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THE MODERN SYSTEM OFHIGHER EDUCATION 221
had adopted the declaration. e new system was introduced into
our higher education in2012.
e present system of higher education in Russia consists
ofthree levels. e rst level comprises Bachelor’s programmes.
Itpresupposes the basic higher education without any specialisation. e students are admitted tothe university (or institute)
onthe basis oftheir Unied State Exams results atthe secondary
school. e Bachelor’s Degree course lasts for four years and provides general fundamental training. e learning process ofthis
level ends in passing state exams and writing agraduate thesis
orproject aer which the students are awarded aBachelor’s degree certicate (a rst university degree) and the qualication
ofaBachelor. e certicate grants the students the right towork
according tothe profession chosen or to continue their studies
onaMaster’s Degree course.
e second level includes two branches: aSpecialist Degree
course and aMaster’s Degree course. Unlike the Bachelor’s Degree programmes, the Specialist degree ones are more focused
onpractical work inindustry according tothe profession chosen.
e course lasts for one year and ends inthe examination and
writing athesis. Graduates ofSpecialist Degree may work inindustry or further their education on a Master’s Degree course
orapostgraduate course.
e second branch ofthe level deals with Master’s programmes
which provide in-depth (thorough and detailed) specialisation
inthe professional sphere chosen bythe student. Bachelor’s and
Specialist Degree holders can enrol inaMaster’s Degree course.
e educational process lasts for two more years and involves
training students for research work. Itends inwriting amaster’s
thesis aer which the graduates, ifsuccessful, are awarded aMaster’s degree certicate and the qualication ofaMaster. Graduates
222 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
ofMaster’s Degree may work inindustry orfurther their studies
onapostgraduate course.
e third educational level isreferred toas the Highest Professional Training which isconducted onapostgraduate course. e
curriculum isheavily orientated towards training for academics.
e postgraduate course admits only graduates who are awarded
aMaster’s orSpecialist Degree. e educational process includes
study, teaching, hands-on experience, and research. Postgraduate
students select aresearch eld and asubject ofresearch for writing
adissertation. Full-time learning lasts three years, while part-time
study requires one extra year. Athird-level graduate isawarded
a postgraduate certicate with the corresponding qualication.
e rst degree toconrm the status ofscientist isthat ofaCandidate ofsciences which is given on the basis ofsuccessful defending the dissertation. e second degree isaDoctoral Degree,
which isawarded aer defending the doctoral dissertation.
To sum up, since 2003 when Russia joined the Bologna Declaration ithas become possible toestablish close contacts with European educational institutions and exchange students and professors onthe basis of short- and long-term agreements. ese
international relations seem tobe mutually benecial. Moreover,
they stimulate learning foreign languages.
Words and Expressions
to unify [´ju:nI,faI]— унифицировать
within all European area [ wI,GIn ´D:l ,jAUrA´piAn ,eAriA] —
навсем европейском пространстве
extension [Ik´stenSn]— расширение
a circumstance [´sQ:kAmstAns]— обстоятельство
THE MODERN SYSTEM OFHIGHER EDUCATION 223
a degree [dI´gri:]— ученая степень
to facilitate [fA´sIlAteIt]— облегчать
the Bologna Declaration [bA´lAUnjA ,deklA´reISn]— Болонская
декларация
joint [dZDInt]— совместный
the main guiding document [´meIn ´gaIdIN ´dOkjUmAnt]— ос-
новной документ, которым все должны руководствоваться
to join smth. [dZDIn]— присоединяться кчему-л.
to beadmitted toauniversity [… Ad´mItId tA A ju:nI´vQ:sAti]—
быть принятым вуниверситет
a Bachelor’s Degree [´bBtSAlAz dI,gri:]— степень бакалавра
training [´treInIN]— обучение
graduation [,grBdZu´eISn]— окончание высшего учебного за-
ведения
a graduate thesis [´grBdZuAt ,Fi:sIs]— выпускная работа
to award acerticate [A´wD:d A sA´tIfIkAt]— вручать удостове-
рение, диплом
to grant [grC:nt]— зд. гарантировать
a Master’s Degree [´mC:stAz …]— степень магистра
a branch [brC:ntS]— зд. направление
a Specialist Degree [´speSAlIst…]— степень специалиста
to write athesis [´raIt A,Fi:sIs]— писать диссертацию
a graduate [´grBdZuAt]— выпускник
a postgraduate course [pAUst´grBdZuAt ´kD:s]— аспирантура
in-depth [In´depF]— глубокий, подробный
224 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
a holder [´hAUldA]— обладатель
to enrol [In´rAU]— вносить всписок, регистрировать
to further [´fQ: GA]— продолжать
to beheavily orientated tosmth. [… ´hevIli ´D:riAn,teItId…]—
быть главным образом нацеленным начто-л.
