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Файл:Практикум по физико-химическим изменениям кулинарной продукции в процессе производства. Учебное пособие
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ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɤɜɚɲɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɨɪɨɝɚ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 5: ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɬɜɨɪɨɝ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɠɢɪɧɵɣ (18 % ɠɢɪɚ) ɬɜɨɪɨɝ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɦ, ɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɪɧɨɝɨ (9 %) ɢ ɧɟɠɢɪɧɨɝɨ – ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɛɥɸɞɚ – ɩɭɞɢɧɝɢ, ɡɚɩɟɤɚɧɤɢ, ɫɵɪɧɢɤɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɪɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɛɥɢɧɱɢɤɨɜ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɜɨɪɨɝɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ:
– ɨɬɠɢɦɚɧɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɨɪɦɭ – 75 %;
– ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɬɜɨɪɨɝɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɟɝɨ
ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɛɟɥɤɨɦ
ɬɜɨɪɨɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɚɡɟɢɧɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ:
– ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧ;
– ɥɢɡɢɧ;
– ɦɟɬɢɨɧɢɧ.
Ʉɚɡɟɢɧɵ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɨɝɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɞɧɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ʉɚɡɟɢɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɬɚɤɭɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɍ ɤɚɡɟɢɧɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɚɬɚɤɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɜɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɛɥɸɞ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɨɝɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɬɜɨɪɨɝ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɨɣ: ɫɚɯɚɪɨɦ, ɦɭɤɨɣ, ɹɣɰɚɦɢ, ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ɢ ɞɪ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɜɨɪɨɝɚ:
– ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ;
– ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɶ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɝɢ;
– ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɣ ɠɢɪ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɨɝɟ, ɩɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɜɵɲɟ 40 °ɋ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɭ ɬɜɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɛɥɸɞ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɡɚɝɭɫɬɢɬɟɥɢ:
ɦɭɤɭ, ɹɣɰɚ, ɦɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɪɭɩɭ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɦɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɲɭ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ:
– ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɦɭɤɢ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɹ ɜɨɞɭ;
– ɛɟɥɤɢ ɹɢɰ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ;
– ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
71
Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɥɢɩɢɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɜɨɪɨɝɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ.
Ɍɜɨɪɨɝ ɰɟɧɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ
ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɨɝɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ – ɷɬɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 6: ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɭɪɶɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɲɢ, ɤɨɮɟ
ɩɨ-ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɧɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ (3,2%-ɣ ɠɢɪɧɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ (ɫɨɬɟɣɧɢɤ, ɫɤɨɜɨɪɨɞɭ) ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜ
ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɠɚɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɲɤɚɮ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɭɦɹɧɚɹ ɩɟɧɤɚ, ɟɟ
ɬɨɬɱɚɫ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɢɥɤɨɣ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɚɸɬ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɧɤɟ ɢ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɟɟ.
Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɫ
ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɚ:
– ɤɚɡɟɢɧ (2,5–3 %);
– ɥɚɤɬɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧ (0,5–1 %);
– ɥɚɤɬɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧ (0,1 %).
Ʉɚɡɟɢɧ ɢ ɥɚɤɬɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɩɨ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ.
Ʉɚɡɟɢɧ – ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɛɟɥɨɤ, ɮɨɫɮɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞ. Ɏɨɫɮɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 0,85 % ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɮɢɪɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ ɫ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫɟɪɢɧɚ. Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɦ, ɤɚɡɟɢɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɜɨɞɟ
ɤɚɡɟɢɧ ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦ. ȼ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɡɟɢɧ, ɚ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɢ- ɢ ɬɪɢɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɡɨɥɶ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɨɬ 5
ɞɨ 200 ɦɤɦ.
Ʌɚɤɬɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧ ɢ ɥɚɤɬɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡ-
ɦɟɪɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɤɚɡɟɢɧ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɯ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 16 ɦɤɦ.
ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ.
Ⱦɟɧɚɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɫɟɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɯɥɨɩɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ
ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ 60°. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɦɢɧ. ɩɪɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 % ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧɚ. Ɂɚ
ɱɚɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ 5 %. ɉɪɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ
ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɩɶɟɜ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ 75°. ɉɹɬɢɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ
85° ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧɚ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ SH-ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ 70 ɞɨ 80°. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɨ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɥɚɤɬɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɚ (ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ SH-ɝɪɭɩɩ
ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ).
Ƚɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɭɱɟɬɭ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚ-
ɡɟɢɧɚ. Ɉɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ 60 °ɋ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ,
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ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ. ɉɥɟɧɤɢ ɷɬɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɡɟɢɧɚ, ɠɢɪɚ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 40–50° ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɡɟɢɧ ɜ ɤɚɡɟɢɧɚɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɡɨɥɶ, ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɵɱɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɥɟɧɤɢ, ɫɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ, ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɞɨ 60°,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɚɡɟɢɧ, ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɦɹɧɨɣ ɩɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ,
ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɠɚɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɟɣ
ɤɚɡɟɢɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 60 °ɋ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 7: ɱɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɡɚɳɢɩɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɫɨɭɫɚ
ɢ ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ?
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɫɨɭɫɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɛɥɸɞɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɛɥɸɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɢ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɚ.
ɋɨɭɫɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦ ɛɥɸɞɚɦ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɹɬ ɜɤɭɫ ɛɥɸɞɚ, ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɟɦɭ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ƚɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɭɫ «ɡɚɳɢɩɵɜɚɸɬ», ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ
ɤɭɫɨɱɤɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ:
– ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ;
– ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɜɤɭɫ ɫɨɭɫɚ;
– ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɀɢɪɵ (ɫɥɢɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɷɮɢɪɚɦɢ ɬɪɟɯɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ). ɀɢɪɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɢ-, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɨɧɨɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɨɜ.
Ʉɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɭɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɭɫɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ:
– ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɤɢ;
– ɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɛɭɥɶɨɧɚ ɦɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ.
ɇɚ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ:
– ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɨɜ;
– ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
Ɇɨɧɨɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɷɬɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɞɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ.
Ɇɨɧɨɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɧɹ ɜ ɫɨɭɫɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɨ
ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ.
Ƚɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɫɨɭɫɵ ɫ ɦɭɤɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɬɚɧɵ,
ɛɵɬɶ «ɛɚɪɯɚɬɢɫɬɵɦɢ» ɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ.
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73
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 8: ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɦ ɠɢɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɨɤɚ
ɟɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɦ ɠɢɪɟ, ɢ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ:
1. ɏɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɵɣ ɠɢɪ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 15–
30 °ɋ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ.
2. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɠɢɪɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-
ɫɬɜɚ – ɯɥɨɩɤɨɜɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɤɨɦɩɚɭɧɞ-ɠɢɪ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɫɚɥɨɦɚɫ, ɠɢɪ «Ɏɪɢɬɸɪɧɵɣ»,
ɠɢɪ «ɍɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ» ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ:
– ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ;
– ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɪ
ɬɟɪɦɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɨɤɫɢɞɚɧɬɨɜ.
3. Ɏɪɢɬɸɪɧɢɰɵ, ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɤɥɸ-
ɱɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ ɤɪɵɲɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɢɰɵ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ,
ɞɨɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɟɠɢɣ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɵɣ ɠɢɪ (ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɜɚɧɧɵ).
4. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɠɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢ-
ɜɚɸɳɟɣ:
– ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɠɢɪɚ;
– ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɠɢɪɚ ɫ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;
– ɠɚɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɢɰ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɚɧɬɢɚɞɝɟɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɧɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɚ – ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ;
– ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ.
5. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɵɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɨ ɧɚɞ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɣ ɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɠɚɪɤɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɚɬɶ «ɨɛɫɨɯɧɭɬɶ» ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ.
6. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɠɚɪɤɢ (ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵ), ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɠɚɪɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ
(160–190 °ɋ), ɬɟɪɦɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɢɰɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɧɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɢɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɬ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɞɠɚɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɵɪɵɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɢɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɡɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɸ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɠɚɪɤɢ.
