Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Практикум по физико-химическим изменениям кулинарной продукции в процессе производства. Учебное пособие
.pdf
ɛɥɸɞɚɯ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɨɧ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɋɭɥɶɮɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟ
ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1–2 ɫɭɬɨɤ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɞɨɝɨɬɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɋɪɨɤ ɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 4±2 °ɋ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 48 ɱ.
Ɉɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɥɚɬɨɜ, ɜɢɧɟɝɪɟɬɨɜ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɸɬ (ɛɪɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɞɨɥɶɤɚɦɢ, ɤɭɛɢɤɚɦɢ,
ɫɨɥɨɦɤɨɣ, ɥɨɦɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɤɪɭɠɨɱɤɚɦɢ). ȼ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɚɪɧɢɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɩɨɜ, ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɛɥɸɞ ɢɡ ɦɹɫɚ, ɪɵɛɵ, ɩɬɢɰɵ, ɛɥɸɞ ɢɡ
ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 8: ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟ. ɑɟɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ? Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɰɜɟɬɚ ɜɵ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ?
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ (ɲɩɢɧɚɬɚ, ɳɚɜɟɥɹ, ɫɚɥɚɬɨɜ, ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ (ɤɪɵɠɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɏɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ. ɏɥɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɭɸ, ɨɜɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ
ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɭ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɨɜɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 3–7 ɦɤɦ.
ɏɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫ ɥɢɩɢɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɦ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ:
– (ɋ
– (ɋ
32ɇ30ɈN4
32ɇ28Ɉ2N4
Ɇg) Â (ɋɈɈɋɇ3) Â (ɋɈɈɋ20ɇ39) – ɚ-ɫɢɧɟ-ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ;
Ɇg) Â (ɋɈɈɋɇ3) Â (ɋɈɈɋ20ɇ39) – ɛ-ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ.
Ɉɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ
ɨɜɨɳɟɣ. ɏɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɷɮɢɪ ɞɜɭɯɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ: ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɥɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ (ɩɨɪɮɢɧɨɜɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ), ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɢɨɧɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ. ɏɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ ɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ
ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ. Ɉɧ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ, ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ.
ȼ ɫɵɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɠɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. ɋɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɠɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɨɦ ɢ
ɛɟɥɤɨɦ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ – ɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɟɥɟɧɨ-ɛɭɪɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ.
ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɰɜɟɬ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ
ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɳɚɜɟɥɟ) ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɯ
ɩɨɛɭɪɟɧɢɟ.
41
ȼɚɪɤɚ ɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ
ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɢɨɧɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɨɥɨɜɚ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɦɟɞɢ, ɢɯ ɰɜɟɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ
ɫ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ
ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ: ɫ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɦ – ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɚɹ, ɫ ɨɥɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɦ – ɫɟɪɨɜɚɬɚɹ, ɫ
ɦɟɞɶɸ – ɹɪɤɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɚɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɨɜɨɳɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ:
– ɜɚɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ;
– ɫɬɪɨɝɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɉɪɢ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɟ-
ɬɭɱɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɨɮɢɬɢɧɚ.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɦɵɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɚ – ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɢɧɚ, ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɹɪɤɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ
ɨɜɨɳɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨ-
ɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧ ɋ.
ɇɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɨɦɵɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɡɟɥɟɧɶ (ɛɨɬɜɭ, ɡɟɥɟɧɶ ɩɟɬɪɭɲɤɢ ɢ
ɞɪ.) ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ, ɩɪɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɬɠɢɦɚɸɬ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɢɧɨɜɭɸ ɩɚɫɬɭ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 9: ɢɡ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɦɚɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɸɪɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɛɨɫɧɭɣɬɟ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɛɥɸɞ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
ɉɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɟɧɶɟ.