an academic [,BkA´demIk]— ученый
hands-on experience [,hBndz´On Ik´spIAriAns]— практический
(самостоятельный) опыт
full-time learning [,fUl ´taIm ,lQ:nIN]— очное (дневное) обу-
чение
part-time study [,p C:t ´taIm ,stEdI]— вечернее обучение
extra [´ekstrA]— лишний, еще один
to defend [dI´fend]— защищать
to exchange [Iks´tSeIndZ]— обмениваться
an agreement [A´gri:mAnt]— соглашение
mutually benecial [´mju:tSuAli ,benI´fISl]— взаимовыгодный
Answer the questions:
1. What general factor has caused signicant changes in the system
ofhigher education inRussia lately? Did these changes facilitate anex-
change ofstudents and professors within European countries? Have
you ever had achance tostudy orwork abroad? Ifso, inwhat country
and what capacity?
2. When was the Bologna Declaration adopted? How many countries
signed the Declaration immediately after its adoption? When did Rus-
sia sign it? Inwhat year were the main principles ofthe Declaration
introduced into the system ofhigher education inour country? Doyou
THE MODERN SYSTEM OFHIGHER EDUCATION 225
approve ofthe transition ofour former education system tothe Bolo-
gna model? Why?
3. What levels does the whole system of higher education in our
country comprise after signing the Bologna Declaration? For how
many years dostudents and postgraduates have tolearn at each
level? What isthe specific feature ofcurricula ofthe first two levels?
What degrees are gra duates awarded after graduating from these
courses? Are you aholder ofany? Ishigher education compulsory
inour country?
4. What isthe main curriculum ofthe third level oriented to? Who are
admitted tothis course? How long does the learning process last?
What certicates are postgraduates awarded? Why isthe number
ofthose who aim atthe third level curricula decreasing nowadays?
Would you like tobecome apostgraduate inthe scientic eld you
are specia lising in? What scientic problem would you choose for
your research?
Pay attention tothe topical expressions and try touse
them inyour stories:
to doadegree— готовиться кзащите диплома (дипломного
проекта), кполучению степени
to sit anexamination— сдавать экзамен
continuous assessment— текущая оценка успеваемости
to pass exams with ying colours— сдать экзамены блестяще
to learn smth. byheart— учить что-л. наизусть
rote learning— зубрежка
a coeducation establishment — учебное заведение для сов-
местного обучения юношей идевушек
226 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
a single-sex education establishment— учебное заведение для
раздельного обучения юношей идевушек
to know smth. like the back ofone’s hand— знать что-л. как
свои пять пальцев
accelerated learning— ускоренное обучение
Translate the following sentences:
1. Margaret isastudent oflaw and now she isdoing adegree
atOxford University.
2. Students will sit a two-hour examination writing anessay
atthe end ofthe year.
3. Aprocess ofcontinuous assessment isimplemented inhigh-
ly innovative educational institutions to determine grades
ofstudents.
4. Hehad worked hard during the whole term sohe passed his
nal exams with ying colours.
5. Along with other methods of learning, foreign language
students have tolearn long extracts from stories and novels
inthe original byheart.
6. Rote learning does not really give people any insight into
the subject asit isbased on mechanical memorising rather
than understanding the concept; however sometimes itcan
besuccessfully used inthe learning process: children are still
learning the multiplication table byrote.
7. e coeducation system ofeducating students ofboth sexes
isjustied bythe mere nature ofany society where men and
women exist together.
STATE, NON-STATE AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS 227
8. Single-sex education establishments can be found only for
arestricted number ofprofessions, for example military, naval, nursing though there may bean exception tothis.
9. Inany case wecan rely onhim: heknows the problem like the
back ofhis hand.
10. Gied students are allowed totake anaccelerated learning
course sothat they could pass all exams and graduate from
the university earlier.
STATE, NON-STATE AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS
OFHIGHER EDUCATION INRUSSIA
ere are three kinds ofeducational establishments ofhigher
education inRussia: a university, an academy, and aninstitute.
ey dier inthe number ofscientic and applied specialities they
train students for and partly inthe levels ofeducational curricula.
