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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 341

increasingly complex calculations. Ascomputers continue todevelop, they take over our lives more and more. But are they really able tomimic human intelligence?

e matter isthat people are dierent from machines because they can think and feel independently and learn from their experience. Besides, the language asameans ofcommunication used bypeople isvery specic and possesses some characteristics that are very dicult toimitate. For example, how can such linguistic phenomena asimplications, presuppositions, thoughts “between the lines”, and numerous allegories beunderstood and realised byamachine? Isit possible that such human qualities asfeelings and emotions, intelligence, creativity, and amoral sense beprogrammed inacomputer?

Now, scientists are developing acomputer that could become conscious ofits surroundings and itself and could think and behave inthe way that human beings can. is has become known as“Articial Intelligence (AI)”.

is isone ofthe denitions ofAI: atheory and development ofcomputer systems able toperform tasks normally requiring human intelligence such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. In other words, AIis inventing machines that can think. Itwas in1956 that John McCarthy, anAmerican computer scientist, rst coined the term AI. Since the middle ofthe 20

century computer scientists

have been working towards creating machines like that.

e father ofAIresearch was Alan Turing, a British mathematician. In 1945 Turing predicted that computers would one day beable toplay chess with agrandmaster, and y years later, in1997, Deep Blue, achess computer built byInternational Business Machine Corporation (IBM), beat the then world champion Garry Kasparov inasix-game match. Yet, the famous American linguist Noam Chomsky reacted tothis scientic advance ironically:

342 THE MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES OFTHE CENTURY

“A computer beating agrandmaster atchess isabout asinteresting asabulldozer winning anOlympic weightliing competition.”

In 1951 inthe course ofhis scientic research, Alan Turing published aprediction that bythe end ofthe century com puters would beable tohold ave-minute conversation with humans and fool thirty per cent ofthem into believing they were dealing with another human being. Yet nocomputer that would beremotely close tothe concept has been created, though the technological achievements inthis sphere are evident. Atpresent, the soware that allows computers to grade essays has been developed but skeptics wonder how AI can accurately assess creativity and expressiveness ofthe language. Besides, AIcan be successfully used in healthcare, inbusiness, in education, innance, inlaw, inmanufacturing and inmany other elds.

But can scientists really make acomputer that could beable tothink ashumans do? One thing isabsolutely clear. Creating AIsystem with generalised human cognitive abilities may result from joint eorts ofa number ofspecialists: mathematicians, physicists, computer programmers, even linguists, sociologists, psychologists, and neurologists— toname but afew.

In conclusion one question arises. Isit possible that the most intelligent beings inthe technological world ofthe future could bethe machines themselves?

Words and Expressions

articial intelligence [,C:tI´fISl In´telIdZAns]— искусственный

интеллект

powerful [´paUAfl]— мощный multifaceted [,mElti´fBsAtId]— многофункциональный

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 343

unlimited [En´lImItId]— безграничный to monitor [´mOnItA]— отслеживать to run machinery and databases [… mA´Si:nAri And

´deItA,beIsIz] — управлять оборудованием и базой данных

increasingly complex [In´kri:sINli ,kOmpleks] — все более

усложняющийся

to take over [,teIk ´AUvA]— зд. внедряться, занимать место to mimic smth. [´mImIk…]— подражать чему-л., копировать

что-л.

independently [,IndI´pendAntli]— самостоятельно to learn from one’s experience [´lQ:n frAm ´wEnz Ik´spIAriAns]—

учиться насобственном опыте

an implication [,ImplI´keISn]— импликация; нечто, невыра-

женное словами

a presupposition [,pri:sEpA´zISn] — пресуппозиция; то, что

под разумевается

numerous allegories [´nju:mArAs ,BlAgAriz]— многочисленные

аллегории

creativity [,kri:eI´tIvAti] — креативность, творческие способ-

ности

a moral sense [´mOrAl ,sens]— нравственное чувство to become conscious […´kOnSAs]— осознавать a surrounding [sA´raUndIN]— окружение, обстановка a human being [´hju:mAn ,bi:IN]— человек a denition [,defA´nISn]— определение

344 THE MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES OFTHE CENTURY

visual perception [´vIZUAl pA´sepSn]— визуальное восприятие speech recognition [´spi:tS,rekAg´nISn] — распознавание

речи

decision-making [dI´sIZn ,meIkIN]— принятие решения to coin aterm [´kDIn A,tQ:m]— вводить термин вупотреб-

ление

a mathematician [,mBFAmA´tISn]— математик a grandmaster [,grBnd´mC:stA]— гроссмейстер to beat (beat, beaten) [bi:t / bi:tn]— наносить поражение

then— тогдашний a six-game match [´sIks ,geIm ,mBtS] — матч из шести

партий a weightliing competition [´weIt,lIftIN ,kOmpA´tISn]— сорев-

нование штангистов

a prediction [prI´dIkSn]— предсказание to hold aconversation [´hAUld A ,kOnvA´seISn]— поддерживать

