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Файл:Разговорный английский актуальные темы для свободного общения. Учебное пособие
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A JOB INTERVIEW 121
to sit upright [… ´EpraIt]— сидеть прямо
to display [dI´spleI]— показывать, демонстрировать
a bit frightened […´fraItnd]— слегка напуганный
to nd out [,faInd ´aUt]— выяснять, узнавать
to get involved inconversation […In´vOlvd In ,kOnvA´seISn]—
включаться вбеседу
in one’s turn [… tQ:n]— всвою очередь
an intelligent question [In´telIdZAnt ,kwestSAn] — зд. вопрос
посуществу
beforehand [bI´fD:hBnd]— заранее
Answer the questions:
1. If a job seeker has found a suitable vacancy, what should he (she)
dorst? What applicants does the employer invite for aninterview?
Have you ever applied for any job position? When was it? Were you
invited for ajob interview?
2. What recommendations are given toovercome your nervousness and
stimulate your condence? Dothe inter viewers take into account only
an applicant’s qualications and skills? What other factors inuence
their opinion ofthe applicant?
3. What advice isgiven inthe way ofan applicant’s general appearance,
clothes inparticular? Why doyou think the interviewers pay much at-
tention to the candidates’ appearance? Can the applicant’s posture
and facial expression tell much about him (her)?
4. What questions do you expect to be asked by your potential em-
ployer (2–3questions)? What questions could you ask them? Why isit
122 MAKING ACAREER
necessary tond out some information about the company before the
interview?
5. How does the applicant learn that he(she) has been given the job po-
sition applied for? Has your application ever been rejected? Ifso, did
you feel disappointed?
Pay attention tothe topical words ofthe same root,
theirformation and use inthe sentence:
to apply for ajob tosome place— обращаться поповоду тру-
доустройства вкакое-л. место
a job vacancy applied for — рабочая вакансия, на которую
выпретендуете
an applicant— претендент, кандидат, соискатель
an application— заявление, прошение
an application form— анкета поступающего наработу
Translate the following sentences:
1. e company advertised three jobs and over y people applied for the vacancies within aweek.
2. To compensate for their tuition fees a lot ofstudents have
toapply for part-time jobs during their summer holidays.
3. With relevant qualications and good references aperson
has abetter chance totake the position applied for.
4. Only half the vacancies applied for were advertised either
inthe newspaper orannounced onTV.
5. Successful applicants will be notied about the employer’s
decision bytelephone.
UNEMPLOYMENT 123
6. Not only skills and qualications but the applicant’s image
and behaviour inuence the positive result ofthe job inter-
view.
7. Aer advertising three new vacancies the company received
many applications for the jobs from experienced specialists.
8. e foreign company welcomes applications from young
people having language and computer skills.
9. Before ajob interview people have toll in an application
form with detailed information indicated ineach item.
10. Anapplication form isaformal document which every applicant should ll inif they want tobe members ofsta.
UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment isone ofthe most serious problems ofthe
world economy. Itis asituation when many people are out ofwork
and the economic and social factors make itdicult for the unemployed tond ajob. Ingeneral, unemployment iscaused byinstability ofmarket economy which leads tosome social and psychological negative consequences such asination, reducing the
living standard ofpeople, crime, diseases and soon. Every country needs toreach full employment toget the maximum out ofthe
available production capacity.
e general reason for the high level of unemployment
istechnological progress. Also, overpopulation may aect it. But
inmany cases people become unemployed because ofsome particular causes. For instance, nowadays downsizing is one of the
main reasons why somany people have lost their jobs. e downsizing process consists in making a company or organisation
smaller byreducing the number ofemployees. When this occurs,
124 MAKING ACAREER
alot ofpeople are laid o all atthe same time. According toeconomists, this ismostly done toincrease the company’s prots.
Another reason that results inunemployment isredundancy.
is isalso atermination ofemployment which isfollowed byemployees’ dismissal. But unlike downsizing, redundancy does not
lead toclosing the company ororganisation. Aworker ismade redundant when the employer requires fewer people todo the type
ofwork the person was employed todo. At present redundancy
isclosely connected with computerisation ofthe working process
because computers work faster and more eciently than people.
However, there are some situations when redundancy isconsidered unfair by law. ese include the cases when a woman
ismade redundant for maternity-related reasons oremployees are
made redundant for reasons connected with race, sex ordisability.
en, selecting employees for redundancy onthe basis oftheir age
isnot justiable either.