Atthe universities students are taught atall three levels; they are
awarded abachelor’s degree, aspecialist degree, amaster’s degree
and postgraduates get acandidate of sciences’ degree and later
adoctoral degree. Besides, itis the function ofuniversities toconduct fundamental and applied research within awide spectrum
ofscientic spheres. So, ateach university alarge number offaculties and departments can befound: those ofmathematics, physics,
astronomy, foreign languages, literature, economy, law, medicine,
and the others.
Unlike auniversity, anacademy deals with the same aspects
ofeducational curricula atthe three levels, but the sphere ofscientic and applied research isnarrower. Virtually, students and
postgraduates ofacademies get theoretical and practical knowledge inaparticular eld.
228 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
Institutes have the right to train students for all degrees
though postgraduate courses are not compulsory. e learning
process iscarried out within aspecic eld of science ordiscipline.
Most institutions ofhigher education inRussia are state ones.
Itmeans that they get a nancial support from the state either
onthe federal ormunicipal level. at iswhy students donot have
topay tuition fees. Moreover, some ofthem get ascholarship. Besides, a system of grants is introduced to encourage successful
students. Free higher education isguaranteed bythe Constitution
ofthe Russian Federation onthe competitive basis instate ormunicipal educational institutions.
Along with the state educational establishments there exist
non-state and private ones inwhich education is not free. But
both educational institutions must possess alicence for their academic activity and anational accreditation certicate which give
them the right toissue state-recognised degrees.
Nowadays students become more ambitious and curious then
before. ey are striving toacquire knowledge instill more and
more disciplines and scientic spheres. Soalot ofthem get the
second and even the third higher education. However additional
higher education isnot free; itis available only onthe commercial
basis— students have topay tuition fees. But this does not seem
tostop them. ey are very enthusiastic about prospects intheir
future career. Very oen they have towork tobe able topay for
their education. Asa rule, they nd apart-time orseasonal job
incafes, restaurants orshops orthey may work ascouriers, guides
and secretaries.
e mode ofstudy atthese educational establishments can
be dierent depending onthe way, time, and frequency of the
learning process. It may be a full-time, part-time, distance
ormixed education. e full-time study usually lasts six oreight
STATE, NON-STATE AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS 229
hours aday inthe morning and day-time periods every week excluding aweekend and students are not supposed towork. e
part-time study generally takes place inthe evening three orfour
days aweek. Part-time students usually combine their study with
work. e distance learning isa system inwhich students work
athome with the help oftelevision orradio broadcasts ormost
increasingly nowadays using the Internet.
At present Russian students have achance tocontinue their
education abroad orto attend there arefresher course for improving knowledge about asubject that was studied before. Foreign
students are also ready tocome toRussia inorder toget education
inour country. is became possible aer the adoption ofthe Bologna Declaration byRussia.
Words and Expressions
non-state [,nOn ´steIt]— негосударственный
private [´praIvAt]— частный
an establishment [I´stBblISmAnt]— учреждение, учебное заве-
дение
applied [A´plaId]— прикладной
to train [treIn]— обучать
a wide spectrum [,waId ´spektrAm]— широкий спектр
a faculty (department) of law [´fBklti / dI´pC:tmAnt Av lD:] —
юридический факультет (отделение)
narrower [´nBrAUA]— более узкий
virtually [´vQ:tSUAli]— фактически
to be carried out […,kBrId ´aUt] — осуществляться, прово-
диться
230 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
a nancial support [faI´nBnSl sA´pD:t] — финансовая под-
держка
a tuition fee [tju:´ISn ,fi:]— плата заобучение
a scholarship [´skOlA,SIp]— стипендия
to encourage [In´kErIdZ]— поощрять
free— бесплатный
on the competitive basis [… kAm´petAtIv ,beIsIs]— наконкурс-
ной основе
to issue astate-recognised degree [´ISu: / ´Isju: A ´steIt ´rekAg,naIzd
dI´gri:]— выдавать диплом государственного образца
curious [´kjUAriAs]— любознательный
additional [A´dISnAl]— дополнительный
a prospect [´prOspekt]— перспектива
a courier [´kUriA]— курьер
a guide [gaId]— гид
a mode [mAUd]— режим
frequency [´fri:kwAnsi]— частотность
a distance education [´dIstAns ,edjU´keISn]— заочное обучение
excluding [Ik´sklu:dIN]— заисключением
students are not supposed [… sA´pAUzd]— студенты недолжны
a television orradio broadcast [´telI,vIZn D: ´reIdiAU ´br D:d,kC:st]—
теле- или радиопередача
most increasingly [… In´kri:sINli]— всё чаще ичаще
a refresher course [rI´freSA ,kD:s]— курсы переподготовки (по-
вышения квалификации)
adoption [A´dOpSn]— принятие
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