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Файл:Практикум по физико-химическим изменениям кулинарной продукции в процессе производства. Учебное пособие
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Ɍ. Ⱥ. Ⱦɠɭɦ, ȿ. Ƚ. Ⱦɭɧɟɰ
ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄɍɆ
ɉɈ ɎɂɁɂɄɈ-ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ ɂɁɆȿɇȿɇɂəɆ
ɄɍɅɂɇȺɊɇɈɃ ɉɊɈȾɍɄɐɂɂ
ȼ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋȿ ɉɊɈɂɁȼɈȾɋɌȼȺ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ»
2025
1
ɍȾɄ 640.432
ȻȻɄ 30.609
Ⱦ42
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɈ «Ʉɭɛɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɈɈɈ «ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɋɟɪɜɢɫ», ɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ Ʉɭɛɚɧɢ,
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ,
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ» Ɂɚɩɨɪɨɠɫɤɚɹ ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɧɚ;
ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɹɠɟɣ Ⱦɟɧɢɫɨɜ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
Ⱦɠɭɦ, Ɍ. Ⱥ.
Ⱦ42 ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-
ɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ɍ. Ⱥ. Ⱦɠɭɦ, ȿ. Ƚ. Ⱦɭɧɟɰ. –
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2025. – 204 ɫ. : ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-2144-7
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫ
ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɢɯ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɥɸɞ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɧɚ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɫ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɥɸɞ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɜɭɡɨɜ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
19.03.04 ɢ 19.04.04 «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ»,
ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɨɜ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ 43.03.03 «Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
ɍȾɄ 640.432
ȻȻɄ 30.609
ISBN 978-5-9729-2144-7 Ⱦɠɭɦ Ɍ. Ⱥ., Ⱦɭɧɟɰ ȿ. Ƚ., 2025
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2025
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2025
2
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ....................................................................................................................... 4
1. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ
ɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ............................................................................................................ 6
2. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ..................................... 30
3. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ........................................... 67
4. Ɉɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ .......................................................................................... 127
5. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɩɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ............................. 137
6. Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɧɚ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɥɸɞɚ
ɢ ɢɯ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ .......................................................................... 156
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ............................................................................................................... 168
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ............................................................................................................... 170
Ƚɥɨɫɫɚɪɢɣ ................................................................................................................. 173
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ – Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɧɚ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɛɥɸɞɚ ........................................................................................................................ 187
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ȼ – Ɉɬɜɟɬɵ ɤ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ .............................................................. 201
3
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ
ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ,
ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ,
ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ,
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ – ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸ
ɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ
ɫɭɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɱɟɬɤɨɟ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɨɤ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ ɢ ɛɥɸɞ.
Ɂɧɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɣ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ:
– ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ;
– ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɛɥɸɞ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ, ɰɜɟɬɨɦ, ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ,
ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ, ɜɤɭɫɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ.
ȼɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɜɨɫɯɢɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɤɢ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɸɞ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɯɧɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ:
1. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ
ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ;
-
4
2. ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ;
3. Ⱦɚɬɶ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɧɚ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ – ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɺ ɧɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ:
–ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ;
– ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ;
– ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ;
– ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢ-
ɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɟɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ – ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɜɤɭɫɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ.
5
1. ɋɉȿɐɂɎɂɄȺ ɎɂɁɂɄɈ-ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɈȼ,
ɎɈɊɆɂɊɍɘɓɂɏ ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼɈ ɄɍɅɂɇȺɊɇɈɃ ɉɊɈȾɍɄɐɂɂ
ɋ ɊȿɒȿɇɂȿɆ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɇɕɏ ɋɂɌɍȺɐɂɃ ɂ ɌȿɋɌɈȼɈɃ ȻȺɁɕ
Ʉɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɨɞɨ- ɢ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ
ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɇɚɫɫɨ- ɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɫɦɨɫɚ, ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ (ɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ), ɫɭɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 1
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɚɫɫɨ- ɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɮɚɡɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ
ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɸ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ
ɉɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ɏɢɤɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ – ɱɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ.
6
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɢ, ɡɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɜɚɪɤɟ,
ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ,
ɩɨɫɨɥɟ, ɦɚɪɢɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ
ɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɟɡ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɢ, ɜɚɪɤɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ 1 ɤɝ
ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 160–
180 ɫɦ2, ɚ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ – ɛɨɥɟɟ 4500 ɫɦ2,
ɱɬɨ ɜ 25–30 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ
ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɪɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɜɨɳɢ.
