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Файл:Практикум по физико-химическим изменениям кулинарной продукции в процессе производства. Учебное пособие
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ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɭɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ – ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɞɟɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ (ɚɦɢɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɚɦɢɥɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ). ɏɨɬɹ ɚɦɢɥɨɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɤ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ
ɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɞɨ 150
ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨ-
°ɋ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ, ɚ ɚɦɢɥɨɡɚ ɞɟɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɵɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɚɦɢɥɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ.
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɭɤɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɚ: ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɭɤɭ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɢ 1-ɝɨ
ɫɨɪɬɨɜ, ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɟɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ȼ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɚɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɦɭɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 14,5 %, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɦɭɤɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ – ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ 1 % ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɭɤɢ ɨɬ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ.
Ɉɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɦɭɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɭɸ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɝɥɢɚɞɢɧɚ ɢ
ɝɥɸɬɟɧɢɧɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɭɤɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɜ ɦɭɤɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ
ɬɟɫɬɨ, ɞɚɸɬ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɭɫɩɟɥɢ
ɧɚɛɭɯɧɭɬɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɨɣ, ɨɬ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɭɤɢ.
Ɇɭɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɬɪɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɞɨ 28 %, ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ 28 ɞɨ
36 % ɢ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ 40 %.
Ɇɭɤɭ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɥɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ – ɩɟɫɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɢɫɤɜɢɬɧɨɝɨ, ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɭɤɭ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ
ɫɵɪɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢ-
ɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɟɫɬɚ:
– ɞɪɨɠɠɟɜɨɝɨ, ɫɥɨɟɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ 36–40 %;
– ɡɚɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ, ɜɚɮɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɛɢɫɤɜɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɫɵɪɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ 28–35 %;
– ɩɟɫɨɱɧɨɝɨ, ɫɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ 25–28 %.
51
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɫɬɟ ɜ ɦɭɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɦɟɫɨɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɫɤɜɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɭɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɥɟɛɨɛɭɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ:
– ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɚ ɤɪɟɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ, ɧɟ ɥɢɩɧɟɬ ɤ ɪɭɤɚɦ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ. Ɍɟɫɬɨ ɢɡ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɣɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɩɟɱɤɟ, ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɜɚɪɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɥɶɦɟɧɟɣ, ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɥɨɩɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɚɪɤɢ;
– ɩɥɨɯɚɹ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɚ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɤɥɟɣɤɚɹ, ɥɢɩɤɚɹ, ɦɚɥɨɭɩɪɭɝɚɹ,
ɤɪɨɲɢɬɫɹ
ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ. Ɍɟɫɬɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɚɝɭ,
ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ
ɪɟɠɢɦ ɡɚɦɟɫɚ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɦɢɧɨɤ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɚɯ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɛɥɸɞ ɢ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɭɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɱɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ, ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɟɱɟɤ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɭɤɭ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɫɟɣ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɦɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɤɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɚɦɟɫɚ
ɦɭɤɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɬɟɫɬɨ, ɱɟɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɬɟɫɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɦɟɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɢɡ ɦɭɤɢ, ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ: ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɜ:
– ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɦɭɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ – ɛɟɥ-
ɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɦɭɤɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɝɟɥɟɣ;
– ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
1
/4 ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɜɹɡɵ-
ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ – ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ;
– ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɦɟɫɚ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 20–30 ɦɢɧ. ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ – ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɟɫɬɚ;
– ɧɚɛɭɯɲɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɢ-
ɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɫɬɭ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ⱦɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɟɫɬɚ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɛɟɥɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ
52
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɦɭɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ
ɞɪɨɠɠɟɜɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɡ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡ ɦɭɤɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ (ɦɭɤɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɞɨɡɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ).
Ʉɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɜ ɦɭɤɟ 65–80 %, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
30 % ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ. Ʉɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɪɬɚ ɦɭɤɢ,
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɤ ɦɭɤɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɫɬɚ, ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 35 ɞɨ 165 % ɦɚɫɫɵ ɦɭɤɢ. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ-
ɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɬɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ (ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡɵ
ɢ ɩɟɩɬɚɡɵ), ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɪɨɜ (ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɥɢɩɚɡɵ). Ⱥɦɢɥɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɭɤɢ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɜ ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɵ (ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ) ɢ ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɭ ɜ
ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ (ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ ɦɚɥɶɬɚɡɚ).