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɭɤɚ ɪɟɩɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ 50 % ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɪɤɨɜɢ, ɬɨɦɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɸɪɟ ɢ ɬɨɦɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɚɫɬɵ,
ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɠɢɪ, ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ
ɰɜɟɬ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ
ɜɢɞ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɵ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɗɮɢɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɨɪɤɨɜɢ ɩɢɪɪɨɥɢɞɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɭɰɢɧɨɦ, ɜ
ɛɟɥɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɶɹɯ – ɩɢɧɟɧɨɦ, ɚɩɢɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɰɟɞɚɧɨɥɢɞɨɦ, ɜ ɥɭɤɟ – ɚɥɥɚɰɢɥɨɦ ɢ ɚɥɥɢɰɢɧɨɦ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɥɸɞ
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ.
,
42
Ⱥɪɨɦɚɬ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɠɢɯ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤ,
ɩɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɦɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɸɪɟ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧ ɢ ɥɢɤɨɩɢɧ (ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɨɜ), ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɫɵɪɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɢ
ɬɨɦɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɸɪɟ
ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧ ɋ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɠɢɪ, ɨɛɜɨɥɚɤɢɜɚɹ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɜɨɳɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɨɜɨɳɟɣ
ɨɬ 26 ɞɨ 38 %. Ʌɭɤ ɪɟɩɱɚɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɛɥɸɞ ɢ ɫɨɭɫɨɜ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɭɸɬ ɞɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ 50 %. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ
ɠɢɪɚ. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɵ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ – ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɪɚ.
Ɋɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɵɪɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ. Ɋɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ, ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ ɢ
ɷɤɫ-
ɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 10: ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɨɣ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɚɲɢ ɢɡ ɹɞɪɢɰɵ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɤɪɭɩɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɨɛɠɚɪɤɟ? Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɲɢ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ
ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɵ ɚɥɟɣɪɨɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ,
ɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɚɪɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ, ɟɝɨ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ
ɬɨɥɫɬɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɭɸ ɤɪɭɩɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ (ɨɛɠɚɪɤɟ). Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɚɲɢ ɢɡ ɹɞɪɢɰɵ
, ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɚɪɟɧɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4,5 ɱ, ɚ ɢɡ ɨɛɠɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 2–2,5 ɱ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɠɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɤɚɲɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɺ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɜɚɪɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɹɞɪɢɰɚ, ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (120 °ɋ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ), ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɤɪɚɯ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
43
ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɚɦɢ (ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ
ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ), ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɨɜ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɫɭɯɨɦɭ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ
ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ. Ⱦɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɵ
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɤɭ-
ɫɚ, ɚɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɚɲɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɚɲ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɫɵɪɨɣ
ɤɪɭɩɵ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɭɸ ɤɪɭɩɭ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɤɪɭɩɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɵɯ
ɤɚɲ. Ʉɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɜ ɨɛɠɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɢɟ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɤɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ
ɫɵɪɨɣ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɤɚɲɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɵɦɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɲɢ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɨɣ: ɩɪɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɤɪɭɩɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɢɪɚɸɬ. Ƚɪɟɱɧɟɜɭɸ ɤɪɭɩɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɪɭɩɭ ɜɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɨɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɢɩɹɳɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɜɚɪɹɬ, ɩɨɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ, ɞɨ ɡɚɝɭɫɬɟɧɢɹ. ɀɢɪ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɭɩɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɚɲɢ 1:1,5. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɲɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ (ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 15 ɞɨ 20 ɦɢɧ), ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɤɪɵɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɤɚɲɟ ɭɩɪɟɬɶ, ɜ ɷɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɲɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɜɤɭɫ ɢ ɰɜɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɚɲɚ ɜɚɪɢɬɫɹ
ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ, ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ ɡɚɝɭɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɞɨ 90 °ɋ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɪɹɬ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɲɢ, ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɝɭɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɫ ɤɚɲɟɣ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ
ɤɪɵɲɤɨɣ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜ ɠɚɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɲɤɚɮ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 150–160 °ɋ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɚɲɢ
ɢɡ ɩɨɞɠɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɪɭɩɵ – 2–2,5 ɱ.