беседу to fool smb. into believing [´fu:l… bIli:vIN] — обманывать

кого-л., заставляя поверить to remotely close [rI´mAUtli ,klAUs]— хотя быотдаленно при-

близиться

to grade anessay [´greId An ,eseI]— оценивать сочинение to assess [A´ses]— оценивать expressiveness [Ik´spresIvnAs]— выразительность healthcare [´helF,keA]— здравоохранение nance [´faInBns; faI´nBns] — финансовая сфера

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 345

law [lD:]— юриспруденция cognitive abilities [´kOgnAtIv A,bIlAtiz]— когнитивные способ-

ности

to result from smth. [rI´zElt…]— быть результатом чего-л. a physicist [´fIzIsIst]— физик conclusion [kAn´klu:Zn]— заключение to arise aquestion [A´raIz A ,kwestSAn]— поднимать вопрос

Answer the questions:

1. Can you name two orthree processes or operations that inthe past

were performed bypeople and now are successfully done bycompu-

ters? Are these actions mechanical ordo they require some cognitive

abilities ofahuman being? Aman and acomputer are two absolutely

dierent entities. What doyou think isthe main dierence between

them?

2. What is articial intelligence? What period does the rst research

ofAIdate back to? What scientists contributed tothe scientic theory?

Did the rst Alan Turing’s prediction re lating tothe computer’s ability

ofplaying chess come true? Was itagreat advance increating AIma-

chine?

3. What was the next step inTuring’s research inthe direction ofinvent-

ing AI? Was it successful? Why does creation ofa thinking machine

require joint eorts ofmany specia lists, particularly linguists and psy-

chologists?

4. Inwhat spheres oflife can AIbe successfully used? Can scientists re-

ally create acomputer inthe near future that will think like humans

ordoes itmean that people will learn tothink like machines?

346 THE MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES OFTHE CENTURY

Here are some quotations about articial intelligence:

AI islikely tobe either the best orthe worst thing tohappen tohumanity. (Stephen William Hawking)—

Искусственный интеллект, похоже, предвещает что-то очень хорошее или очень плохое, что может случиться счеловечеством. (Стивен Уильям Хокинг)

With articial intelligence weare summoning the demon. (Elon Musk)—

Разрабатывая искусственный интеллект, мы вызываем демона (играем согнем). (Илон Маск)

A year spent in articial intelligence is enough to make one believe inGod. (Alan Jay Perlis)—

Проведите год сискусственным интеллектом, и этогобудет достаточно, чтобы поверить вБога. (Алан Джей

Перлис)

Before wework onarticial intelligence, why don’t wedo something about natural stupidity? (Stephen J. Polyak)—

Перед тем как разрабатывать искусственный интеллект, почему бынам непредпринять что-нибудь относительно естественной глупости. (Стивен Дж. Поляк)

People worry that computers will get too smart and take over the world, but the real problem isthat they’re too stupid and they’ve already taken over the world. (Pedro Domingos)—

Человечество обеспокоено тем, что компьютеры станут слишком умными изавладеют миром. Новреальности дело обстоит так, что машины слишком глупы иуже овладели миром. (Педро Домингос)

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 347

By far, the greatest danger ofArticial Intelligence isthat people conclude too early that they understand it. (Eliezer Yud- kowsky)—

И сейчас самая большая опасность, связанная сискусственным интеллектом, состоит втом, что люди решили слишком рано, что оним понятен. (Элиезер Юдковский)

e beauty ofcompassionate articial intelligence isthat itis not associated with any religion, prophet, cult, organization ornarrow things. Itis fully dedicated for the service ofthe humanity. (Amit Ray)—

Ценность искусственного интеллекта состоит в том, что онне связан нискакой религией, пророчеством, культом, организацией или любыми узко специфическими областями. Онвсецело поставлен наслужбу всему человечеству. (Амит Рей)

I believe this articial intelligence isgoing tobe our partner. Ifwe misuse it, itwill bea risk. Ifwe use itright, itcan beour partner. (Masayoshi Son)—

Я верю, что искусственный интеллект станет нашим партнером. Конечно, если мы не научимся правильно его использовать, это может оказаться рискованным. Но если мы будем обращаться с ним должным образом, он сможет быть нашим партнером. (Масаёси Сон)

Some people call this articial intelligence, but the reality is this technology will enhance us. So instead of articial intelligence, Ithink we will augment our intelligence. (Ginni Rometty)—

Его называют искусственным интеллектом, нореальность такова, что этот технологический процесс будет нас самих двигать вперед. Поэтому, ядумаю, мыразовьем неискусственный интеллект, асвой собственный. (Джинни Рометти)

348 THE MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES OFTHE CENTURY

e idea ofapiece ofliterature asavessel that could contain your life and lived aer you had died and been forgotten struck meas akin toarticial intelligence. (Louisa Hall)—

Сравнение литературного произведения ссосудом, который содержит вашу жизнь, когда вас уже давно нет ивы забыты, поразило меня сходством с искусственным интеллектом. (Луиза Холл)

Can you share the opinion ofthe authors ofthe quotations onarticial intelligence?

