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Разговорный английский актуальные темы для свободного общения. Учебное пособие

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THE TEACHING METHODS 241
6) to be common knowledge — быть общеизвестным
фактом
7) toground someone insmth. (часто употребляется впас- сивном залоге)— обучать основам чего-либо
8) torack one’s brains— ломать себе голову над чем-либо
9) topick smb’s brains— использовать чужие мысли, при- сваивать чужие идеи
10) to keep your wits about you — сохранять способность кпониманию, что кчему; неутрачивать сообразитель­ность
Translate the following sentences:
1. Truancy has really become aserious problem atsome seco­ndary schools. Parents oen donot know that their children are playing truant. Some schoolchildren become truants be­cause bytheir knowledge they lag behind their classmates, others— because itis boring for them toattend one oranoth­er lesson. Inany case the problem oftruancy could besolved byincreasing students’ motivation and interest.
2. Inthe British system ofeducation atutor isresponsible for preparing students for discussion onserious issues ofasub­ject, sothe University authorities recommend that all tuto­rials beattended.
3. Graduates can beawarded arst-class, second-class orthird­class university degree depending onthe results oftheir exa­minations and research work.
4. Mixed ability classes include students with dierent levels ofeducational ability that makes teachers develop ecient teaching methods and anew approach toeducation.
242 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
5. Susan isalways late; she needs teaching her alesson other­wise she will never give upthis bad habit.
6. Itis common knowledge that students’ performance greatly depends ontheir attendance.
7. Trainees are grounded in the basic skills of their jobs and professions.
8. John racked his brains trying tond the right way ofsolving the problem.
9. Hehas achieved his position through his remarkable capacity for picking other people’s brains.
10. Hecould concentrate onnecessary points indicult situa­tions and kept his wits about him all the times.
THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION
INTHE UNITED KINGDOM UK
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION
INTHE UNITED KINGDOM
Virtually, there are two systems of education in the UK: one which isused inEngland, Wales and Northern Ireland and one covering Scotland. e two education systems are very close intheir structure but they have dierent emphasis. Traditionally the English, Welsh and Northern Irish systems have laid special stress ondepth ofeducation whereas the Scottish one has empha­sised breadth ofknowledge.
Generally, the education system inthe UKis divided into four main parts: primary education, secondary education, further edu­cation, and higher education. e rst two periods ofeducation (primary and secondary) which run from about ve years ofage until the student issixteen are compulsory and free for all chil­dren. Primary education begins with anursery period for kids un­der ve. Innursery schools they donot have real classes; they learn some elementary things such asnumbers, letters and colours. Be­sides, they play dierent games, have lunch and sleep there.
In addition tonursery schools, primary education includes infant (for kids from ve toseven) and junior schools (for kids be­tween seven and eleven). e main goals ofprimary education are achieving basic literacy and numeracy aswell aslearning funda­mentals ofgeography, history, biology and other social sciences.
244 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
e division between primary and secondary education gene­rally occurs atabout twelve years ofage which isreferred toas adolescence. Secondary education which is also compulsory starts when children achieve the age ofeleven ortwelve years old. Itlasts for ve years— one form toeach year. Pupils begin learn­ing arange ofsubjects stipulated under the National Curriculum. Until the age ofsixteen all boys and girls must have full-time edu­cation. Each school organises its timetable dierently solessons might last 35, 40, 45 or60minutes.
ere are several types of school in the British secondary edu cation system, a grammar school being the oldest and the most popular one. Originally itwas a school that taught Latin, hence its name. Later the curriculum included Ancient Greek and the two classical languages became the main subjects for learning. Inthe course oftime, agrammar school turned into anacademi­cally oriented secondary school which was dierentiated from less academic secondary modern schools in recent years. Now the curriculum inthese schools has been broadened enough and besides Latin and Ancient Greek students are taught English and other European languages, natural sciences, mathematics, history, geography, and other subjects. Agrammar school isintended for pupils aged from eleven toeighteen towhich entry iscontrolled byaspecial written examination.
e large majority ofschools inthe UKare coeducational but grammar schools, which give state secondary education ofavery high standard, teach boys and girls separately. British schools are either state ones funded bythe government and free for all pupils orthey are independent and charge fees tothe parents ofpupils. Independent schools have anexcellent reputation for high level ofteaching and learning and almost all pupils goonto prestigious universities aer leaving school.
