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Файл:Практикум по физико-химическим изменениям кулинарной продукции в процессе производства. Учебное пособие
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ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɡɢɧɮɟɤɬɚɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɨɞɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɡɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ: ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ a
ɫ 0,995 ɞɨ 0,874 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɧɚ 0,01 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ
ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ʉ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ:
– ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢ-
ɟɦ ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ:
ɚ) ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ
ɫɚɯɚɪɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɧɬɨɜ;
ɛ) ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ 20 % ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɧɟɣ;
–
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɞɨ-
ɛɚɜɨɤ;
– ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨ-
ɫɬɶɸ, a
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,6–0,8, ɩɪɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ 40 % ɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
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ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɱɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ –«ɭɜɥɚɠɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ».
ɂɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ a
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ:
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–ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ;
–ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ;
–ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
–ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɥɟɞ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
ȼ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɚɯɚɪ ɢ ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɥɶ. ȼ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ 20 °ɋ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,864, ɚ ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ –0,753.
Ⱥɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɜɨɞɨɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ:
–ɫɨɥɢ;
–ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ;
–ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ;
–ɛɟɥɤɢ;
–ɦɧɨɝɨɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɫɩɢɪɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 5–10 %, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ:
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɢ ɫɨɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ;
ɚ)
141
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ɛ) ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚɬɵ;
ɜ) ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ;
ɝ) ɫɨɪɛɢɬ, ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɚ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɤɚ;
ɞ) ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ;
ɟ) ɹɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ (ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɨɥɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ,
ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ:
–ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ;
–ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɦ (ɫɬɟɤɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ);
–ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ɇɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ
ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɨ
ɞɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɱɢɩɫɵ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ (0,35–0,50), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ȼ ɫɵɪɵɯ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɨɪɤɨɜɶ ɢ
ɫɜɟɤɥɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ aw, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɨɜɨɳɚɦɢ.
ɇɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɨɛ-
ɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ:
– ɜɚɪɤɚ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɨɞɵ;
– ɜɚɪɤɚ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ a
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ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ;
– ɩɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞ-
ɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ;
– ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ, ɬɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ, ɬɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɟɫɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ
,
142
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 % ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɟɫɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɛɟɥɨɤɨɱɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ – 30 %.
ɉɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɨɜɨɳɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɪɨɦ.
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɛɥɸɞ ɢɡ ɡɟɪɧɨɛɨɛɨɜɵɯ, ɤɪɭɩ ɢ ɦɚɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɤɨɣ
ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɨɛɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɹɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɢɦɢ, ɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ, ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɭɹɫɶ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɭ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɧɨɛɨɛɨɜɵɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɭɩ ɢ ɦɚɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟ-
ɥɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ
ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɨɦ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɉɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɪɚɫɫɵɩɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɚɲ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɩɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɹɞ:
ɝɪɟɱɧɟɜɚɹ < ɩɲɟɧɨ < ɪɢɫ < ɩɟɪɥɨɜɚɹ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɦɹɫɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɠɚɪɤɚ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ):
– ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɚ «ɚɧɬɪɟɤɨɬ» ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 0,991, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɠɚɪɤɢ –0,982, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɮɭɝɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ;
– ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɢɠɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ
ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɢ, ɯɥɟɛɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ
ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɚ «ɤɨɬɥɟɬɵ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ» ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 0,984, ɠɚɪɟɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ –
0,977;
– ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɥɟɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɚ
«ɛɢɮɲɬɟɤɫ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɭɛɥɟɧɵɣ» ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 0,989, ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ –0,981.
ȼ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɋɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɝɥɸɬɢɧ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ
ɟɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɹɫɨ, ɩɬɢɰɚ, ɪɵɛɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɦɹɫɚ ɢ ɪɵɛɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɹɫɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɧɨ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɠɟ ɪɵɛɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ; ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ
143
ɪɵɛɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ 65–75 °ɋ. ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɟɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɪɵɛɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɦɹɫɚ.
ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɭɫɤɨɜ ɦɹɫɚ, ɪɵɛɵ ɢ ɬɭɲɟɤ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ
ɜɚɪɤɟ 1,5
–2 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɫɤɨɜ ɝɨɜɹɠɶɟɝɨ ɦɹɫɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɭɩɢɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɠɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟ 15 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɜɟɫ ɤɭɫɤɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 8 %, ɱɟɪɟɡ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬ – ɧɚ 13 %.
ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɜɟɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 26 %, ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɯɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ – ɨɤɨɥɨ
40 %. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɠɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɹɫɚ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 50 %, ɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɵɛɵ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 25 % ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɜɨɞɵ
. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɹɫɨɦ, ɩɬɢɰɟɣ, ɪɵɛɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɨɤ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɠɟ
ɦɚɫɫɚ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɫɥɨɹɯ, ɚ
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɟɝɨ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɹɫɨ, ɩɬɢɰɚ ɢ ɪɵɛɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ
ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ.
ɋɭɛɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ
ɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɚɪɤɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨɣ
ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ɇɨɡɝɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 25 % ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɜ ɫɵɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ. ɉɨɱɤɢ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
57 %), ɱɟɦ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɚ.
Ȼ. Ⱥ. Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ:
– ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ;
–ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɧ-
ɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 7.
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 7
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
(%) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ:
aw > 0,95,
W= 60 – 95
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ:
aw = 0,90–0,95,
W= 40–60
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
Ɉɜɨɳɧɵɟ, ɦɹɫɧɵɟ, ɪɵɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛ-
ɪɢɤɚɬɵ, ɫɭɩɵ, ɫɨɭɫɵ, ɝɚɪɧɢɪɵ ɢɡ ɜɚ-
ɪɟɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɚɪɟɧɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ
ɦɹɫɚ, ɪɵɛɵ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ƚɚɪɧɢɪɵ ɢɡ ɠɚɪɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɩɚɫ-
ɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɜɨɳɢ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ
ɩɨɪɱɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɩɥɟɫɟɧɟɣ
ɢ ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɥɟɫɟɧɟɣ, ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ
144
Ɉ ɤ ɨ ɧ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 7
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
(%) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ:
aw = 0,50–0,90
W= 15–40
ɇɢɡɤɢɣ:
aw = 0,20–0,50,
W= 5–15
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
Ƚɚɪɧɢɪɵ ɢɡ ɠɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨ ɮɪɢɬɸɪɟ
ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ, ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɛɟɡɞɪɨɠɠɟɜɨɝɨ
ɬɟɫɬɚ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ), ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ, ɫɭɯɨɮɪɭɤɬɵ, ɡɚɦɨ-
ɪɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ
ɋɭɲɟɧɵɟ ɨɜɨɳɢ, ɤɪɟɤɟɪɵ, ɱɢɩɫɵ, ɢɡ-
ɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɟɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɫɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ,
ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɵ, ɤɪɭɩɵ, ɦɭɤɚ,
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɭɛɥɢɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɤɢ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ
ɩɨɪɱɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ ɢ
ɨɫɦɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɫɟɧɟɣ, ɮɟɪ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ
ɢ ɧɟɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɦ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 1: ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɩɪɢ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɱɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ, ɭɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɹɫɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɥɟɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɚɯ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɹɫɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɥɟɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛ-
ɪɢɤɚɬɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚɬɵ, ɹɢɱɧɵɣ
ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧ, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɹɫɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɹɫɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɥɟɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
(ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ, ɩɨɥɢɮɨɫɮɚɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɱɟɦ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ (ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ,
ɠɢɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ.).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɹɫɧɵɟ ɪɭɛɥɟɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 2: ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɭɫɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɭɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ – 38 %, ɬɟɦ
145
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ?
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɞɥɹ ɫɨɭɫɨɜ (ɫɨɭɫ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ, ɥɭɤɨɜɵɣ, ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɫɥɚɞɤɢɣ, ɛɟɥɵɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɬɨɦɚɬ-ɩɚɫɬɚ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɭɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ: ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ
ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ (38 %), ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɭɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɷɬɨ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɠɢɪɨɦ (ɫɥɢɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ
ʋ 3: ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɩɟɱɧɵɯ
ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɫɬɚ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɉɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ ɢɡ ɛɢɫɤɜɢɬɧɨɝɨ, ɡɚɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɤɟɤɫɚ «ɋɬɨ-
ɥɢɱɧɵɣ» ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
–ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ;
–ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɟ.
ɉɟɫɨɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɟɧɨɟ ɬɟɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɫɬɚ, ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ:
–ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɟɱɤɟ;
–ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ.
ȼɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ
ɡɚɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɢɫɤɜɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ
ɛɢɫɤɜɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 0,803, ɚ ɡɚɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ –0,950 ɩɪɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 22,8 ɢ 23,7 %.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 4: ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɪɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟ-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ,
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ (ɤɪɟɦɵ
, ɩɨɦɚɞɤɢ,
ɫɢɪɨɩɵ, ɤɪɨɲɤɢ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ:
– ɜɥɚɝɢ (ɤɪɨɲɤɚ ɛɢɫɤɜɢɬɧɚɹ);
– ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ (ɫɢɪɨɩ, ɩɨɦɚɞɤɚ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨɜɢɞɥɨ ɹɛɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ 32,59 % ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ
146
(aw = 0,825), ɱɟɦ ɤɪɟɦ ɫɥɢɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ 15,2 % (aw = 0,851). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɟ-
ɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɢɠɟ 0,95, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ Staphylococcus aureus ɢ Micrococcus, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ a
= 0,86, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
w
ɤɪɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ
ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 5: ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɭɩɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɩɵ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɭɩɨɜ (ɛɨɪɳɢ
, ɳɢ, ɪɚɫɫɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɫɭɩɵ-ɩɸɪɟ
ɢ ɞɪ.) ɜɵɫɨɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɚ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɱɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɩɥɟɫɟɧɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 6: ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɭɛɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɤɚɤ ɹɡɵɤ
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɚɪɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɱɢɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɠɢɰɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɤɟ ɨɧ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɫɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɹɡɵɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ 25 % ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɜɥɚɝɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɤɨɠɢɰɵ, ɛɨɝɚɬɨɣ
ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɦ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 22 %). Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɦ ɤɨɠɢɰɵ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ
ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ɋɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɡ
ɤɨɠɢɰɵ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ 40–50 % ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɵ
, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɢɡ-
ɞɟɥɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɛɚɥɥɵ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɤɟ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 7: ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɚɪɤɚ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-
ɫɟ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɹ ɜɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɥɚɝɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɨɦ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɟɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɚɪɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ ɜɚɪɟɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ – ɫɜɟɤɥɵ,
ɦɨɪɤɨɜɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
147
ɌȿɋɌɈȼȺə ȻȺɁȺ ɉɈ ɎɈɊɆȺɆ ɋȼəɁɂ ȼɈȾɕ ȼ ɉɂɓȿȼɕɏ
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌȺɏ
1. ɉɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɜɫɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
Ⱥ. ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ-ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ, ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ, ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ-ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ
Ȼ. ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ, ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ȼ. ɦɚɤɪɨɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ, ɦɢɤɪɨɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ, ɢɦɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
Ƚ. ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
2. ȼɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɬɠɢɦɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɢ,
ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0 °ɋ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ:
Ⱥ. ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
Ȼ. ɜ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ȼ. ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
Ƚ. ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
3. ȼɨɞɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ:
Ⱥ. ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
Ȼ. ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ
ȼ. ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
Ƚ. ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
4. Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ (ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɪɚɦɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɢ ɞɪ.)?
Ⱥ. ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ
Ȼ. ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ
ȼ. ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ
Ƚ. ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ
5. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɧɨ- ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ?
Ⱥ
.
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ
Ȼ. ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ
ȼ. ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ
Ƚ. ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ
,
148
6. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɭɥɸ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɭɛɥɢɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɲɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɮɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ?
Ⱥ. ɜɨɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ
Ȼ. ɜɨɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ
ȼ. ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
Ƚ. ɜɨɞɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɨɦ ɬɟɥɚ (ɢɦɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ)
7.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ 6–14 % ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɢɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ:
Ⱥ. ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ
Ȼ. ɩɨɥɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ
ȼ. ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
Ƚ. ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɨɦ ɬɟɥɚ
8. ȼɨɞɚ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɟɥɟɣ, ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ
ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɜɧɟ
ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ:
Ⱥ. ɜɨɞɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ
Ȼ. ɜɨɞɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ
ȼ. ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ
Ƚ. ɜɨɞɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɨɦ ɬɟɥɚ (ɢɦɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ)
9. ȼɨɞɚ ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ-
ɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɵɦ ɦɟɧɢɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɟ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ:
Ⱥ. ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
Ȼ. ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ
ȼ. ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
Ƚ. ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
10. ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɭɬɶɸ:
1 ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ Ⱥ
2 ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ Ȼ
3 ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ȼ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ
ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
149
11. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ – ɷɬɨ:
Ⱥ. ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɵɦ ɦɟɧɢɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
Ȼ. ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɨ ɭɝɥɚɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟ-
ɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ: ɞɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ȼ. ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɨɦɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨ-
ɞɚ, ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɨɞɚ
Ƚ. ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɤ ɩɚɪɰɢ-
ɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
12. Ɇɢɤɪɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɥɚɝɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ:
Ⱥ. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ «ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ»
Ȼ. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ «ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ»
ȼ. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ «ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ»
Ƚ
. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ «ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ (ɪɇ)
13. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ:
Ⱥ. ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ
Ȼ. ɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ
ȼ. ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ
Ƚ. ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɨɣ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ
14. Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɱɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ (ɞɨ 0,2), ɩɪɢ 0,3 ɨɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ, ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ a
ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,5 ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ?
w
Ⱥ. ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ
Ȼ. ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ȼ. ɧɟɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟ
Ƚ. ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
15. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɱɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,7?
Ⱥ. ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ
Ȼ. ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ȼ. ɧɟɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟ
Ƚ. ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
16. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɱɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ 0,5–0,7?
Ⱥ. ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ
Ȼ. ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
150
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