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Файл:Разговорный английский актуальные темы для свободного общения. Учебное пособие
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THE VERBAL AND NONVERBAL
LANGUAGE
BODY LANGUAGE
Body language is a type of non-verbal communication
in which, instead of words, physical movements and positions
ofthe speaker’s body are used toexpress and convey information.
Bymeans ofbody language you can tell other people what you
are thinking orfeeling atthe moment ofcommunication, whether
you agree ordisagree with your partner aswell aswhether you are
inclined ornot tobe involved inconversation. is physical behaviour may include facial expressions, abody posture, di erent
gestures, aneyes movement, the tone ofvoice, the use ofspace,
touch, and some other changes ina person’s appearance, hence
another name ofthe language “kinesics”.
When expressing emotions through the body, facial expressions are the most integral part ofcommunication. e set offacial
expressions isvery rich. Combinations ofeyes, brows, lips, nose
and cheek movements help express dierent moods ofaperson:
happiness, sadness, depression, calmness, anger, etc. For example,
awide smile indicates that the person ishappy, feels satised and
the fact that he(she) isin a good mood. Onthe contrary, when
your lips are pursed, this demonstrates your anger ordissatisfaction with something. Widely-opened eyes are the sign ofunexpected joy orsurprise whereas looking down means that the person isconfused, nervous ordepressed. One and the same emotion
82 THE VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE
can beexpressed dierently. For example, people can show their
feeling ofsurprise byraising their eyebrows orfor astronger reaction— byclasping their hands. How could you interpret the facial movement ifsomebody islicking their lips? Inmost cases this
demonstrates that the person isthinking over something orcalculating something. How can you feel ifsomebody you are talking
tois bored? Inthis case they are usually yawning, looking absentminded orsome are twisting their hair.
Emotions may also bedetected through gestures, i.e. movements made bybody parts: hands, ngers, arms, legs orahead,
which can bevoluntary orinvoluntary. Arms gestures can express
very much inthe process ofcommunication. Inadiscussion when
one stands, sits oreven walks with folded arms, this isnot normally considered awelcoming gesture asit denotes asort ofopposition and someone’s disagreement. Itcould mean that the persons
have aclosed mind and are most likely unwilling tolisten tothe
speaker’s viewpoint. ere isanother model ofarms gestures—
an arm crossed over the other, demonstrating insecurity and
alack ofcondence. Itlooks asif the person were trying todefend
themselves from some imaginary attack.
Hands movements also present avivid picture of the person’s inner world. us, relaxed hands indicate condence and
self-assurance, while clenched hands may beinterpreted assigns
ofstress and anger. en, ifaperson iswringing their hands, this
demonstrates nervousness and anxiety. Along with hands movements, nger gestures can also bevery important and expressive
incommunication. ey are commonly used toexemplify one’s
speech as well as denote the state of well-being of the person
making them. Incertain cultures pointing using one’s index nger isbelieved acceptable. However, pointing ataperson with the
index nger may beviewed asinsulting and aggressive in other
cultures, for example in the Russian traditions. Likewise, the
BODY LANGUAGE 83
thumb upgesture could denote “OK” or“good” incountries like
the US, France and Germany, but this same gesture isaccepted
asrude and insulting inIran, Bangladesh and ailand, where itis
anequivalent ofshowing the middle nger inthe US.
It would beinteresting toresearch into body postures from
the viewpoint oftheir participating inthe process ofcommunications. Surely one can easily detect the “message” sent byacertain
body posture. For example, aperson sitting till the back oftheir
chair, leans forward with their head nodding along with adiscussion implies that they are open, relaxed, and generally ready tolisten. On the other hand, aperson who has their legs and arms
crossed with the foot kicking slightly demonstrates that they are
feeling impatient and emotionally detached from the discussion.
Body language isnot universal though there are alot of elements that can berecognised common for anumber ofcultures.
However, in every culture some specic gestures can be found.
Moreover, one and the same gesture may denote dierent even
opposite things. us, in most countries the head nod is used
to signify “yes” or agreement while shaking a head means “no”
or disagreement. However, in Bulgaria and Greece these gestures are interpreted inquite anopposite way. Rubbing palms one
against the other inRussia can beread as“everything isOK, successful”, whereas inJapan this same movement will beinterpreted
as“help, Ihave some problems”. Intraditional Anglo-Saxon culture,
avoiding eye contact usually shows alack ofcondence orcertainty.
But inthe Latino culture direct orprolong eye contact means that
you are challenging the person with whom you are speaking orthat
you have aromantic interest inthe person. Inmany Asian countries
aprolonged eye contact may beasign ofanger and aggression.