At the age ofsixteen all pupils take aseries ofexams called the General Certicate ofSecondary Education (GCSE) usually
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION 245
in about eight to ten subjects which must include English and mathematics and science. Ifpupils are successful, they can make their choice: they may goto afurther education college orapoly­technic orthey may continue their education inthe next form atasecondary school. e period ofeducation inthe latter case issometimes referred toas ahigh school (as distinct from ahigher one). Inahigh school pupils study for two more years and atthe end pass Alevel examinations intwo orthree subjects. Itis neces­sary tobe submitted toone ofthe universities ofthe UK.
Words and Expressions
emphasis [´emfAsIs]— акцент, упор to lay special stress [´leI ,speSl ´stres]— придавать особое зна-
чение
depth [depF]— глубина to emphasise [´emfA,saIz]— делать упор начто-л. breadth [bredF]— широта
to run— зд. охватывать период a nursery period [´nQ:sAri]— дошкольный период an infant [´InfAnt]— ребенок 5–7лет a junior [´dZu:niA]— младший школьник a goal [gAUl]— цель division [dI´vIZn]— деление, граница adolescence [´BdA,lesns]— юность a range ofsubjects [´reIndZ Av,sEbdZIkts]— ряд предметов to stipulate [´stIpjU,leIt]— обусловливать, оговаривать a timetable [´taIm,teIbl]— расписание
246 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
to be dierentiated from smth. […,dIfA´rAnSi,eItId…] — раз-
граничивать счем-л.
to bebroadened [… ´brD:dAnd]— расширяться a natural science [´nBtSArAl ,saIAns] — естественная наука to beintended for smb. [In´tendId…]— предназначаться для
кого-л.
entry [´entri]— поступление (в школу) of avery high standard […´haI ,stBndAd]— очень высокого
уровня
separately [´sepArAtli]— раздельно to befunded bysmb. [… ´fEndId]— спонсироваться кем-л. to charge fees tosmb. [´tSC:dZ ,fi:z]— возлагать расходы заобу-
чение накого-л.
to make achoice [… tSDIs]— делать выбор in the latter case [… ´lBtA ,keIs] — впоследнем случае (из пе-
речисленных)
A level (Advanced level) examinations [´eI ,levl / Ad´vC:nst…
Ig,zBmI´neISn]— экзамены для учащихся средней школы
продвинутого уровня, необходимые для поступления
вуниверситет to besubmitted toauniversity [… sEb´mItId tA A ju:nI´vQ:sAti]—
быть принятым в университет
Answer the questions:
1. Do all countries of the United Kingdom have the same education
system? Isthe dierence very distinctive? Do we have a common
education system inall regions ofRussia? What are the main stages
ofthe whole system ofeducation inthe UK? What age group iseach
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION 247
ofthem intended for? Ispre-school education included inprimary
education inRussia? Is se condary education compulsory and free
for all pupils inthe UK? What features are independent schools cha-
racterised by?
2. What activities are kids innursery schools engaged in? What subjects
are children inaprimary school taught? At what age doschoolchil-
dren enter asecondary school? How long does this stage oflearning
last? What exams dothey take atthe age ofsixteen? Doour schoolchil-
dren have exams atthis age?
3. What way can schoolchildren inthe UKchoose after passing the GCSE
exams? Isstudying atahigh school compulsory? What chance isgiven
toschoolchildren who have passed Alevel examinations?
4. What kind of school is traditional and the oldest one in the system
ofeducation inthe UK? Why are these schools called grammar? How
did the curriculum ofgrammar schools change inthe course oftime?
Dogirls and boys study together inall schools inthe UK? Dowe have
single-sex school inRussia?
Here are some topical words whose meanings are very close. Todierentiate them study the situations inwhich they can beused:
to learn— tostudy
We study inorder tolearn.— Мыучимся для того, чтобы
узнать что-либо (приобретать знания).
