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STATE, NON-STATE AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS 231
Answer the questions:
1. What educational establishments are intended for getting a higher
education inour country? What dothey dier in? Which ofthem did
you have tograduate from orare you studying at? What faculties and
departments can befound there? What degree were you awarded (or
are you going tobe awarded)?
2. Ishigher education compulsory inour country? What higher educa-
tion isguaranteed toeverybody bythe Constitution, free orcommer-
cial? Dostudents ofthe state ormunicipal universities get ascholar-
ship? Isit enough for aliving?
3. Onwhat basis can someone get the second higher education inRus-
sia? Are you ready topay for your second education? Do you have
apersonal bank account?
4. What other institutions of higher education exist inour country be-
sides state ones? Isthis way ofgetting education popular with young
people? What isthe main source ofmoney for those who have topay
atuition fee?
5. What higher education doyou think ismore ecient, full-time orpart-
time? Why? Which system would you choose for your education? What
isthe advantage ofdistance learning? Did you have tostudy any sub-
ject inthis way?
Memorise the meaning ofthe words which are sometimes
confused because they denote something alike:
a grade / adegree
a grade— оценка устной или письменной работы учащегося
или студента, отметка
a degree — степень, которая присуждается выпускнику
поокончании университета
232 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
a grade / anassessment
a grade— оценка, отметка
an assessment— общая оценка (аттестация) работы уча-
щегося заопределенный период порезультатам разных
видов деятельности, т. е. общее мнение, суждение оего
работе
a pupil / astudent
a pupil— ученик школы
a student— учащийся высшего учебного заведения или кол-
леджа
an undergraduate / agraduate / apostgraduate
an undergraduate— студент любого курса университета, еще
неполучивший степень бакалавра
a graduate— выпускник университета, получивший степень
бакалавра
a postgraduate— студент, обучающийся вмагистратуре или
специалитете; выпускник магистратуры или специалитета, получивший степень магистра или специалиста;
аспирант
a class / aform
a class— класс как группа учащихся; урок
a form— класс как ступень обучения: первый класс, второй
класс ит. д.
a teacher / alecturer
a teacher— преподаватель начальной исредней школы
a lecturer — преподаватель колледжа и университета или
другого высшего учебного заведения
STATE, NON-STATE AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS 233
a programme / acurriculum
a programme — программа в широком смысле какой-либо
общественной или профессиональной деятельности, на-
пример atraining programme (программа обучения), ade-
velopment programme (программа развития), aresearch
programme (программа исследования)
a curriculum (. . curricula) — учебная программа пока-
кому-либо предмету или специальности, например
a foreign language curriculum (программа поиностран-
ному языку), a mathematics curriculum (программа
поматематике), acurriculum ofAncient Greece history
(программа поистории Древней Греции)
a fee / ascholarship
a fee— плата заобучение
a scholarship— стипендия
a uniform / adress code
a uniform— форма, которую обязаны носить учащиеся школ
или колледжей инекоторых высших учебных заведений,
атакже некоторых организаций, например aschool uni-
form (школьная форма), a Mining University student’s
uniform (форма студента Горного университета), apo-
lice uniform (форма полицейского), a military uniform
(военная форма)
a dress code— дресс-код, определенные правила относитель-
но того, какая одежда постилю, цвету ит. д. допустима
для ношения вопределенной организации или для уча-
стия вкаком-либо мероприятии
a faculty / adepartment
a faculty— факультет, состоящий обычно изнескольких от-
делений, например aForeign Languages faculty (факуль-
тет иностранных языков)
234 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
a department — отделение, связанное сконкретной специ-
альностью данного факультета, например a Spanish
Language department of the Foreign Languages faculty
(отделение испанского языка факультета иностранных
языков), или соответствующая кафедра
Translate the following sentences:
1. Alot ofschool-leavers who got good grades intheir school
exams were able togo touniversity todo adegree.
2. Besides giving grades to students for their particular work
lecturers and professors doa continuous assessment ofthe
students’ knowledge and skills throughout the course.
3. Inmost primary and secondary schools the number ofpupils does not exceed 300whereas ata University there may
beathousand ormore students.
