Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Практикум по физико-химическим изменениям кулинарной продукции в процессе производства. Учебное пособие
.pdf
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɟɝɨ ɛɢɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ.
ɋɭɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɜ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 2
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ
ɛɢɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɪɟɡɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɮɚɡɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ,
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɬɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ, ɪɚɡɞɜɢɝɚɹ
ɰɟɩɢ ɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ,
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ,
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɛɢɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ,
ɇɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ
ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ (ɝɨɪɨɯɨɦ, ɡɟɪɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɢɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ:
– ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ – ɧɚɛɭɯɲɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɬɭɞɧɹ;
– ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ – ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
20–22 °ɋ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ – ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ). ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɲɢɬɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ) ɧɚɛɭɯɚɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ.
ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɇɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ:
– ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ –
ɡɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɲɟɧɵɯ
ɝɪɢɛɨɜ, ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɤɪɭɩ,
ɛɨɛɨɜɵɯ, ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɤɪɭɩɵ, ɛɨɛɨɜɵɯ, ɫɭɲɟɧɵɯ
ɝɪɢɛɨɜ ɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɩɪɢ
ɡɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ
ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɞɧɟɣ, ɧɨ
ɢ ɨɫɦɨɫɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɂɚɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɸ
ɢɯ;
– ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ –
ɜɚɪɤɚ ɤɪɭɩɵ, ɦɚɤɚɪɨɧ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
11
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɋɥɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ. ɋɭɯɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ
ɫɥɢɩɚɸɬɫɹ. Ⱥɞɝɟɡɢɹ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ.
ȼ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ.
Ⱥɞɝɟɡɢɹ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ.
adhaesio)
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɚɞɝɟɡɢɜɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ:
– ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ;
– ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ;
– ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ;
– ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ.
ɉ ɪ ɨ ɞ ɨ ɥ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɉɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɦɹɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɵɛɧɵɯ
ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɟ
ɢɯ ɤ ɠɚɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ ɩɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɦɭɤɟ
ɢɥɢ ɫɭɯɚɪɹɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɩɪɢ ɠɚɪɤɟ ɠɢɪ.
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ
ɚɞɝɟɡɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɦɹɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɪɲɚ ɩɨ
ɬɪɭɛɚɦ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɥɟɬ.
Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɚɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ,
ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɣ
ɠɢɪɚ. Ⱥɞɝɟɡɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɭ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɟɱɤɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɬɟɫɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ (ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɞɟɠɟ,
ɫɬɨɦɟɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɚɯ). Ɉɞɧɢɦ
ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɭɤɢ «ɧɚ ɩɨɞɩɵɥ»
ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɤɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɟɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɬɟɫɬɨ, ɚ ɦɭɤɚ, ɚɞɝɟɡɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɦɭɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɟɬ
ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɚ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɶ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ – ɚɧɬɢɚɞɝɟɡɢɜɨɜ (ɫɢɥɢɤɨɧɨɜɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɨɱɤɢ, ɤɨɜɪɢɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɡ ɬɟɮɥɨɧɚ).
12
ɧɚ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɯ ɬɟ-
ɤ ɬɟɫɬɭ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɢɝɪɚɟɬ
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
Ɉɞɧɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ (ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ)
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɟ). ɋɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢ ɜɨɞɭ) ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ.
ȼ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɤɚɩɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɤɢ
ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɢɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɢɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ (ɤɨɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ.
ɗɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ. ɗɬɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɚɩɟɥɟɤ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɦɚɫɥɚ) ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ
ɩɥɟɧɤɢ.
ɗɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɗɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ:
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ.
ɉɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɵ –
ɷɬɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɬɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɝɨɪɱɢɰɵ, ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɰɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɞɜɭɯ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢ
ɦɟɲɚɸɬ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɤɚɦ ɫɥɢɩɚɬɶɫɹ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɯ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɣ (ɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ).
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɵ – ɷɬɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ
ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ
ɠɢɪɨɦ, ɢ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ
ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ
ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɚ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ – ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɩɟɥɟɤ
ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ.
ɉ ɪ ɨ ɞ ɨ ɥ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
ȼ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ: ɩɪɹɦɚɹ – ɫ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ (ɬɢɩɚ «ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ») ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ (ɬɢɩɚ «ɜɨɞɚ ɜ
ɦɚɫɥɟ»). ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɤ
ɹɢɰ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɥɟɰɢɬɢɧ,
ɫɚɩɨɧɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɢ ɞɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɷɮɢɪɵ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ, ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ
ɢ ɞɪ.
