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NATIONAL HOLIDAYS INRUSSIA 141

a defender [dI´fendA]— защитник colouring [´kElArIN]— окраска to fall onadate [´fD:l An A,deIt]— падать, приходиться нака-

кое-л. число

to conquer [´kONkA]— завоевывать, покорять a preference [´prefArAns]— предпочтение preparation [,prepA´reISn]— подготовка a r tree [´fQ: ,tri:]— ель to glitter [´glItA]— сиять, сверкать to install [In´stD:l]— устанавливать a sparkling drink [´spC:klIN ,drINk]— шипучий напиток the Kremlin chimes beating [´kremlIn ´tSaImz ,bi:tIN] — бой

Кремлевских курантов

an expectation [,ekspek´teISn]— ожидание, надежда Snow Maiden [,snAU ´meIdn]— Снегурочка a contradiction [,kOntrA´dIkSn]— противоречие to approach [A´prAUtS]— приближаться the Gregorian calendar [grI ´gD:riAn ´kBlIndA]— Грегорианский

календарь

the Julian calendar [´dZu:liAn …]— Юлианский календарь an enigmatic soul [,enIg ´mBtIk ´sAUl]— загадочная душа dicult [´dIfIklt]— трудный jolly [´dZOli]— веселый a joke [dZAUk]— шутка a humorous presentation [,hju:mArAs ,prezn´teISn]— юмори-

стическое представление

142 HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVITIES

adolescent [,BdA´lesnt]— юношеский to make afresh start […,freS ´stC:t]— начинать новую жизнь secular [´sekjUlA]— светский Easter [´i:stA]— Пасха to resurrect [,rezA´rekt]— воскресать to paint eggs [,peInt ´egz]— красить яйца to make anEaster cake [… i:stA ´keIk]— печь пасхальный

кулич

sweetened curds [,swi:tnd ´kQ:dz]— сладкий творог raisin [´reIzn]— изюм Shrovetide [´SrAUv,taId]— Масленица merry [´merI]— веселый a pancake [´pBn,keIk]— блин a lling [´fIlIN]— начинка to burn adummy [,bQ:n A ´dEmi]— сжигать чучело to anticipate [Bn´tIsI,peIt]— ожидать, предвкушать

Answer the questions:

1. What main feature characterises ocial national holidays in Russia?

What isthe most sacred national holiday for our country? Why isthe

Victory Day considered aholiday with tears inthe eyes? What actions

dofestivities ofthe day include? What doyou know about the Immor-

tal Regiment? Did you have totake part inits marching?

2. What other ocial national holidays are celebrated inRussia? What

gifts do you usually present men (women) with on the occasion

NATIONAL HOLIDAYS INRUSSIA 143

oftheir holiday onthe 23d ofFebruary (onthe 8th ofMarch)? What

doyou like better, toreceive gifts orto present somebody with gifts?

Can any changes in political or public life of a society contribute

tointroducing new dates for celebrating? Ifso, can you illustrate this

with examples from the history ofour country?

3. What isthe most pleasant holiday for the majority ofour people? What

isthe tradition ofcelebrating the New Year Day inour country? Why

domany Russian people mark Christmas and the New Year date twice?

Are you among them?

4. What holidays are marked only byspecial groups ofpeople not byev-

erybody? What professional holidays doyou know? Doyou mark one

ofthem? What holidays connected with the Orthodox Church are very

popular in Russia? Do people in our country celebrate any western

holidays? Ifso, what and why?

Here are some proverbs and quotations

about holidays:

Every day isaholiday with sluggards.—

У бездельников праздник каждый день.

When the boss isaway, work becomes aholiday.—

Когда начальника нет, работа превращается впраздник.

Envy never has aholiday.—

Зависть незнает праздника.

Money isonly good for aweekday, aholiday and arainy day.—

Деньги нужны только набудний день, напраздник ина «черный» день.

144 HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVITIES

Every day isnot aholiday.—

Праздник неможет быть каждый день. / Невсе коту ма-

сленица.

I always believe holidays strengthen the family bond, away

from our daily hectic schedules. (Chiranjeevi)—

По моему глубокому убеждению, праздники способст-

вуют укреплению семейных уз, о чем мы порой забываем внашей повседневной суетливой жизни. (Чирандживи)

Christmas and the holidays are the season ofgiving. It’s

atime when people are more kind and open-hearted. (Gisele

Bündchen)—

Рождество идругие праздники— это подходящий мо-

мент для воздаяния. Это время, когда люди становятся добрее ивеликодушнее. (Жизель Бюндхен)

I love everything about the holidays: the decorations, the parties, and spending time with friends and family. What Ilove most is that feeling of giving back. Every bit counts. (Brad

Goreski)—

В празднике мне нравится всё: иукрашения, ивечеринки, ито, что тывкругу семьи иокружен друзьями. Нобольше всего яценю точувство, которое наполняет каждого изнас при общении с близким человеком, когда каждая мелочь приобретает свой смысл. (Бред Горески)

Don’t join inthe celebration orholiday ifyou are disgruntled.—

Никогда непринимай участия впраздновании событий, если тыне вдухе.