4. All graduates who successfully passed their nal exams were
awarded aBachelor’s Degree. e undergraduates enjoy their
free time doing some extracurricular activity. e postgraduates were enthusiastic about the results oftheir research
work for which they were awarded aMaster’s Degree.
5. At the University we have three classes a day, each lasting anhour and a half. e twins attended the same class
atthe coeducation school. When Jack was aneleventh-form
schoolboy, hedecided toapply tothe University todo adegree inMaths because hewas very good atthis subject.
6. Iwork asasecondary school teacher now but Iintend tocontinue myeducation tobecome auniversity lecturer.
7. e retraining programme of the course was intended for
those who wanted to improve and update their methods
THE TEACHING METHODS 235
of research. Iwould like to learn Latin but it is no longer
onthe curriculum since this academic year.
8. In order topay tuition fees for their education many students have to work either as part-time or full-time employees. If students work successfully and get good results
inall exams, they are given amonthly scholarship.
9. Idid not like wearing auniform when Iwas atschool asit
was ofabad style and some strange colour. Inmany modern
companies acertain dress code for men and women has been
introduced, and inmy opinion itis agood idea.
10. Our University isfamous for its Foreign Languages faculty
and isproud ofits graduates who are successfully working
throughout the world. e most popular departments are
those ofEnglish and Spanish.
THE TEACHING METHODS
AND DIFFERENT APPROACHES
TOTHE LEARNING PROCESS
Everything ows, everything changes — these words are
ascribed to the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus. Only the
sphere ofeducation with its teaching methods inall levels seems
toremain unchangeable. e traditional way appeared tobe rigid,
inexible, and undefeated. Some generations ofpupils and students
witness the same teaching methods and ways oflearning. So,there
has been alot ofcriticism aimed atthe teacher’s profession lately.
However, atthe end ofthe 20th century itbecame evident
that the old education system did not meet the needs ofthe
society any more. Tomake it more ecient, itwas necessary
236 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
toimprove itand adjust tothe modern technological level and
concepts ofthe society.
us, since the political and economic situation inour country changed, the educational system has also undergone great
changes. Inthe near past the concept that students were empty containers, which ateacher lled with knowledge, prevailed
inthe system ofeducation. Nowadays this approach cannot work
any longer because modern technologies and developments
opened new perspectives indierent elds oflife. Itbecame clear
that the teacher’s role could not bereduced tosimply feeding information tostudents asall necessary information isalso available not only inthe libraries but onthe Internet, the main source
ofgetting facts.
e relationships between teachers, onthe one hand, and
pupils and students, onthe other, have also become dierent.
e teacher stopped being the master of the class whose will
students were obliged toobey. Most teachers are aware oftheir
role ashelpers tostudents encouraging their activity and initiative. is novelty has called new teaching methods into being. Itwas necessary to develop skills that would help pupils
and students work together. us, the concept ofcooperative
learning has appeared. Students work inpairs, inthrees orin
ateam nding answers toquestions ordiscussing some interesting problems. ey are taught toexpress their own opinion,
to understand someone’s other viewpoint without criti cising
it severely. However, some of them have problems working
ina team because their previous education encouraged competitiveness rather than cooperation. Teachers state that cooperative, learning encourages responsibility, tolerance, and helpfulness toone another.
According to psychologists, good relationships are the key
toeective learning. Most pupils and students learn best when
THE TEACHING METHODS 237
they feel relaxed and condent. Soit isessential that the teacher
establishes friendly relations with everybody in the class, gives
them alot ofpraise and support. at will help tounderstand students’ individual needs and encourage them tobe creative.
e new concept and approach toeducation lay acertain responsibility onteachers themselves. One ofthe most important
parts ofa teacher’s job is keeping upwith new ideas and developments. Not tolag behind, most good teachers attend refresher
courses regularly. Moreover, all successful teachers spend a lot
of time preparing their lesson thoroughly and constantly updating their material. ere isalways something new tolearn both
for students and teachers. People may have toretrain signicantly
several times intheir career, soexibility and willingness tocontinue learning are very important.