(ɋ
)n ĺnɇ2Ɉ (ɋ6ɇ10Ɉ5)ɯ ĺ nɇ2Ɉ ɋ12ɇ22Ɉ11 ĺ ɋ6ɇ12Ɉ6.
6ɇ10Ɉ5
ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɪɹɞ ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɨɜ ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɚ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ
Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɞɪɨɠɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ. Ⱥɦɢɥɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɭɤɟ, ɞɪɨɠɠɚɯ,
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɦɭɤɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɚɦɢɥɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ – Į- ɢ
ȕ-ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ.
Į-Ⱥɦɢɥɚɡɚ (Į-1,4-ɝɥɸɤɚɧ-4-ɝɥɸɤɚɧɝɢɞɪɨɥɚɡɚ) ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ Į-1,4 ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨ
ɢ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɟɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ, ɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɵ ɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ.
ȕ-Ⱥɦɢɥɚɡɚ (Į-1,4-ɝɥɸɤɚɧ-ɦɚɥɶɬɨɝɢɞɪɨɥɚɡɚ) ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɚɦɢɥɨɡɭ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɚɦɢɥɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ Į-1,4 ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɞɨ ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨɬ
ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɢɥɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ (Į
-1,6),
ɬɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚ-
ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɵ.
ȼ ɩɲɟɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɭɤɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ȕ-ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ Į-ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɭɤɟ ɢɡ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɧɚ (ɩɪɨɪɨɫɲɟɝɨ).
ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɵ ɜ ɬɟɫɬɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ȕ-ɚɦɢɥɚɡɵ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɚɯɚɪ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ȕ-ɚɦɢɥɚɡɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɦɟɫɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɚ
53
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɨɥɚ ɦɭɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ.
ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɦɭɤɟ, ɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ
ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ. ɇɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɦɭɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5
–8 % ɩɨ-
ɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 14: ɢɡ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɚɪɟɧɶɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɸɞ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɚ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɟɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɢ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɚɪɟɧɶɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɸɞ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ:
– ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
– ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ;
– ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ;
– ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɜɨɳɚɦɢ ɠɢɪɵ.
ɉɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɜ
ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ
ɫɥɨɹɯ ɠɚɪɟɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɟ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ – ɬɟɦɧɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɜɟɬ ɜɚɪɟɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɢ
ɩɥɨɞɨɜ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɰɜɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɚɪɟɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ (ɨɬ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɝɨ) ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ
ɧɟɦ ɚɦɢɧɨɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɧɨɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ – ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɵ.
ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɬɟɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 50 % ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ
ɷɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ.
ȼ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ ɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ. ɋ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɨɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɟɬ
ɥɢɡɢɧ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧ ɢ ɚɪɝɢɧɢɧ ɢ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ – ɝɥɸɬɚɦɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɢɧ.
ɉɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ (ɤɨɬɥɟɬɵ, ɡɪɚɡɵ, ɤɪɨɤɟɬɵ) ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ –
ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
54
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɨɥɨɬɢɫɬɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɢ ɠɚɪɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ 4 ɦɤɝ/ɝ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɧɨɣ
ɠɚɪɤɟ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ
ɪɚɦɟɥɚɧ (ɋ
12ɇ18Ɉ9
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚ-
) – ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɨɥɨɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɟɧ (ɋ
36ɇ50Ɉ25
) – ɹɪɤɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɪɭɛɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɨɬ-
ɬɟɧɤɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɧɚ (ɋ
24ɇ30Ɉ15
), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɯ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɟɧ, ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɚɧ, ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɧ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ; ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɋm(H2O)n. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ m:n – ɨɬ 1,09 (ɭ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ) ɞɨ 3,0. ɉɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ 1,3 ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɬɟɦɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɟɣ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɶɤɢɦ
ɜɤɭɫɨɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɠɚɪɟɧɶɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɟɬ ɢ ɤɪɨɤɟɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɩɟɤɚ-
ɧɢɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ.
ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɠɢɪ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɟ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɦ ɤ ɧɟɣ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɪɚ
(0,7 %) ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ȼ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 125
–135 °ɋ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɦ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɫɥɨɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 100 °ɋ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɜ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɨɜ
ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɠɚɪɟɧɵɯ ɢ
ɡɚɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɜɤɭɫ ɢ ɚɪɨɦɚɬ.
ɉɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɜɚɪɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɯɥɨɪɨɝɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
ɋɵɪɵɦɢ ɠɚɪɹɬ ɨɜɨɳɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ ɡɚ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɠɚɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɭɸ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɉɜɨɳɢ ɠɚɪɹɬ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ (ɛɪɭɫɨɱɤɢ, ɥɨɦɬɢɤɢ) ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɠɢɪɚ (5
–10 %) ɜ ɧɚɩɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɟ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɠɚɪɤɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ: ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ
ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɠɢɪɚ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɸɬ ɛɪɭɫɨɱ-
55
ɤɚɦɢ, ɞɨɥɶɤɚɦɢ, ɤɭɛɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɦɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ʉɭɫɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɭɹɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɚɪɤɢ,
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɤɨ ɞɧɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ, ɭɯɭɞɲɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɧɟɨɛɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ
ɠɢɪɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɪɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɫɨɥɶɸ, ɤɥɚɞɭɬ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
5 ɫɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɜɨɪɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɟɧɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɬɵɦ ɠɢɪɨɦ (150
–160 °ɋ) ɢ ɠɚɪɹɬ 15–
20 ɦɢɧ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ, ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɠɚɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɱɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɜ
ɠɚɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɲɤɚɮ.
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ: ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɧɚɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (160
–180 °ɋ),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ (31
60 %).
ɉɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɬɚɤ, ɩɪɢ
ɠɚɪɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɪɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɵɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ. ɗɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ:
– ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ
ɧɟɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ),
– ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ,
– ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ,
– ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ,
– ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ) ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɤɭɫɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. ɋɪɟɞɢ
ɧɢɯ ɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɵ, ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɦɟɪɤɚɩɬɚɧɵ, ɞɢɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ.
ȼ ɠɚɪɟɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ ɜɤɭɫ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
ɫ ɜɚɪɟɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɵɲɟ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɠɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɢɦ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 15: ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɛɪɚɤɟɪɚɠɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɸɪɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɥɟɣɤɭɸ ɢ ɬɹɝɭɱɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ. ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ
ɩɸɪɟ. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
–
56
ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɸɪɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ, ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɲɟɣ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɸɪɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɚɤɟɪɚɠɟ – ɤɥɟɣɤɨɣ ɢ ɬɹɝɭɱɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɵɜɲɟɝɨ
ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɢ ɩɸɪɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɤɥɟɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ,
ɧɟɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɸɪɟ (ɫɭɯɚɹ, ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ). ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɚɪɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɚɫɚ
ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ (ɯɪɭɩɤɨɣ) ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɚ (ɝɟɥɹ) ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨ
ɮɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɸɪɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ:
– ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɜɚɪɹɬ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ;
– ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɭɛɧɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɨɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ (0,6
ɧɚ 1 ɤɝ), ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚ 1
–1,5 ɫɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ;
–0,7 ɥ
– ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɪɤɢ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬ;
– ɜɚɪɟɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ;
– ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɨɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ, ɦɚɫɥɨ ɫɥɢɜɨɱɧɨɟ;
– ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜɡɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɵɲɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɸɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɚɪɤɢ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ:
– ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ
ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ;
– ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ;
– ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ ɢ
ɛɟɥɤɚ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɜ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɸɪɟ ɧɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɩɨ ɜɤɭɫɭ, ɧɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɢɢ ɜɚɪɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɧɚɹ
ɬɤɚɧɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ʉɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɸɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧ
ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. Ɍɟɤɫɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɸɪɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ
ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɦɢɥɨɡɵ
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57
ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɸɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɡɜɟɫɶ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜ ɜɹɡɤɨɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɬɟɪɬɵɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɡɟɪɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 16: ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɜɟɤɥɭ, ɬɭɲɟɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɳɚ? Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
Ʉɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɰɜɟɬɚ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ.
Ȼɟɬɚɥɚɢɧɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɢɮɟɧɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ,
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ: ɤɪɚɫɧɨɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɛɟɬɚɰɢɚɧɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɵɟ ɛɟɬɚɤɫɚɧɬɢɧɵ. ȼ ɫɜɟɤɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ (ɞɨ 95 % ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɚɥɚɢɧɨɜ).
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɟɬɚɰɢɚɧɢɧɨɜ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɞɜɚ ɚɝɥɢɤɨɧɚ – ɛɟɬɚɧɢɞɢɧ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɟɬɚɧɢɞɢɧ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɛɟɬɚɰɢɚɧɢɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ N-ɝɟɬɟɪɨɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ – ɞɢɝɢɞɪɨɢɧɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɢɝɢɞɪɨɩɢɪɢɞɢɧɨɜɨɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɞɜɭɯɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɦɨɫɬɢɤɨɦ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɛɟɬɚɰɢɚɧɢɧɵ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɥɢɤɨɡɢɞɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤ Ɉɇ-ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋ-5 ɢɥɢ ɋ-6 (ɧɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ
ɤ ɨɛɟɢɦ) ɞɢɝɢɞɪɨɢɧɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɦɨɧɨ- ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞ. ɑɚɳɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɛɟɬɚɰɢɚɧɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɟɬɚɧɢɧ – ɨɬ 75 ɞɨ 95 % ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɛɟɬɚɥɚɢɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɪɟ-
ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɛɟɬɚɥɚɢɧɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɜɚɪɤɢ, ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ, ɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ) ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɬɚɧɢɧɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ (ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɟɣ ɤɪɚɫɹɳɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɬɚɧɢɧ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ
ɩɪɢ pH-ɫɪɟɞɵ
5,8, ɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ pH ɜ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɚɝɥɢɤɨɧ (ɛɟɬɚɧɢɞɢɧ) ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɭɸ ɤɪɚɫɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ.
ɋɜɟɤɥɚ, ɬɭɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɤɫɭɫɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ, ɱɟɦ ɬɭɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɤɫɭɫɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɳɟɣ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ
ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɜɟɤɥɚ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɢɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɰɜɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ (ɛɟɬɚɧɢɧɚ) ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
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ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɞɨ pH 5,1) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ, ɢ ɫɜɟɤɥɚ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɚ – ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
– ɫɜɟɤɥɭ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ, ɭɞɚɥɹɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ;
– ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɨɸɬ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɦɨɟɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ;
– ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ. ɋɜɟɤɥɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɟɱɢɫɬɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ
ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ.
Ɉɬɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 20 % ɞɨ 1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ ɢ 25 % – ɫ 1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ.
ɏɪɚɧɹɬ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɵ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɹɯ (ɥɨɬɤɚɯ), ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. ɋɪɨɤɢ ɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 4±2 °ɋ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ 24 ɱ.
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ ɢ
ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 25–35 %,
ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɢɯ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫɚ (ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ, ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡ, ɛɟɥɤɚ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ).
Ʉ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɤɥɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ 57 % ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɜɨɳɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɫɜɟɤɥɟ ɜ 2,5 ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɩɪɨɥɢɧɚ (ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɟɥɤɚ
ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɧɚ), ɱɟɦ ɜ ɦɨɪɤɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɟɬɪɭɲɤɟ.
ɋɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 60–90 ɦɢɧ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ – 30, ɦɨɪɤɨɜɢ –
25, ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ ɛɟɥɨɤɨɱɚɧɧɨɣ – 30–50, ɲɩɢɧɚɬɚ – 8–10, ɝɨɪɨɯɚ ɨɜɨɳɧɨɝɨ (ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚ)
ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ – 8–10 ɦɢɧ.
ɇɚɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɜɨɳɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɨɜ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɤɚɤ
ɨɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ
ɢ ɠɟɥɬɵɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɜ ɤɨɠɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ,
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ, pH ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ).
59
ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɟɬɚɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɫɜɟɤɥɟ ɢ ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɟɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬ
ɫɜɟɤɥɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɧɟɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ (ɜ ɤɨɠɢɰɟ).
ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ 12
–13 % ɛɟɬɚ-
ɧɢɧɚ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɚɪɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 35 % ɨɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ
ɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɤɪɚɫɹɳɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼɚɪɤɚ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɭ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɬɚɧɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɚɪɤɨɣ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ
ɛɟɬɚɧɢɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
(ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ 54 %). ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɭ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɤɭɛɢɤɚɦɢ)
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ (ɞɨ 54 %). ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɜɚɪɤɚ, ɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ
ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɢɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɸ
ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɛɭɪɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ (
ɬɨɧɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɚɥɟɦɦɵ) ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ, ɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɤɪɚɫɹɳɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɜ ɜɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɯ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɤɨɠɢɰɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɤɨɠɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɤɪɚɫɹɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɫɜɟɤɥɵ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 17: ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ ɫ
ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɟɦ ɩɨɜɚɪ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɥ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɣ ɛɭɥɶɨɧ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɜɚɲɟɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɵɥɢ
ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɵ. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɤɜɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɳɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ pH ɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɟɤɬɢɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ pH 6–4 ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ȼ ɪɚɫɫɨɥɚɯ ɤɜɚɲɟɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ
ɜɚɪɤɟ ɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɜɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɟ, ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɜɚɬɵɦ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ
ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɜɚɲɟɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɳɟɣ ɫ ɧɟɣ, ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɭɲɚɬ.
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