I once wanted tobecome anatheist but Igave up— they have noholidays. (Henny Youngman)—

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS INTHE UNITED KINGDOM 145

Когда-то яхотел стать атеистом, ноотказался от этой

идеи— уних нет праздников. (Хенни Янгмен)

What isaholiday for you, afamily festivity orachance for communicating with your friends?

Do you agree with all viewpoints onaholiday given above? Which ofthem doyou like best ofall?

How could you interpret the meaning ofthe proverbs “When the boss isaway, work becomes aholiday” and “Envy never has aholiday”?

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS INTHE UNITED KINGDOM

Like all multinational state systems, the United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) has numerous holidays that are celebrated either nationwide orby certain groups ofpeople, citizens ofthe UK. Itis the historical backgrounds that generally determine what event should be marked and inwhat way. Asthe UK consists offour main parts: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland— there are the main holidays for the entire kingdom and those which are observed only byaparticular nation, namely byEnglish, Welsh, Scottish orIrish people.

e main public holidays inthe UKare generally referred toas bank holidays which are sodesignated bythe Bank Holiday Act of1871. ey are named in this way because banks, government oces and most business corporations are closed onthis day although anincreasing number ofsmaller shops and larger retail businesses remain open. Despite the fact that the two terms “bank holiday” and “pubic holiday” are mostly used

146 HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVITIES

interchangeably, there isacertain dierence between them. Bank holidays asit was already mentioned are holidays when banks and many other businesses are closed for the day whereas public holidays are those that have been observed through a general custom and practice. However, ineveryday life this discrepancy isignored.

All bank holidays are declared a day o. If a holiday falls onaweekend, then asubstitute weekday, normally the next, becomes abank holiday.

e following four bank holidays inEngland, Wales and Ireland were set out inthe Bank Holiday act of1871: 1)Easter Monday, 2)Whit Monday, 3)the rst Monday inAugust, 4)Boxing Day (in England and Wales onthe 26 Day (in Ireland onthe 26 the 25

of December) and Good Friday were considered days

ofDecember) and St. Stephan’s

ofDecember). AsChristmas day (on

ofrest, they were not included inthe Act, and they were believed public holidays rather than bank holidays. However inScotland there are ve bank holidays: 1)New Year’s Day, 2)Good Friday,

3)the rst Monday inMay, 4)the rst Monday inAugust 5)and Christmas. us, bank holidays and their dates may vary between England onthe one hand and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland onthe other.

In 1971 however, the Act was replaced bythe Banking and Financial Dealing Act according towhich now inthe UK every year six permanent bank holidays and two public holidays were declared.

Most ofthe holidays are of religious origin but they have long lost their religious signicance. Only three ofthe holidays fall onthe exact day ofthe year— Christmas (the 25 ber), Boxing Day (the 26

(the 1

ofJanuary). All the rest change their calendar date. People

ofDecember) and the New Year’s Day

ofDecem-

onthese days relax, enjoy themselves, eat special foods and drink.

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS INTHE UNITED KINGDOM 147

e most favourite holiday with all people irrespective of their age is Christmas Day. Everybody begins preparing for itlong inadvance. Traditionally, London receives apresent from people ofNorway— abig Christmas tree which isplaced inTrafalgar Square. For British people Christmas isaspecial day which they celebrate athome with their families. Before Christmas Day they buy presents for their family and friends, decorate their homes and prepare Christmas dinner. e night before, children hang aChristmas stocking ontheir bed which they believe Santa Claus lls with sweets and toys while they sleep. ere isatradition tomake roast turkey and fruit pudding for dessert on this day. Aer the Christmas dinner is over, everybody opens their presents.

e next day aer Christmas is Boxing Day. On that day people heartily present their friends and other relatives with nice gis. According toa legend, the holiday got its name aer boxes that contained presents. Another interpretation isthat the name isconnected with the old custom ofgiving servants agi of money called a“Christmas box”. Boxing day isalso famous for its sales with huge discounts.

New Year’s Eve though itis not abank holiday iscelebrated everywhere inthe UKon December 31

. Everything isdecorated inatraditional way— streamers, tinsel, garlands, and bright balloons are hung outside and inside the buildings. e “Happy New Year” signs are placed inwindows and shop windows. Some people attend parties, others prefer togo toapub ordisco. Atmidnight the sound ofpopping corks can beheard aschampagne bottles are opened and the sparkling drink isserved. In London many people spend the evening atTrafalgar Square where they wait for 12o’clock when the chimes ofthe famous Big Ben ring out.