Words and Expressions
a teaching method [´ti:tSIN ,meFAd] — методика обучения
(преподавания)
an approach [A´prAUtS]— подход
to ow [´flAU]— течь
to beascribed tosmb. [… A´skraIbd…]— быть приписывае-
мым кому-л.
to remain [rI´meIn]— оставаться
unchangeable [En´tSeIndZAbl]— неизменный
to appear [A´pIA]— оказываться
rigid [´rIdZId]— жесткий, устойчивый
inexible [In´fleksAbl]— негибкий
undefeated [,EndI´fi:tId]— непобедимый
238 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
to meet the needs [´mi:t GA,ni:dz]— удовлетворять требова-
ниям
to adjust tosmth. [A´dZEst…] — приспосабливать кчему-л.
to undergo smth. (underwent, undergone) [,EndA´gAU…] —
подвергаться чему-л., претерпевать что-л.
an empty container [,empty kAn´teInA]— пустой сосуд
to ll with smth.— наполнять чем-л.
to bereduced tosmth. [… rI´dju:st…]— сводиться кчему-л.
to feed information [´fi:d ,InfAmeISn]— предоставлять инфор-
мацию
a master [´mC:stA]— хозяин
a will— воля
to beobliged toobey [… A´blaIdZd tA A´beI]— быть обязанным
повиноваться
a novelty [´nOvlti]— новшество
to call smth. into being [´k D:l… ,IntA ´bi:IN]— вызывать что-л.
кжизни
cooperative learning [kAU´OpArAtIv´lQ:nIN]— групповое обу-
чение
in pairs [In ´peAz]— парами
to express one’s own opinion [Ik´spres… ,AUn A´pInjAn]— выра-
жать собственное мнение
severely [sI´vIAli]— строго, сурово
competitiveness [kAm´petAtIvnAs] — конкурентность, сопер-
ничество
tolerance [´t D:lArAns]— толерантность, терпимость
helpfulness [´helpflnAs]— взаимопомощь
THE TEACHING METHODS 239
praise [preIz]— похвала
to lay responsibility onsmb. [´leI rI,spOnsA´bIlAti]— возлагать
ответственность накого-л.
to keep upwith smth.— идти вногу счем-л.
to lag behind [´lBg ,bI´haInd]— отставать
to update [Ep´deIt]— модернизировать, совершенствовать
to retrain signicantly [rI´treIn sIg´nIfIkAntli]— проходить су-
щественную переподготовку
exibility [,fleksA´bIlAti]— гибкость
willingness [´wilINnAs]— готовность
Answer the question:
1. Has the technology helped toimprove the educational system
inour country? What changes has our system ofeducation
undergone lately? What doyou think was the main factor
that encouraged radical changes inthe old system ofeduca-
tion? Did you feel the drawbacks ofthe traditional teaching
methods when you were apupil orastudent?
2. What were the roles ofthe teacher onthe one hand and the
pupil or student on the other in the educational process
inthe past? Why did the teacher stop being the only source
ofinformation? Where doyou usually nd information you
need? Do you still use books, encyclopaedias, dictionaries
and other publications asasource ofinformation?
3. Have the relationships between the teacher and the pupil
(orstudent) also changed? Inwhat way did they become dif-
ferent? What isyour attitude tothe problem ofa teacher’s pet?
Have you ever been one? What relationships help pupils and
240 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INRUSSIA
students to work more eciently? What diculties might
each of the students face with their studies? What might
bethe things that give them enjoyment?
4. Did you have a favourite teacher at school or university?
What subject did she orhe teach? Were you good atthis subject? What qualities and skills inyour opinion must agood
teacher possess? Isit adicult profession? Would you like
tobe ateacher?
Here are some more topical words and expressions
andsome idioms that might beused inspeech:
1) atruant— прогульщик
to play truant— прогуливать занятия
truancy— непосещение занятий без уважительной при-
чины
2) atutor— преподаватель или консультант вбританском
колледже иуниверситете; репетитор
a tutorial— урок вбританском колледже иуниверситете, накотором небольшая группа студентов обсуждает
спреподавателем какую-либо тему
3) arst-class university degree— диплом сотличием
a second-class university degree — диплом схорошими
оценками
a third-class university degree — диплом преимущественно судовлетворительными оценками
4) amixed ability class— класс, вкотором собраны учащиеся сразными способностями
5) toteach smb. alesson— преподать кому-либо урок
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