Besides, employees may be dismissed at their own will
inwhich case the reasons may bequite individual: alow salary,
unfavourable working conditions, along journey for the place
ofemployment, some family problems, and the like.
e consequences ofunemployment badly result ineconomy
ofthe country. ey cause the lower real GDP, reduced national
income and lower living standards. Economic and social hardships are suered bythe families ofthe unemployed. Besides, the
longer the person isunemployed, the harder it will be for him
(her) toever set foot inthe productive world again. Other social
costs include rising the crime rate, family breakdowns, drug use,
and alcoholism. Moreover, job losses atayoung age inict considerable psychological traumas and reduce the chances ofthe
young specialists tond awell-deserved job inthe future.
For those who are out ofwork, ajob centre and some employment agencies have been set up in every city and town.
UNEMPLOYMENT 125
ey help people looking for ajob nd afull-time ora parttime job. People who are temporarily unemployed get adole
which ispaid bythe government. Itis the local authorities’ responsibility towork out and take special measures for reducing
the unemployment level.
Words and Expressions
to becaused byinstability […´kD:zd ´baI ,InstA´bIlAti]— вызы-
ваться нестабильностью
reducing the living standard [rI´dju:sIN GA´lIvIN ,stBndAd] —
снижение жизненного уровня
crime [kraIm]— преступность
available [A´veIlAbl]— имеющийся вналичии
production capacity [prA,dEkSn kA´pBsAti]— производитель-
ная мощность
overpopulation [,AUvA,pOpjU´leISn]— перенаселение
to aect smth. [A´fekt]— воздействовать начто-л.
a particular cause [pA´tIkjUlA ,kD:z]— частная причина
downsizing [´daUn,saIzIN]— разукрупнение (предприятия)
to lose (lost) [lu:z]— терять
to consist insmth. [kAn´sIst]— состоять (заключаться) вчем-л.
to lay o (laid) [,leI ´Of; leId]— увольнять
prot [´prOfIt]— прибыль
redundancy [rI´dEndAnsi]— увольнение посокращению штата
termination [,tQ:mI´neISn]— прекращение
126 MAKING ACAREER
to befollowed bysmth. […´fOlAUd…]— сопровождаться чем-л.
dismissal [dIs´mIsAl]— увольнение
unlike [En´laIk]— вотличие
to bemade redundant [… rI´dEndAnt] — увольняться по со-
кращению штата
fewer [´fju:A]— меньшее количество
faster and more eciently [´f C:stA… I´fISntli]— быстрее ибо-
лее эффективно
unfair [En´feA]— несправедливый
by law [baI´lD:]— позакону
a maternity-related reason [mA´t Q:nAti rI´leItId ,rIzn]— попри-
чине того, что женщина имеет маленького ребенка
disability [,dIsA´bIlAti]— ограниченная физическая возмож-
ность человека
not tobe justiable […´dZEstI,faIAbl] — быть неоправдан-
ным
to be dismissed at one’s own will [… dIs´mIst At ,wEnz ´AUn
,wIl]— увольняться пособственному желанию
the GDP (the Gross Domestic Product) [,dZi: di: ´pi:; ´grAUs
dA´mestIk ,prOdEkt] — ВВП (валовой внутренний про-
дукт)
an income [´InkEm]— доход
to suer hardships [´sEfA ´hC:dSIps]— испытывать лишения,
трудности
to set foot in the productive world again [… prA´dEktIv
,wQ:ld…]— возвращаться ктрудовой деятельности
UNEMPLOYMENT 127
rising the crime rate [´raIsIN GA ´kraIm ,reIt] — повышение
уровня преступности
a family breakdown [… ´breIk,daUn]— распад семьи
drug [drEg]— наркотик
a job loss [… lOs]— потеря работы
to inict traumas [In´flIkt ,trD:mAz] — причинять травмы,
травмировать
well-deserved [´wel dI´zQ:vd]— вполне заслуженный
a full-time job [´fUl ,taIm…]— работа сполной занятостью
a part-time job [´pC:t,taIm…]— работа снеполной (частич-
ной) занятостью
temporarily [´tempArArAli]— временно
a dole [dAUl]— пособие побезработице
Answer the questions:
1. What can such aphenomenon asunemployment becaused byin gene-
ral? What are its negative consequences? Does unemployment result
from economic orpolitical factors orfrom both? Isit possible toreach
full employment inacertain period ofthe countries development?