13
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɩɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
ɋɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɮɚɡ:
ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɩɟɧɚɯ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ
ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɧɱɚɣɲɢɦɢ
ɩɥɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɧ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
– ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɬ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɞɪɟɧɚɠ)
ɢɡ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɣ ɢ ɥɢɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ:
– ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ;
– ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ.
Ⱦɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɪɹɞ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ
ɉɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɜɡɛɢɜɚɧɢɟ)
ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
ɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɨɤ ɹɣɰɚ.
ɉɟɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ: ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɫɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɛɥɸɞɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɫɭɮɥɟ ɢ ɩɭɞɢɧɝɢ,
ɜ ɜɵɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɛɢɫɤɜɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɟ, ɦɭɱɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɭɥɨɱɧɵɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɢɡ ɞɪɨɠɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɹɢɰ, ɦɨɥɨɤɚ, ɤɥɟɣɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɦɭɤɢ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ
ɢ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ
ɫɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɛɥɸɞ (ɦɭɫɫɵ, ɫɚɦɛɭɤɢ, ɤɪɟɦɵ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ
ɝɟɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ
ɜɡɛɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɜɟɪ-
ɉ ɪ ɨ ɞ ɨ ɥ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
. ɗɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ȼ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɡɛɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɢɜɤɢ,
ɛɟɥɤɢ ɹɢɰ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɵ (ɦɭɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɟ), ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ
(ɦɭɫɫɵ, ɫɚɦɛɭɤɢ) ɢ ɞɪ.
ȼɡɛɢɬɵɟ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ), ɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ
– ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɧɢ (ɦɭɫɫɵ, ɤɪɟɦɵ, ɫɚɦɛɭɤɢ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ (ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨ-ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ).
14
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ
ɫɬɭɞɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
Ƚɟɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ,
ɡɚɫɬɭɞɧɟɜɚɧɢɟ)
ɋɢɧɟɪɟɡɢɫ
ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɭɞɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɥɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɭɞɧɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ:
– ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ;
– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ;
– ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ-ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ (ɫɬɭɞɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ).
əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɧɟɣ.
ɋɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɡ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɋɢɧɟɪɟɡɢɫ
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɫɬɭɞɧɹ. ɋɢɧɟɪɟɡɢɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ, ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ
ɫɬɭɞɧɹ.
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɉ ɪ ɨ ɞ ɨ ɥ ɠ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɝɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ:
– ɥɢɨɝɟɥɢ – ɝɟɥɢ, ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ 1–2 %, (ɤɢɫɟɥɶ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɶ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɤɜɚɲɚ
ɢ ɞɪ.);
– ɤɨɚɝɟɥɢ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ
80 %;
– ɤɫɟɪɨɝɟɥɢ (ɚɷɪɨɝɟɥɢ) – ɫɨ-
ɜɫɟɦ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɝɟɥɢ (ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ
ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɦɭɤɚ
ɢ ɞɪ.). ȼɵɫɨɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ
ɤɫɟɪɨɝɟɥɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɚɷɪɨɝɟɥɹɦɢ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɢ ɩɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ:
– ɝɟɥɢ ɯɪɭɩɤɢɟ – ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
– ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ – ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɧɹɦɢ.
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɯɧɢ.
əɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɧɨɣ ɤɭɯɧɟ
ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɮɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɭɞɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧ, ɚɝɚɪɚɝɚɪ, ɫɨɥɢ ɚɥɶɝɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɚɥɶɝɢɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ) ɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɭɞɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ) ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ.
15
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɞɪ.
Ɉ ɤ ɨ ɧ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 2
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɉɪɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɮɟɪɵ (ɲɚɪɚ) ɫ ɠɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɤɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ, ɹɝɨɞ;
ɦɟɞ; ɣɨɝɭɪɬ; ɦɨɥɨɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɮɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɚɥɶɝɢɧɚɬ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɥɚɤɬɚɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɮɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ:
– ɩɪɹɦɚɹ (ɛɚɡɨɜɚɹ) – ɜ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɋɮɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
(ɫɨɤ) ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɥɶɝɢɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫ
ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɥɚɤɬɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ.
ɑɟɪɟɡ 1–2 ɫɟɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ
ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɤɪɢɧɤɢ. ɂɯ
ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ;
– ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ – ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ (ɫɨɤ) ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɥɚɤɬɚɬɨɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɚɥɶɝɢɧɚɬɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ.