Ɏɪɢɬɸɪ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ (ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡ ɪɵɛɵ, ɤɨɬɥɟɬɵ, ɮɚɪɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɭɪ ɢ ɞɪ.).
Ɏɪɢɬɸɪ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 170–180 °ɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɹɫɚ ɢ ɫɭɛɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ (ɛɚɪɚɧɶɹ ɢ ɬɟɥɹɱɶɹ ɝɪɭɞɢɧɤɚ, ɦɨɡɝɢ, ɬɟɥɹɱɶɢ ɢ
ɫɜɢɧɵɟ ɧɨɠɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 180–190 °ɋ – ɞɥɹ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɩɢɪɨɠɤɨɜ, ɱɟɛɭ-
74
ɪɟɤɨɜ, ɩɨɧɱɢɤɨɜ, ɤɪɟɤɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɜɵɲɟ 190 °ɋ
ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ) ɠɢɪɚ.
7. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ
4:1 ɢɥɢ 6:1, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ – 20:1. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɚ ɜ ɠɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ
ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ
ɭɠɚɪɤɟ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
8. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɦɭ ɠɢɪɭ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɟɱɶ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10 ɫɟɤ), ɞɟɪɠɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 45°
ɨɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ.
9. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
ɢɡ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɢ ɤɪɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɞɧɚ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɢɰɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
10. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɠɚɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɧɧ
ɨɬ ɧɚɝɚɪɚ. ɇɚɝɚɪ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɚ, ɚ ɦɨɸɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ – ɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ. Ɏɪɢɬɸɪɧɢɰɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɸɳɢɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɶ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɭɸ
ɜɚɧɧɭ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ. ȼɵɬɢɪɚɬɶ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɢɰɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜɟɬɨɲɶɸ. ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɟɫɬɢɫɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɢɰ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɬɟɯɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɜɚɧɧɵ
ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ.
11. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ
ɠɢɪɚ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɬɢɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ (ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧ ɋ ɢ ɞɪ.).
12. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ.
13. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɠɢɪɚ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɠɢɪ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɜɚɤɭɭɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɜ ɠɢɪ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɛɟɡɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɠɢɪ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɜɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɜɫɩɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɚ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɌɊ Ɍɋ 029/2012 ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ – ɩɟɧɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɢɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧ (ȿ900), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ 1–2 ɦɝ/ɤɝ ɠɢɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ
ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɩɥɟɧɤɭ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɠɢ
ɪɚ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ.
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75
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɜ
ɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ – ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɜ ɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɭ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 9: ɩɪɢ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɪɢ-
ɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɨ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɫ
ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
Ɂɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɬɢɨɤɫɢɞɚɧɬɨɜ:
– ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɧɬɢɨɤɢɫɥɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ;
– ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨ-
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɪɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɩɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ;
– ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɚɫɤɨɪɛɢɧɨɜɚɹ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɝɥɸɬɚɬɢɨɧ;
– ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɡ
ɠɢɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɢɯ, ɩɪɢ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɚɪɤɢ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ:
– ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɠɢɪɵ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɨ
ɦɟɫɬɭ
ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ), ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ;
– ɷɬɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ (ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɵ, ɤɟɬɨɧɵ, ɷɩɨɤɢɫɢ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ (ɞɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢ- ɢ ɩɨɥɢɨɤɫɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ
ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ;
ɜ
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– ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɪɚ;
– ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɜɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. ɇɨ ɩɨɦɢ-
ɦɨ ɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɞɭɬ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ,
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ;
–
ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɧɨ- ɢ ɞɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɫɢɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɱɢɫɥɚ;
– ɣɨɞɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ
ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ;
– ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ɉɤɫɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɪɚ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ
ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɞɢɦɟɪɵ;
– ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ 232–234 ɧɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ
ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɨɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɥɨɦ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɠɢɪɚɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 10: ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɚ ɠɢɪ ɫɜɟɬɥɟɟɬ,
ɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɮɟ
. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɫ ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɧɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ?