1.
a) tolearn— учить (что-л.), изучать, учиться
Schoolchildren begin to learn fractions in maths in the sixth form. — Школьники начинают изучать дроби
науроках математики вшестом классе.
248 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
ere isa group ofkids in the swimming-pool; they are
learning how toswim. — В бассейне группа маленьких
детей. Они учатся плавать.
For the next classes ingrammar wehave tolearn all struc-
tural types ofsentences.— Кследующему уроку пограм-
матике нам нужно выучить все структурные типы пред-
ложений.
Where isAnn?— She islearning apoem byheart inthe
next room.— Где Анна?— Она всоседней комнате учит
стихотворение наизусть.
You have tolearn (how) tobe more careful and patient.—
Тебе следует научиться быть более внимательным итер-
пеливым.
b) tolearn— знать, узнавать
We did not learn anything about the situation and could
not help them indue time.— Мыничего незнали обэтой
ситуации ине смогли импомочь своевременно.
She will do her best to keep you from learning her se-
cret. — Она сделает все возможное, чтобы ты не узнал
еесекрета.
2. tostudy— изучать, заниматься, учиться (обычно посещая
занятия вшколе, институте, университете ит. д.)
When you study, you make aneort tolearn aparticular
subject, usually bygoing toclasses orreading and doing
research. — Когда вы учитесь где-либо, вы прилагаете
усилия к тому, чтобы изучить определенный предмет,
идля этого выпосещаете занятия либо читаете или про-
водите научное исследование.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION 249
He has been studying foreign languages for seven years and succeeded inthis.— Онизучает иностранные языки
втечение семи лет идостаточно преуспел вэтом.
Michael was studying tobe alawyer atCambridge Univer­sity.— Майкл учился наадвоката вуниверситете Кемб-
риджа.
Harry is studying for a rst degree in history. — Гарри учится вуниверситете ипо окончании получит степень бакалавра поистории.
We will study the eect of technological development onthe problem ofemployment.— Мыбудем изучать воз-
действие технологического прогресса напроблему заня­тости населения.
Таким образом, значения глаголов tolearn иto study мо-
гут совмещаться только частично. Эти случаи охватывают значения глагола tolearn, перечисленные впункте 1a. Самым надежным способом различения этих значений иправиль­ного выбора глагола является наличие или отсутствие им­плицированного (предполагаемого) смыслового компонента «в классе, вуниверситете ит. д.». Впервом случае употребля­ется глагол tostudy, вовтором— tolearn.
A baby, an infant, a toddler, a teenager, a child, a kid, anadolescent, ayouth
Основным принципом дифференцирования значений
данных слов является возрастной признак. A baby или an in- fant— ребенок отрождения дополутора лет; atoddler— ре­бенок, который учится ходить (примерно отгода додвух лет); a teenager — подросток ввозрасте от 13 до 19 лет; a child — ребенок младшего исреднего возраста от рождения до14 лет.
250 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
Таким образом, предыдущие значения слов a baby, an infant, toddler и частично a teenager могут совпадать со значением child. Akid— неформальное слово для значения child; anado­lescent— юноша, девушка, подросток (от 13 до19лет это зна-
чение совпадает созначением teenager); ayouth— юноша (осо- бенно тот, который является членом подростковой преступной группировки), всобирательном значении youth— молодежь.
Pay attention tothe use ofthe words with the common
meaning “child” and translate the sentences into Russian:
1. ere was afamous baby boom in the USand Europe be-
tween about 1945 and 1964.
2. Infants and elderly people are particularly at risk when
aneconomic crisis occurs.
3. Atoddler isavery young child who islearning how towalk.
4. She became atennis champion when she was ateenager.
5. She decided todevote her life toeducating little children.
6. ey took their kids tothe zoo atweekends.
7. Helooked like anadolescent though hewas inhis early thirties.
8. Sport provides away for the nation’s youth toexpress them-
selves.
9. e gang ofyouths was suspected instealing cars.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS INTHE UK
Along with state schools that are funded by the govern­ment and free for all pupils, inthe UK there exist independent schools that charge fees tothe parents ofpupils. About ve per cent ofschoolchildren attend these schools. Apublic school isone
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