ɢɧ-
-
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɭ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.
ɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ
ɫɪɟɞɭ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ,
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɧɨ
ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ.
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɜ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɪɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɜ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ (ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ) ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ
ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ – ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱ
ɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɉ ɪ ɨ ɞ ɨ ɥ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 1
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
Ɍɚɤ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɜ
ɫɜɟɤɥɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 8–10 %, ɜ
ɦɨɪɤɨɜɢ – 6,5 %, ɜ ɛɪɸɤɜɟ –
6 %. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɢɞɟɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ,
ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ.
ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. ɉɪɢ
ɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ
ɛɟɪɭɬ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɶ
ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
(ɜɚɪɤɚ ɝɨɜɹɠɶɢɯ ɩɨɱɟɤ, ɨɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɝɪɢɛɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɬɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɶ ɤɚɤ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɩɪɢ
ɜɚɪɤɟ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɸ ɜ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɨɥɟ ɢ ɦɚɪɢɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɪɢɧɚɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ (ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɟ
ɦɚɪɢɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ). Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
-
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɪɢɧɚɞ, ɤɚɤ ɝ
7
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɛɤɚ.
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɭɯɭ
Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ
ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ – ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɨɫɦɨɫ –
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ. ɗɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɨɣ ɜ
Ɉɫɦɨɫ
ɉɥɚɡɦɨɥɢɡ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɠɢɬ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ
ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ, ɜ
ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɟ
ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ.
Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɢɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ) ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ.
Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɨɜɨɳɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɭɪɝɨɪɨɦ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɨɜɨɳɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɪɭɤɬɵ ɜ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɢ, ɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɨɫɦɨɫɭ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.
Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ:
– ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ;
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ
– ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ;
– ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɧɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɫɥɭ-
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
;
ɉ ɪ ɨ ɞ ɨ ɥ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 1
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɭɜɹɞɲɢɯ
ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ, ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɯɪɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ:
– ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ
ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ;
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ;
– ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ
ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
– ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ
ɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ;
– ɤɜɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ;
– ɫɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɭɪɰɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɥɢɡɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
ɉɨɞɛɢɪɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɚɯɚɪɚ
ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɪɨɩɟ), ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ
ɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ
ɫɦɨɪɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ,
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ,
ɞɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ.
8
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ
(ɥɚɬ. ɟxtraho
– ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟ-
ɧɢɟ)
Ɍɟɪɦɨɦɚɫ-
ɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ (ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚ). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɞɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ, ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ-ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ
ɬɟɥɚ. ȼɨɞɚ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ
ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɬɨ ɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɵ. ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚ
ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ, ɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ
ɟɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ. ɇɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚ ɨɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɤ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦɭ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ –
ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ.
ɉ ɪ ɨ ɞ ɨ ɥ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 1
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɩɪɢ ɜɵɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ
–
ɢ ɦɨɪɤɨɜɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ;
– ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɭɥɶɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɪ.;
– ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɷɮɢɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɢɡ
ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɭɤɚ, ɦɨɪɤɨɜɢ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɥɸɞ;
– ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɤɨɣ ɡɟɥɟɧɶɸ, ɱɟɫɧɨɤɨɦ,
ɢɦɛɢɪɟɦ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ
ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɪɨɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟ
ɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɚ) ɜ
ɧɚɝɪɟɬɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ (ɩɚɪɨɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɨɦɚɬ, ɠɚɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɲɤɚɮ,
ɤɢɩɹɳɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɬɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɜɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ.
9
ɦɚɫɟɥ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟ-
-
Ɉ ɤ ɨ ɧ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 1
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɤɨɪɨɱɤɚ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ
ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ
Ɍɟɪɦɨɦɚɫ-
ɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɡɚ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ,
ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬɟɦ
ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɚ.
ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ
ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ – ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ
ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ –
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɦ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ
ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ:
– ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ;
– ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ.
ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ: ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ, ɚɞɝɟɡɢɸ, ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɝɟɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɮɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ.
Ʉɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. ɋɭɯɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ
(ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ, ɤɚɡɟɢɧɚ, ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ) ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɯɲɢɟ ɝɟɥɢ (ɤɫɟɪɨɝɟɥɢ) ɷɬɢɯ
ɛɢɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɬɶ – ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ
ɦɚɫɫɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɇɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ
ɢɥɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ-ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ.
ɇɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ȼɟɥɤɢ (ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ) ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɇɟɪɨɣ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ –
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ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ
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