2. How can the technological process inuence ahigh level ofunemploy-
ment? Does itmean that any technological development should bere-
strained? What way could you recommend for anemployee not tobe
out of work when the production process is updated by compute-
risation orby any other technological achievements?
3. How does downsizing inict unemployment? What isredundancy?
What isthe main reason for making employees redundant? Inwhat
cases isredundancy considered tobe unfair bylaw?
128 MAKING ACAREER
4. Inwhat case can employees bedismissed attheir own will? Have you
ever been dismissed byone or another reason? If so, when and why
did ithappen?
5. Why isunemployment considered tobe anegative factor for economy
ofthe country? How does it inuence the social sphere of life? Why
issuch aphenomenon unwilling from apsychological point ofview?
Pay attention tothe topical words ofthe same root, their
formation and use inthe sentence:
redundancy— чрезмерность, избыток; увольнение посокра-
щению штата
redundant— чрезмерный, лишний; уволенный посокраще-
нию штата
to make redundant— уволить посокращению штата
to downsize— разукрупнять предприятие
downsizing— разукрупнение предприятия
to bedismissed— быть уволенным
dismissal— увольнение
jobless— безработный; the jobless— безработные
to beout ofajob— быть безработным
Translate the following sentences:
1. Over 500workers will face redundancy ifthe factory closes.
2. Sta were oered achoice between moving ortaking redun-
dancy.
3. Many ofthe companies that they had invested inwere bank-
rupt. Asaresult more than 1000employees were made re-
dundant.
FREELANCING 129
4. Employers are supposed tocontact employees onan individual basis before making them redundant toconsider other
options available such asredeploying them elsewhere inthe
organisation.
5. When market economy isunstable, many industrial enterprises are downsized; this results inahigh unemployment rate.
6. Downsizing ofthe leading coal enterprises was caused byreducing the price ofthe raw material.
7. Hewas dismissed from his job for gross misconduct.
8. She is bringing acase of unfair dismissal against the company.
9. Many ofthe rural jobless moved into the towns where itwas
easier tond ajob vacancy.
10. Ifthings don’t improve, alot ofemployees will beout ofajob.
FREELANCING
Freelancing has become one of the most frequently used
notions describing anemployee’s status nowadays. But the word
isnot new. Morphologically itis acompound noun formed oftwo
roots: free and lance. Itwas borrowed from the knight’s lexicon
inwhich itdenoted “a knight whose lances were free tohire and
who was not pledged to one master”. At present a freelancer
orafreelance worker isaterm commonly used for aperson who
isself-employed and isnot necessarily committed toa particular employer long-term. Freelancers are free tochoose their projects and companies they would like tobe associated with. ey
130 MAKING ACAREER
work independently and ontemporary contracts rather than for
along-term employer.
In the recent past, this kind ofemployment was typical for
writers, artists and representatives ofother creative professions
who usually worked from home orfrom their studio and did not
have tospend their working hours inthe oce orsomewhere else.
us writers for example could submit their “product”— astory,
anovel, orapoem— tomany dierent publishing houses without
being tied toany particular one.
For the last two decades when great changes in economic
and social life have taken place inour country, freelancing gave
achance tomany people toavoid crisis inthe life and raise their
self-esteem. e sphere ofapplying freelancer’s labour has considerably widened. Common professions and occupations where
freelancing predominates include, along with writing books
or composing music, translating and interpreting, journalism,
teaching, acting, computer programming, web designing and
other activities. Many people nowadays are considering asituation which will allow them towork from home. is isespecially
true for those who have lost their job and cannot nd any new
position. Besides, homebound people with disabilities orchildren
totake care ofprefer working from home. ere are also cases
when long and tiring commutes toand from work every day make
someone take upworking from home.
Before making adecision tobecome afreelancer, itis better
toconsider all aspects ofthe situation carefully, toweigh all pros
and cons. ough benets offreelancing dier bygender, lifestyle,
and industry, the main advantage isexible working hours. You
need not start your work at9a.m. and nish at6p.m. with aonehour break for dinner inthe aernoon. You can work whenever
you want. Bythis you avoid alot oftroubles connected with com-
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