Which ofthem doyou think describes most exactly the nature ofarticial intelligence?

How could you interpret Elon Musk’s words that with articial intelligence weare summoning the demon?

   -

1. ДудороваЭ. С.Разговорный английский. Практический курс.— СПб.: Каро, 2016. С. 144.

2. ДудороваЭ. С.Английский язык длястудентов гуманитарных факультетов.— СПб.: Союз, 2004. С. 56–57, 66–67.

3. КунинА. В.Англо-русский фразеологический словарь.— [Изд. 4-е.]— М.: Русский язык, 1984.

4. Орфографический словарь русского языка.— [Изд. 23-е.] /Подред. С. Г.Бархударова, И. Ф.Протченко иЛ. И.Скворцова.— М.: Русский язык.

1985.

5. Evans, V., Dooley, J.Enterprise 4. Course Book. Intermediate.— Express Publishing, 1998. P. 73.

6. Evans, V., Dooley, J.Upstream Prociency C 2. Student’s Book.— Express Publishing, 2007. P. 219.

7. Evans, V., Dooley, J.Upstream Prociency C 2. Teacher’s Book.— Express Publishing, 2011. P. 176.

8. Macmillan English Dictionary. For Advanced Learners.— Oxford: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2006.

9. Nick, K., First Certicate PassKey. Teacher’s Book.— Oxford, 2003. P. 106.

10. http://undepress.net / temperament-and-its-four-types /

11. www.art-quotes.com / getquotes. php?catid=306#.W2HSjNSLRkg

12. https://lingvister.ru / blog / no-sweet-without-sweet-angliyskie-poslovitsy-o-trude

13. https://en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Freelancer

14. www.freelancewritingriches.com / the-top-50-inspirational-quotes-for-f reelancewriters

15. www.inspirationalstories.com / proverbs / t / about-holiday /

16. https://www.independent.co.uk / life-style / uk-bank-holidays-2018-what-dayso-british-people-get-how-r

17. https://en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Independence_Day_ (United_States)

18. https://www.brainyquote.com / quotes / topics / topic-environmental. htm1

19. https://harmony1. com / recycling-sustainability-quotes /

20. https://ligvister.ru / blog / poslovitsy-pro-puteshestvia-na-angliyskom-to-travelhopefully-is-better-than-to-arrive)

21. https://www.londonpass.com / london-attractions / tower-of-london. html

22. https://en.wikipedia.org / wiki / London_Eye

23. http://ru. pinterest.com / explore / proverbs-about-education /

24. https://blog.give.asia / 15-proverbs-about-charity-and-giving-d1a5e9ec4dca

25. https://www.google.ru / search?q=qutations=about+eating+healthy+foods&riz=1 C1AOHY_ruRU708RU70:

26. https://www.brainyquote.com / topics / tness

27. https://www.branyquote.com / topics / television

28. https://www.branyquote.com / topics / computers

29. https://www.goodreads.com / quotes/tag/articial-intelligence



ABOUT MYSELF AND THE PEOPLE WHO ARE CLOSE TOME ......3

MY FAMILY ..................................................................3

OUR RELATIVES .............................................................8

FRIENDSHIP................................................................12

LIVING INABIG TOWN ORIN THE COUNTRY?...................17

MY HOME TOWN ...........................................................17

LIFE INTHE CITY VERSUS LIFE INTHE COUNTRY ..........................23

COMMUTING...............................................................29

CARPOOLING ..............................................................36

DOES SUCCESS MEAN HAPPINESS AND VICE VERSA? ............42

HAPPINESS .................................................................42

HOW TOBECOME SUCCESSFUL.............................................47

FOUR TYPES OFTEMPERAMENT ...........................................54

THE FACE ISTHE INDEX OFTHE HEART .........................67

APPEARANCES ARE DECEPTIVE ............................................67

THE PORTRAIT OFMY CLOSE FRIEND......................................74

THE VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE.....................81

BODY LANGUAGE ..........................................................81

ENGLISH ASTHE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE .............................92

MAKING ACAREER .............................................102

THE JOBS WECHOOSE.....................................................102

AN APPLICANT’S CV.......................................................110

A JOB INTERVIEW .........................................................118

UNEMPLOYMENT..........................................................123

FREELANCING.............................................................129

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