,
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ȼ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɮɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ:
– ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɸɞ;
– ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɩɟ-
ɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 1: ɤɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɭɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ ɢ
ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɭɫɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ? Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɭɫɚ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɫɨɭɫɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜɵ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɨɭɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡ. ɏɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɩɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ
ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɡɨɞɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɟɡɨɞɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɫ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ ɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɦ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ 1 ɤɝ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ: ɦɚɫɥɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ 750 ɝ, ɹɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɬɤɨɜ – 6 ɲɬ., ɝɨɪɱɢɰɵ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɣ – 25 ɝ, ɭɤɫɭɫɚ 3%-ɧɨɝɨ – 150 ɝ, ɫɨɥɢ – 15 ɝ.
əɢɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɫ ɫɨɥɶɸ ɢ ɝɨɪɱɢɰɟɣ. ȼ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɚɫɥɨ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ
ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. ɍɤɫɭɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɟɪɟɞɭɹ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɜɫɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ
ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ.
16
Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɨɞɚ ɠɟɥɬɤɚ ɢ
ɭɤɫɭɫɚ, ɚ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɨɦ – ɥɢɩɨɜɢɬɬɟɥɢɧ ɠɟɥɬɤɚ. Ʌɢɩɨɜɢɬɬɟɥɢɧ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ.
ɗɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɜɡɛɢɜɚɥɤɟ.
Ɇɚɣɨɧɟɡ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɟ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɫɦɟɬɚɧɵ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɠɢɪɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɠɢɪɚ ɠɟɥɬɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 77 %. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɠɢɪɚ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡ ɛɭɥɶɨɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ,
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɟ ɠɢɪɚ
ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɭɞɟɲɟɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ.
ɋɜɟɠɢɟ ɫɵɪɵɟ ɠɟɥɬɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ɋɭɯɢɟ
ɠɟɥɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ 1 ɱɚɫ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ.
ɏɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɠɟɥɬɤɢ
, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɹɢɱɧɵɣ ɛɟɥɨɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɢɡ 1 ɤɝ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
10 ɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ. ȿɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɚɫɬɭ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɹ ɜ 1,5-ɧɨɦ ɩɨ
ɜɟɫɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɭɤɫɭɫ, ɱɟɪɟɞɭɹ
ɢɯ ɫ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ.
ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɛɥɟɞɧɚɹ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ ɛɟɥɨɣ, ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ. Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ ɠɟɥɬɤɨɜ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɭɫɵ ɫ
ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɥɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ – ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡ ɫɨ
ɫɦɟɬɚɧɨɣ, ɫ ɤɨɪɧɢɲɨɧɚɦɢ, ɫ ɯɪɟɧɨɦ, ɫ ɬɨɦɚɬɨɦ ɢ ɥɭɤɨɦ, ɫ ɡɟɥɟɧɶɸ (ɩɪɨɬɟɪɬɵɦ
ɲɩɢɧɚɬɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɪɭɛɥɟɧɨɣ ɡɟɥɟɧɶɸ ɩɟɬɪɭɲɤɢ, ɷɫɬɪɚɝɨɧɚ ɢ ɭɤɪɨɩɚ) ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɉɫɨɛɭɸ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɠɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɛɥɸɞ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɢ ɪɵɛɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɹɫɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɵɛɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɭɫ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡ ɢɥɢ (ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ) ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ
ɛɭɥɶɨɧɟ (ɤɭɪɢɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɵɛɧɨɦ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɥɶɨɧ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ, ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɦɭ ɡɚɫɬɵɬɶ,
ɢ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɭɤɫɭɫ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɭɸ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɟ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɠɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɟ 7:3.
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ,
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɥɚ. Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ.
17
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ
ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ. ɑɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɟɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɹ. Ɇɚɣɨɧɟɡɵ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɲɚɪɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɚ 4–5-ɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɲɚɪɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɥɶɱɟ.
ȼ ɧɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɨ 90 % ɜɫɟɯ
ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2 ɦɤɦ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɪɚ ɜ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ (ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ 3 ɦɤɦ). ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚɯ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 1,5 ɥɟɬ.
ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɟ, ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɱɧɵ.
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
ɚ) ɜɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ;
ɛ) ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ;
ɜ) ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ;
ɝ) ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɫɬɪɹɯɢɜɚɧɢɟ.
ȼɵɫɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɟɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚ-
ɬɨɪɚ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ. ɗɬɢ
ɲɚɪɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ
ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ.
ɏɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨ-
ɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɢ ɠɢɪɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ,
ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ.
Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ
ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɨɬ –15° ɢ ɧɢɠɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹ-
ɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤ ɫɜɟɠɟɦɭ ɹɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɠɟɥɬɤɭ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɠɟɥɬɤɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɫɭɫɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ.
ɗɦɭɥɶɫɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɫɭɫ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɫɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɨɦ.
ɇɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɫɚɥɚɬɧɭɸ
ɢ ɝɨɪɱɢɱɧɭɸ. ȼ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɭ ɢɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɭɤɫɭɫ, ɫɚɯɚɪ,
ɫɨɥɶ. ȼ ɫɚɥɚɬɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɟɳɟ ɩɟɪɟɰ, ɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɱɢɱɧɭɸ – ɫɬɨɥɨɜɭɸ ɝɨɪɱɢɰɭ.
Ɉɛɟ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɲɚɪɢɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ –
ɩɟɪɰɚ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ – ɝɨɪɱɢɰɵ. ɉɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɹɦɢ
ɬɢɩɚ ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡɚ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɑɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɟɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɹ.
ɗɬɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɢ
ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɚɥɚɬɧɨɣ.
18
Ɂɚɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ (ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ, ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ,
ɷɦɚɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ) ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2–3 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 10–15°. Ɋɚɫɫɥɨɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ
ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɸ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɡɛɚɥɬɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 2: ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɛɪɚɤɟɪɚɠɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɢɫɟɥɶ ɫɥɢɜɨɜɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɤɢɫɟɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ. ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɛɥɸɞɚ. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɸɞɚ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɚɤɟɪɚɠɟ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɥɢɜɨɜɨɝɨ
ɤɢɫɟɥɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɤɢɫɟɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ
ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɡɟɪɟɧ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɚ. Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɫɟɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ: ɫɜɟɠɢɟ
ɹɝɨɞɵ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 100–200 ɝ, ɫɜɟɠɢɟ ɮɪɭɤɬɵ – 150–300 ɝ (ɧɟɬɬɨ) ɧɚ 1 ɤɝ
ɤɢɫɟɥɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɨ-ɹɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɣ ɝɟɥɶ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɢ ɫ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɨɦ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ, ɫ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ,
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɹɝɨɞ, ɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɨɣ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɬ
ɦɭɬɧɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɢɫɟɥɹɦ ɦɚɢɫɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɟɥɟɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɟɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɠɧɭɸ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ 1 ɤɝ ɹɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɟɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ 50 ɝ
ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɨ-ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɟɥɹ – ɨɬ 35 ɞɨ 45 ɝ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɧɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ (ɫɥɢɜ). ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɠɢɯ ɹɝɨɞ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ:
ɚ) ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɤɚ;
ɛ) ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɦɟɡɝɢ;
ɜ) ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɪɨɩɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɜɚɪɟ;
ɝ) ɡɚɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ;
ɞ) ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɤɚ ɫ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɤɢɫɟɥɟɦ;
ɟ) ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɨ-ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɟɥɹ ɩɥɨɞɵ (ɫɥɢɜɵ) ɜɚɪɹɬ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɸɬ, ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɬɜɚɪɨɦ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪ. ȼ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ.
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɢɫɟɥɹ:
ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ – ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ-
19
ɫɹ, ɚ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ». Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɨɜ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 58–69 °ɋ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ
ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 50 °ɋ. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɞɨ 50 % ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ȼ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ
50 ɞɨ 65 °ɋ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɚɦɢɥɨɡɵ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ,
ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɸɬ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɡɟɪɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 80 °ɋ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ, ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ, ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɡɟɪɧɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɟɤ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɚɦɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɛɭɯɲɢɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ
ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɫɨ-
ɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ʋ 3: ɩɪɢ ɛɪɚɤɟɪɚɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɭɫ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɹɡɤɭɸ ɤɥɟɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɭɫɚ ɛɵɥɢ
ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɵ. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɭɫɚ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɚɤɟɪɚɠɟ ɫɨɭɫɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɭɤɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ ɦɭɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɭɫɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬ 55 ɞɨ 80 °ɋ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ, ɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɚɯɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ
ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɭɫɭ ɜɹɡɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɭɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɚ ɫɭɯɨɦɭ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɨɜ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɭɫɚ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɵɯ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɭɫɨɜ ɦɭɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɭɸɬ (ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ) ɩɪɢ 120 (ɛɟɥɚɹ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɤɚ)
ɢ 150–160 °ɋ (ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɤɚ) ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɤɫɬɪɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɫɟɪɨɜɨɤ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɚɪɤɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɣɫɬɟɪɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɦɭɤɢ.
20
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]