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɨɣ
ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɚɲɢ: ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɪɭɩ (ɧɢɡɤɨɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ – ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ) ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɤɚ, ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɞɨ
ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɢɳɭ. ȼɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɚɲɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɵɟ). Ɋɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩ
ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɟɪɦɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɭɩɵ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɸɬ
ɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɜɚɪɹɬ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɹɞɟɪ ɤɪɭɩ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɫ ɬɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɪɭɩɵ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɚɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ: ɛɟɥɤɢ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ
ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɟɬ, ɝɟɦɢ-
44
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɸɬ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɟɪɦɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɚɥɟɣɪɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɥɟɣɪɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɧɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɹɞɟɪ ɤɪɭɩɵ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ.
Ʉɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɤɚɲ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɟɥɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɚɯ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɤɚɲ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ
ɝɟɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɚɲɚɯ (ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ). Ʉɪɚɯɦɚɥɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɤɪɭɩ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɵ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɵ (% ɤ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ) 150. ɇɚɛɭɯɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɜ
ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ
ɤɪɭɩɵ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɚɲ ɜɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɞɟɪ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɤɚɲɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɚɯ, ɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 11: ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɛɪɚɤɟɪɚɠɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɬɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ
ɢɡ
-ɡɚ ɝɪɭɛɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɪɤɢ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ – ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ
ɫɥɨɟɜ ɨɬɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ. ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ
ɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ
.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɭ ɨɬɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɨɜɨɳɟɣ (ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
45
ɜɚɪɤɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ (ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɬɵɦɢ), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɚɪɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɨɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ɂɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɩɸɪɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ (ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ
ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɝɪɭɛɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ).
ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ
ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɪɧɢɪɚ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɵɯ ɫɨɪɬɨɜ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɨɛɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɨɱɨɧɤɨɜ, ɝɪɭɲ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɚɪɹɬ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ
ɫɥɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ: ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ
ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɚɩɥɢɬɧɭɸ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ (ɤɚɫɬɪɸɥɢ, ɤɨɬɥɵ) ɢɥɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ. Ɉɜɨɳɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɨɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ (0,6–0,7 ɥ ɧɚ
1 ɤɝ), ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚ 1–1,5 ɫɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɹɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ 30 ɦɢɧ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɛɢɤɚɦɢ – 20, ɚ ɛɪɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ – 12–15 ɦɢɧ.
ȼ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɚɪɤɭ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ 100 °ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɜɚɪɹɬ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɠɢɰɟ.
Ʉɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɜɚɪɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɠɢɰɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɥɚɬɨɜ, ɜɢɧɟɝɪɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɝɚɪɧɢɪɵ ɤ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɚɦ. Ɉɱɢɳɚɬɶ ɨɬ
ɤɨɠɢɰɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɨɫɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ɬɟɩɥɵɦ), ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ.
Ʉɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɜɚɪɹɬ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɪɧɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɛɥɸɞ.
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ: ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ
ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫɚ ɜ
ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ (ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ, ɛɟɥɤɚ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ).
Ɉɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ (ɫɬɟɧɨɤ) ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ɇɢɤɪɨɮɢɛɪɢɥɥɵ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ (ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ), ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɸɬ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (ɚɪɚɛɚɧ, ɝɥɸɤɚɧ, ɝɚɥɚɤɬɚɧ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ) ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɟɤɬɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ),
ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ
46
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 60 °ɋ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 80 °ɋ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ. ȼ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ, ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɟɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɭɪɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɯɟɥɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ (ɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɦɨɫɬɢɤɨɜ), ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ
ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ ɪɚɦɧɨɝɚɥɚɤɬɭɪɨɧɚɧɚ. ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɝɥɢɤɨɡɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɧɚɬɪɢɹ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɢ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
(ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ), ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ ɯɟɥɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ (ɫɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɦɨɫɬɢɤɢ).
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɦɨɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (ɦɚɝɧɢɹ) ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (ɦɚɝɧɢɹ) ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɥɢɦɨɧɧɚɹ, ɮɢɬɢɧɨɜɚɹ,
ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɚɹ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ (ɬɨɧɨɩɥɚɫɬ, ɩɥɚɡɦɚɥɟɦɦɚ) ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (ɦɚɝɧɢɹ) ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ. ɉɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɨɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɤɚɥɢɹ,
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ). ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ, ɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟɟ ɢɞɟɬ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ
ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɚɪɤɚ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɥɢɧɹɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɂɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɤɬɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫɚ
ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɬɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ
ɝɚɥɚɤɬɭɪɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ ɪɚɦɧɨɝɚɥɚɤɬɭɪɨɧɚɧɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɯɟɥɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ ɪɚɦɧɨɝɚɥɚɤɬɭɪɨɧɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɟɬɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɭɪɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ.
ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
ɪɚɦɧɨɝɚɥɚɤɬɭɪɨɧɚɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
47
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ (ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ) ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɢɯ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
Ⱦɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
(70–80 °ɋ), ɱɟɦ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 60 °ɋ). Ⱦɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 50 °ɋ), ɱɟɦ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ, ɢ
ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɉ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɤɫɢɩɪɨɥɢɧɚ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ
ɢ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɧɭɬ (5–7 ɦɢɧ) ɞɨ 1,5 ɱ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ɗɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ,
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ).
Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɟɤɬɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ), ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɷɬɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɝɚɥɚɤɬɭɪɨɧɨɜɵɯ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɩɪɨɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɛɟɥɤɟ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɟ, ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ
ɢɨɧɨɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 25–35 %,
ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɢɯ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫɚ (ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ, ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ, ɛɟɥɤɚ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ).
ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ 20 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɂɡ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɱɟɦ ɢɡ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɭ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ
ɜɚɪɤɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ.
ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ (ɦɨɧɨ- ɢ ɞɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ) ɜ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟ-
48
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ) ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɡɨɥɵ) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ
ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɜ ɤɨɠɭɪɟ 28 %, ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ – 31 %. ȼ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ, ɤɚɥɢɣ, ɦɚɝɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ (20–50 % ɨɬ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ), ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɜɚɪɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ, ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ) ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɨɜɨɳɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɜɚɪɭ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɜɤɭɫ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɵ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɩɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɭɫɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 12: ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɤɚɲ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
Ɋɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ:
– ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ;
– ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɟɪɦɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ȼ ɤɚɲɚɯ:
– ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧ;
– ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɟɪ-
ɦɚ, ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɚɥɟɣɪɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ (ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ) ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚ-
ɤɨɜɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɤɚɲ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ (ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɡɠɟɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ).
ȼɨɞɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ:
– ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ;
– ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ.
ȼ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɚɯ ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɤɚɲɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡ ɪɢɫɚ) ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɲ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
ȼ ɤɪɭɩɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɚ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɲɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɤɚɲ ɞɨ
ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ:
– ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɟɪɦɚ (ɦɭɱɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ);
– ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ (ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɫɤɨ-
ɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ);
49
– ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ;
– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɟɪɧɚɦɢ;
– ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɞɟɪ ɚɥɟɣɪɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɨɛɨ-
ɥɨɱɟɤ;
– ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɹɞɟɪ ɤɪɭɩɵ (ɰɟɥɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɵɟ);
– ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ;
– ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɲɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɤɪɭɩɵ ɧɚ 10–20 °ɋ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɷɧɞɨɫɩɟɪɦɚ ɤɪɭɩɵ;
– ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɚɝɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɧɚɛɭɯɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ;
– ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɹɡɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɧɟ
ɧɚɛɭɯɲɢɯ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɚ;
– ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ;
– ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɤɪɭɩɵ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɢ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɲɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 13: ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɟ-
ɫɬɨ. ɑɟɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ? Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɭɤɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɢɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɟɫɬɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɬɪɚɬɨɣ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ), ɢ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɜ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ
ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɧɟɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. Ȼɟɥɨɤ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɭɸ, ɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɧɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɛɭɥ, ɩɨɧɢɠɚɹ ɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ
ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ.
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ
ɫɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ.
50
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]