Gestures as well as speech can be professional. For instance, some ofthem are used byreferees during sports competitions; with the help ofothers stockbrokers communicate buying
84 THE VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE
or selling shares incompanies. Besides, asit can beseen from the
examples given above, body language can beformal orcolloquial,
neutral orvulgar, otherwise itmay possess characteristics typical
for averbal language.
It isquite evident that body language adds alot tothe process
ofcommunication making our conversation expressive, exact, and
understandable. Bybecoming more aware ofbody language and
understanding what itmight mean, you can learn toread people
more easily. is puts you ina better position to communicate
eectively with them. What is more, by increasing your understanding ofothers, you can also become more aware ofmessages
that you convey tothem.
Words and Expressions
non-verbal communication [,nOn´vQ:bl kA,mju:nI´keISn]— не-
вербальное общение
instead ofwords [In´sted Av, wQ:dz]— вместо слов
to convey [kAn´veI]— передавать, сообщать
by means ofsmth. [,baI ´mi:nz Av]— посредством (с помощью)
чего-л.
whether… or[,weGA… ´ D:]— ли… или
to agree [A´gri:]— соглашаться
to disagree [,dIsA´gri:]— несоглашаться
as well as[,Bz ´wel , Bz]— атакже
to beinclined todo smth. [… In´klaInd…]— быть склонным
что-л. делать
to beinvolved inconversation […In´vOlvd In ,kOnvA´seISn]—
быть вовлеченным вбеседу
BODY LANGUAGE 85
a body posture [,bOdi ´pAUstSA]— поза
a gesture [´dZestSA]— жест
an eyes movement [´aIz ,mu:vmAnt]— движение глаз
a tone ofvoice [… vDIs]— интонация
space— пространство
touch [tEtS]— прикосновение, касание
kinesics [kaI´nesIks]— кинесика
an integral part [´IntIgrAl]— неотъемлемая часть
a set— набор
a mood [mu:d]— настроение
sadness [´sBdnIs]— печаль
anger [´BNgA]— гнев
to indicate [´IndI,keIt]— указывать
to be satised […´sBtIs,faId] — быть удовлетворенным, до-
вольным
on the contrary […´kOntrAri] — напротив (при выражении
противоположной точки зрения)
the lips are pursed [… pQ:st]— губы поджаты
dissatisfaction [dIs,sBtIs´fBkSn] — неудовлетворенность, не-
довольство
a sign [saIn]— знак, признак
an unexpected joy [,EnIk´spektId ´dZDI] — неожиданная ра-
дость
to beconfused [… kAn´fju:zd]— быть смущенным
to raise one’s eyebrows [´reIz ,wEnz ´aIbraUz]— поднимать брови
to clasp one’s hands [´ klC:sp,wEnz ´hBnds]— всплескивать
руками
86 THE VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE
to interpret [In´tQ:prIt]— интерпретировать, толковать, объ-
яснять
to lick one’s lips [lIk…]— облизывать губы
to bebored […bD:d]— скучать
to yawn [jD:n]— зевать
absent-minded [,BbsAnt ´maIndId]— рассеянный, несосредо-
точенный
to twist one’s hair [´twIst,wEnz ´heA]— накручивать (на палец)
волосы
to detect [dI´tekt]— распознавать, расшифровывать
i. e. = idest (.) = that is(.)— тоесть
a nger [´fINgA]— палец (руки)
an arm [C:m]— рука (от кисти доплеча)
a leg— нога (от ступни доверхней части бедра)
voluntary / involuntary [´vOlAntAri]— вольный / невольный
a process of communication [´prAUsAs Av kA,mju:nI´keISn] —
процесс общения (коммуникации)
with folded arms […´fAUldId ,C:mz]— сосложенными нагру-
ди руками
a welcoming gesture [,welkEmIN ´ dZestSA]— приветствен-
ный жест
disagreement [,dIsA´gri:mAnt]— несогласие
to have aclosed mind […´klAUzd ,maInd]— несчитаться счу-
жим мнением
unwilling [En´wIlIN] — не склонный (не расположенный)
кчему-л.
an arm crossed over the other […´krOst ´AUvA Gi: ,EGA]— скре-
щенные нагруди руки
BODY LANGUAGE 87
insecurity [,InsI´kUArAtI]— беззащитность
lack ofsmth. [lBk…]— недостаток чего-л.
to defend oneself [dI´fend]— защищаться
an imaginary attack [I´mBdZInAri A´tBk] — воображаемое
(ожидаемое) нападение
relaxed hands [rI´lBkst ,hBndz]— расслабленные, ненапря-
женные кисти рук
condence and self-assurance [´kOnfIdAns… selfAs´SUArAns] —
доверие иуверенность в себе
clenched hands [klentSt…]— пальцы, сжатые вкулак
to wring one’s hands [riN]— ломать себе руки (пальцы)
nervousness and anxiety [´nQ:vAsnIs… BN´zaIAti] — нервное
состояние исильное беспокойство
along with smth. [A´lON…]— наряду счем-л.