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
ɉɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ (ɤɚɪɨɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ, ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥ, ɝɨɫɫɢɩɨɥ ɢ
ɞɪ.), ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɪ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɟɬɥɟɟɬ, ɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɧɟɟɬ
ɞɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɮɟ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
:
– ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɢɪɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɭɝɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ;
– ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɚɦɢɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɚ ɧɟɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ – ɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɰɜɟɬ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ 20-ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɩɢɪɨɠɤɨɜ ɰɜɟɬ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚ ɧɟɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɚ ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɥɨ;
77
– ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɧɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ. Ɍɚɤ,
ɞɜɟ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (–ɋɈ–ɋɈ–) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ
ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ;
– ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɯɪɨɦɨɝɟɧɨɜ (ɫɥɚɛɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ
ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ). ɉɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɯɪɨɦɨɝɟɧɵ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɣ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɠɢɪ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ
ɬɟɦɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɠɝɭɱɟ-ɝɨɪɶɤɢɣ ɜɤɭɫ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɤɢɣ
ɡɚɩɚɯ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɚɤɪɨɥɟɢɧɚ (ɋɇ
= ɋɇ-ɋɇɈ),
2
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɵɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɪɶɤɢɣ ɜɤɭɫ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɢɪɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ɇɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɤɭɫ
ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ.
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ ɝɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɝɨɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜ ɧɟɦ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ
ɢ ɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɟɧ-
ɧɵɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɠɢɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɣ ɠɚɪɤɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ: ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɫ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ 15-ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ
ɠɚɪɤɢ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ (ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɶɧɵɯ, ɨɤɫɢɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɢɡɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɠɢɪɚ:
– ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɣɨɞɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɜɹ-
ɡɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ;
– ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ;
– ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ, ɞɚɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɥɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ:
– ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɠɢɪ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɦɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ, ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɢɧɨɥɟɜɚɹ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ 10–12 (ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ – ɞɚɠɟ ɜ 20) ɪɚɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ
78
ɨɥɟɢɧɨɜɨɣ; ɟɳɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ (ɜ 40 ɪɚɡ) ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɨɥɟɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. Ɇɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ
ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɠɢɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ, ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ. ȼ ɦɚɫɥɚɯ, ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɦɢ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ (ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɧɴɸɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ, ɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɰɜɟɬ,
ɜɤɭɫ, ɡɚɩɚɯ), ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ) ɢ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɟ, ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɧɨɟ, ɣɨɞɧɨɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ;
– ɧɟɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɞɵɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɵɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ
ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (170–200 °ɋ). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɵɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɜɢɞɚ ɠɢɪɚ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɞɵɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɠɢɪɵ ɫ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɞɵɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɞɵɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (170–180 °ɋ);
– ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɠɢɪɚ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɦɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɶɤɢɦ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɜɢɞɚ ɠɢɪɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɧɟɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɨɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ.
Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɟɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɧɟɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ.
ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɧɟɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɣ
ɠɚɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 11: ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ
ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
? Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɨɛɨɫɧɭɣɬɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɟɝɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ?
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɚ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɠɢɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɹɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɚ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ
ɦɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ.
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɠɢɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɠɢɪɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɠɢɪɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɚ
.
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ɉɪɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɠɢɪ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɠɢɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɭɝɚɪ
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ:
– ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ;
– ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ
ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɪɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ, ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɯ
ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɭɫɜɨɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɠɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ
ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɠɚɪɤɢ. Ⱥ
ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɠɢɪɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɠɢɪɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɣɨɞɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ
ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɧɚ 5 %, ɬɨ ɭɫɜɨɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɟɬɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɦɟɪɨɜ – ɷɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɫɜɵɲɟ 200 °ɋ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɨɧɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɚɯ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ. Ɍɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ:
– ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ;
– ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
;
– ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬ ɭɫɜɨɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ, ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ;
– ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɭɯɭɞɲɚɹ
ɢɯ ɭɫɜɨɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɚɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 % ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 12: ɨ ɱɺɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɫɩɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɵɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɚ? Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɠɚɪɤɢ? Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɨɛɨɫɧɭɣɬɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
ȼɫɩɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɠɢɪɚ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ.
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