by
Iraq. After condemning the aggression, the council first voted on August 6 to enact
economic and financial sanctions against Iraq. Then, on November 29, the council
(on the initiative of the United States) passed Resolution 678, authorising member
states to use «all necessary means» to restore «peace and security» to Kuwait and
setting a Jan. 15, 1991, deadline for Iraq’s withdrawal. The resulting military action
began on January 16, when U.S. President George Bush decided to begin air bom
bardment. The campaign lasted for six weeks until Iraq agreed to comply with UN
resolutions and withdraw from Kuwait.
Задание 5.
A. Пересскажите текст.
This text is about …
5.B. Перескажите текст, используя следующие слова и выражения:
to maintain – содержать, включать в себя
the United Nations – Организация Объединенных наций
League of Nations – Лига Наций
military sanctions – военные санкции
the Cold War – Холодная война
In the postCold War period – период после окончания Холодной войны
5.C. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения:
The primary function of
the United Nations
to maintain
international peace and security
the function of
unformed League of Nations
for the pacific settlement of disputes
through
such means
negotiation
mediation
arbitration
judicial decisions
When
356
Тема 3. Основной курс
pacific settlement
the goal
collective security
whereby
the security of
each member
aggression
against
to be met by
the resistance
all measures
economic and military sanctions
against an aggressor
However
collective security
extremely
to achieve
During the Cold War
collective security
peacekeeping and preventive diplomacy
In the postCold War period
the United Nations
to play a new role
to be used for
peacemaking purposes
the new role of
In practice
Unit 38. Viking
Местоимение
Личные местоимения
Местоимение — это часть речи, которая заменяет имя существительное или при
лагательное.
Местоимения не имеют общих формальных признаков, которые характеризо
вали бы всю эту часть речи в целом.
Все местоимения в английском языке делятся на личные, притяжательные,
вопросительные, относительные, возвратные, усилительные, взаимные, указатель
ные, неопределенные.
Местоимения могут выполнять в предложении различные функции: подлежа
щего, дополнения, определения, именной части составного сказуемого. Некото
рые местоимения могут выполнять служебную роль; 1) притяжательные, указа
тельные, неопределенные, относительные и вопросительные местоимения явля
ются показателями имен существительных;
2) относительные местоимения who, whose, which и др. являются союзными
словами, вводящими придаточные предложения.
Личные местоимения
Личные местоимения имеют формы рода, числа и падежа. В современном англий
ском языке нет местоимения «ты»; второе лицо единственного числа обозначается
меотоимением «you» (вы). Местоимение I (я) всегда пишется, с большой буквы.
оциЛолсиЧжедапйыньлетинемИжедапйынневсоK
1.деIЯeMенм,янеМ
2.нм,.деuoYыт,ыВuoY
3.де
1.нмeWыМsUман,саН
2.нмuoYыВuoYмав,саВ
3.нмyehTинОmehTми,хИ
eH
ehS
tI
нО
анО
о,нО
оно,ан
miH
reH
357
,мав,саВ
ебет,ябет
уме,огЕ
йе,еЕ
йе,ее,уме,огЕ
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
Личные местоимения в косвенном падеже ( me, us и др.) переводятся винитель
ным и дательным падежами.
He showed me a new magazine. Он показал мне новый журнал.
Личные местоимения в косвенном падеже с предлогом to также переводятся
местоимениями в дательном падеже. Обычно местоимение с предлогом to стоит
после прямого дополнения, например,
Give this magazine to me. Дайте этот журнал мне.
Личные местоимения в косвенном падеже с предлогами bу,with переводятся в
творительном падеже, а с предлогами about, of — в предложнои падеже.
Проверочные тесты.
Каким местоимением можно заменить выделенное слово:
1. Viking, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonised
wide areas of Europe from the 9
ence profoundly affected European history.
—I
— You
— you
— they
2. Viking, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonised
wide areas of Europe from the 9
ence profoundly affected European history.
—it
—we
— you
— they
3. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were probably prompted to
undertake their raids by a combination of factors ranging from overpopulation at
home to the relative helplessness of victims abroad.
—it
—we
— you
— they
4. The Vikings were made up of land—owning chieftains and clan heads, their retain
ers, freemen, and any energetic young clan members who sought adventure and booty
overseas.
—it
—we
— you
— they
5. At home these Scandinavians were independent farmers, but at sea they were raiders
and pillagers.
—it
—we
— you
— they
6. During the Viking period the Scandinavian countries seem to have possessed a prac
tically inexhaustible surplus of manpower, and leaders of ability, who could organ
ise groups of warriors into conquering bands and armies, were seldom lacking.