to exemplify one’s speech [Ig´zemplI,faI… spi:tS] — наиболее
наглядно выразить то, очем говоришь
to point [pDInt]— указывать
an index nger [´Indeks ,fINgA]— указательный палец
acceptable [Ak´septAbl]— приемлемый
to beviewed [ … vju:d]— рассматриваться
insulting [In´sEltIN]— оскорбительный
likewise [´laIkwaIz]— подобно
a thumb upgesture [´FEm ´Ep ,dZestSA] — жест с поднятым
вверх большим пальцем
to accept [Ak´sept]— воспринимать
rude [ru:d]— грубый
a middle nger [´mIdl …]— средний палец
88 THE VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE
to participate [p C:´tIsI,peIt]— принимать участие
to lean forward [,li:n ´fD:wAd]— наклоняться вперед
to nod (a head)— кивать (головой) (в знак согласия)
to imply [Im´plaI]— подразумевать, предполагать
to kick slightly [,kIk ´slaItli]— слегка отбивать такт ногой
impatient [Im´peISnt]— нетерпеливый
to be detached from smth. [… dI´tBtSt…] — быть далеким
оттого, что происходит вданный момент
to be recognised common [´rekAg,naIzd ´kOmAn] — призна-
ваться общим
to signify [´sIgnI,faI]— означать
shaking head [´SeIkIN… ]
— мотание головой (в знак отри-
цания)
to rub hands [rEb…]— потирать руки
to avoid eye contact [A´vDId ´aI ,kOntBkt]— избегать взгляда
собеседника
certainty [´sQ:tnti]— определенность
prolong [prA´lON]— продолжительный
to challenge [´tSBlIndZ]— бросать вызов
to have aromantic interest insmb. [… rAU´mBntik ´IntrAst…]—
иметь определенные виды накого-л.
a referee [,refA´ri:]— спортивный судья
a sports competition […,kOmpA´tISn]— спортивное соревно-
вание
a stockbroker [´stOk,brAUkA]— брокер нафондовой бирже
BODY LANGUAGE 89
shares [SeAz]— биржевые акции
colloquial [kA´lAUkwiAl]— разговорный
aware [A´weA]— осознающий
to read people— понимать (считывать) намерения людей
to increase [In´kri:s]— увеличивать, усиливать
Answer the questions:
1. Why isbody language termed so? What language isit opposed to? Can
body language be used without a spoken language? If yes, in what
spheres? Does itexpress only emotions and feelings?
2. What body movements doyou think are the most expressive, gestures,
body postures orfacial expressions? Which ofthem are best integrated
inthe process ofcommunications? Doyou always use body language
while speaking?
3. By what physical signs can you detect that someone is nervous
orrelaxed? How would you interpret the situation inwhich aperson
isdrumming his (her) ngers onthe table? In what case do people
shrug their shoulders? Ifyou communicate with someone, how can
you tell that your partner isbored? What does the posture when peo-
ple put their hands ontheir hips and clench their sts denote? Can
you demonstrate the posture? Ifyou scratch your head, what does
itdenote?
4. Can you demonstrate the difference between two postures using
your body language: standing with your arms crossed and arms
folded? What emotions dothey denote? What do the two oppo-
site facial expressions, frowning and raising one’s eyebrows, show?
Inwhat situations dowe use the thumb up and the thumb down
gestures?
90 THE VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE
5. While communicating with people aneye contact is very important.
What does itmean that someone istrying toavoid aneye contact with
his partner? Can itbe acceptable inour traditions tokeep a prolong
eye contact with anunknown person? How can this beinterpreted?
Why isit recom mended tokeep aneye contact with the employer dur-
ing ajob interview?
6. Itis quite evident that people ofdierent temperament speak dier-
ently. Can wedene the temperament ofa person judging from his
(her) own body language? Does the character ofbody language de-
pend onthe national features ofthe speaker?
Here are some idiomatic expressions connected
with the topic and the situations inwhich they
can beused:
1) tosmack one’s lips— e insurance industry issmacking
its lips atthe prospect ofmore and more people wanting toinsure
their possessions.
2) tokeep up appearances— Despite the fact that hewas
invery serious money trouble, hewas still concerned with keeping
upappearances.
3) tokeep one’s tongue between his teeth — Heknew his
place and managed tokeep his tongue between his teeth.
4) tosee eye toeye (with somebody)— Idon’t see eye toeye
with myfather onmany things, but wehave the same opinion
onthe use oftravelling.
5) to keep one’s ear open — When you get intouch with
him, keep your ear open toall his promises lest heshould break
them later.
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