Good Friday and Easter Monday, the important dates in the

Christian calendar, are celebrated in the UK nationwide except

148 HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVITIES

Scotland where Easter Monday is not a holiday. e dates are not xed and change every year asEaster Sunday must always fall onthe next full moon aer Spring Equinox. Good Friday which precedes Easter isalso known asHoly Friday, Great Friday, Black Friday orEaster Friday. is day is commemorated because the date marks the crucixion ofJesus Christ and his death atCalvary. Easter isthe weekend when the most important event ofthe Christian calendar, the resurrection of Jesus Christ, iscelebrated.

ere are some other traditions to mark national events inthe UK though these are not public holidays. One ofthem takes place annually onthe second Saturday inJune. is isthe Queen’s ocial Birthday (her actual birthday is on the 21st ofApril), celebration ofwhich dates back to1748 when the double birthday tradition was started byKing George II. Since then the day has been marked with spectacular festivities. Onthis day the Queen makes appearance on the balcony ofBuckingham Palace. Her Majesty watches anextremely impressive military parade known asTrooping the Colour, with other members ofthe Royal family being present.

Some celebrations that are regularly held in the UK look less solemn and people generally mark them showing their personal and aectionate attitude tothe occasion rather than serious. For instance Mothering Sunday also known asMother’s Day is marked onthe fourth Sunday ofLent which isexactly three weeks before Easter Sunday. On this day people honour their mothers, grandmothers, stepmothers, mothers-in-law and present them with special gis: owers, cakes, chocolate, jewellery and luxurious clothes.

When the third Sunday ofJune comes, the British people celebrate Father’s Day. On this occasion they honour their fathers,

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS INTHE UNITED KINGDOM 149

grandfathers, stepfathers and fathers-in-law giving them ties, socks, slippers, sweaters, and other items ofclothing ortools for household maintenance and garden work aspresents.

In addition, inthe UKthere are many other festive dates specic for either Irish, Scottish orWelsh people closely linked with their national customs and traditions.

Words and Expressions

nationwide [,neISn,waId]— повсюду встране to beobserved [… Ab´zQ:vd]— соблюдаться the Welsh people [welS…]— валлийцы retail [´ri:teIl]— розничная продажа interchangeably [,IntA´tSeIndZAbli]— взаимозаменяемо discrepancy [dI´skrepAnsi]— расхождение, различие substitute [´sEbstI, tju:t]— зд. дополнительный Whit Monday [´wIt ,mEndeI]— Духов понедельник Boxing Day [´bOksIN ,deI]— День подарков Good Friday [´gUd ,fraIdeI]— Страстная (Великая) пятница signicance [sIg´nIfIkAns]— значение a Christmas stocking [´krIsmAs ,stOking] — рождественский

чулок

roast turkey [´rAUst ,tQ:ki]— жареная индейка fruit pudding [´fru:t ´pUdIN]— фруктовый пудинг a servant [´sQ:vAnt]— слуга a streamer [´stri:mA]— серпантин tinsel [´tInzl]— блестки

150 HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVITIES

a garland [´gC:lAnd]— гирлянда a balloon [bA´lu:n]— воздушный шар a sound ofpopping corks [´saUnd Av ´pOpIN ,kD:ks]— выхлоп-

ной звук пробок при открывании шампанского

the chimes of Big Ben [´tSaImz Av´bIg ,ben] — колокольный

звон Биг Бена

full moon [´fUl ,mu:n]— полнолуние Spring Equinox [´sprIN ´i:kwI,nOks]— весеннее равно денствие to precede [prI´si:d]— предшествовать the créixion [,kru:sI´fIkSn]— распятие накресте Calvary [´kBlvAri]— Голгофа resurrection [,rezA´rekSn]— воскрешение annually [´BnjuAli]— ежегодно spectacular [spek´tBkjUlA]— зрелищный to make appearance [… A´pIArAns]— появляться Her Majesty […´mBdZAsti]— ЕеВеличество Trooping the Colour [´tru:pIN GA,kElA] — торжественная

встреча знамени

solemn [´sOlAm]— торжественный an aectionate attitude [A´fekSnAt ´BtI,tju:d] — отношение,

вкотором проявляются теплота изабота

Lent— Великий пост luxurious [lEg´zjUAriAs]— дорогой, изысканный slippers [´slIpAz]— домашние тапочки tools for household maintenance [´tu:lz fA ´haUs,hAUld ´

meIntAnAns]— инструменты для работы подому

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