—it
th
to the 11th century and whose disruptive influ
th
to the 11th century and whose disruptive influ
358
Тема 3. Основной курс
—we
— you
— they
7. These bands would negotiate the seas in their longships and mount hit—and—run
raids at cities and towns along the coasts of Europe.
—it
—we
— you
— they
8. Their burning, plundering, and killing earned them the name Viking, meaning «pirate»
in the early Scandinavian languages.
—it
—we
— you
— they
9. The exact ethnic composition of the Viking armies is unknown in particular cases, but
the Vikings’ expansion in the Baltic lands and in Russia can reasonably be attribut
ed to the Swedes.
—it
—we
— you
— they
10. On the other hand, the non—military colonisation of the Orkneys, Faroes, and Iceland
was clearly due to the Norwegians.
—it
—we
— you
— they
Правильные ответы
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Комментарии к тексту
Викинги, норманны или варяги одинаково представляют интнрес и для англий
ского и для российского студента. Научноучебный стиль дает возможность по
лучить большее количество информации в интересной и доступной форме.
Первый уровень.
The Vikings were called Norseman. [Dq] ['vaIkINz] [wE:] ['kL ld] ['nO:smqn]
The Vikings were also called Northman. [Dq] ['vaIkINz] [wE:] ['O:lsqV] ['kL ld]
['nO:T|mqn]
There were members of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors. [Deq] [wE:] ['membqz]
[Pv] [Dq] ["skxndI'neIvIqn] ['si:"fe(q)rIN] ['wPrIqz]
They raided and colonised wide areas of Europe. [DeI] ['reIdId] [xnd] ['kPlqnaIzd]
[waId] ['e(q)rIqz] [Pv] ['jV(q)rqp]
It was from the 9th to the 11th century. [It] [wPz] [frPm] [Dq] [naInT] [tu:] [I'lev(q)nT]
['sentSqrI]
They had the great influence to European history. [DeI] [hxd] [Dq] [greIt] ['InflVqns]
[tu:] ["jV(q)rq'pIqn] ['hIst(q)rI]
They were well known by their burning. [DeI] [wE:] [wel] [nqVn] [baI] [Deq] ['bE:nIN]
359
Раздел III. Английский язык для юристов
They were well known by their plundering, and killing too. [DeI] [wE:] [wel] [nqVn] [baI]
[Deq] ['plAndqrIN] [xnd] ['kIlIN] [tu:]
The name Vikings had meaning «pirate» in the early Scandinavian languages. [Dq] [neIm]
['vaIkINz] [hxd] ['mi:nIN] ['paI(q)rqt] [In] [DI] ['E:lI] ["skxndI'neIvIqn] ['lxNgwIdZIz]
It was the Vikings' expansion in the Baltic lands and in Russia. [It] [wPz] [Dq] ['vaIkINz]
[Ik'spxnS(q)n] [In] [Dq] ['bO:ltIk] [lxndz] [xnd] [In] ['rASq]
Задание 1. Выписать транскрипцию каждого слова.
Задание 2. Перевести текст.
Задание 3. Текст выучить наизусть.
Второй уровень
1. Viking is member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors.
2. They raided and colonised wide areas of Europe from the 9
3. They disruptive influence profoundly affected European history.
4. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were probably prompted to
undertake their raids by a combination of factors ranging from overpopulation at
home to the relative helplessness of victims abroad.
5. The Vikings were made up of landowning chieftains and clan heads.
6. Their retainers, freemen, and any energetic young clan members sought adventure
and booty overseas.
7. At home these Scandinavians were independent farmers.
8. But at sea they were raiders and pillages.
9. These bands would negotiate the seas in their longships and mount hitandrun raids
at cities and towns along the coasts of Europe.
10. They’re burning, plundering, and killing earned them the name Viking, meaning «pi
rate» in the early Scandinavian languages.
Задание 4. Закончите письменно предложения согласно тексту:
A.
The headline of this text is …
The main idea of this text is …
This text consists of … parts.
The fierst part is about …
The 2nd part is about ...
The 3d part is about ...
Concluding the text …
B.
Viking is __________________________________________________________
They raided and _____________________________________________________
They disruptive influence ______________________________________________
These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were probably prompted to
undertake their _______________________________________________________
The Vikings were made up _____________________________________________
Their retainers, freemen, and any ________________________________________
At home these Scandinavians __________________________________________
But at sea they were __________________________________________________
These bands would negotiate the seas in their longships and ____________________
They’re burning, plundering, and killing earned them the name Viking____________
th
to the 11th century.
Третий уровень.
360
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