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PUBLIC SCHOOLS INTHE UK 251
of the examples. e term “public” seems misleading and confusing for Russian students because inthe Russian language public means social and available for everybody which byitself presupposes free admission and learning. However virtually, British
public schools are elite ones, prestigious, and ofhigh standard.
ey are nanced bysome organisations mainly bythose dealing
with the charitable activity. Most ofthem are boarding schools
where children live aswell asstudy.
A public school is actually a private school. To understand
why these schools are called so, itis necessary torefer tothe history
ofBritish education. e matter isthat inthe early times when children were educated athome, “public” incombination with “school”
was rst opposed to“private” rather than “individual”. Itwas used
incontrast toprivate education athome, the tradition which was
ageneral practice for very wealthy families that could aord tutors
for their children. Public schools were organised for many, not for
one person and were located out ofhome. Moreover, this school
was opposed toareligious school which only members ofacertain
church could attend. From this viewpoint public schools were open
tomany children, hence they got the name “public”.
First the term “public” was adopted by Eton College and
denoted the fact that itwas opened tothe people who were able
topay for their children’s learning. e prestige and privilege are
based onthe historical backgrounds ofthe schools. ey played
animportant role inthe development ofthe Victorian social elite.
ese schools were intended for children of gentlemanly elite
ofVictorian politics, armed forces and colonial government. Very
oen successful businessmen sent their sons to public schools
toemphasise their belonging tothe elite.
e curriculum of the leading public schools comprised
mainly classics and physical activity for boys and young men
ofthe upper and upper middle classes. ough itwas aprivileged
252 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
school, corporal punishment was applied to pupils who broke
the rules and order adopted inthe school. Later the classic-based
curriculum was criticised for not providing skills inscience and
engineering and some changes were introduced. However, corporal punishment remained until the end ofthe 20
th
century; itwas
abolished only in1984.
Today public schools have kept their status. ey practice
asingle-sex education. Only boys are admitted tothe educational
establishments and what ismore, the potential pupils must belong tothe British elite. e main goal ofthe teaching process isto
develop positive emotions, independent thinking, tolerance and
respect toother people. Most ofthe school leavers continue their
education atCambridge orOxford University.
Here are some most famous public schools inthe UK: Eton
College, Clion College, Wellington College, Bedford School, Harrow School, Rugby School, Westminster School and the others.
Among their school-leavers alot offamous and popular people
can befound. For instance, nineteen British prime ministers graduated from Eton College indierent times: Robert Walpole, Duke
ofWellington, David Cameron— toname just afew. e future
writers and poets studied atEton College: Henry Fielding, Aldous
Huxley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, George Orwell, and Ian Fleming. Besides, the future British monarch prince William and his younger
brother prince Harry were among the schoolboys ofEton College.
Words and Expressions
a public school [´pEblIk ,sku:l]— привилегированная частная
школа для мальчиков
misleading [mIs´li:dIN]— вводящий взаблуждение
confusing [kAn´fju:zIN]— вызывающий недоразумение
PUBLIC SCHOOLS INTHE UK 253
free admission [´fri: Ad,mISn]— поступление вучебное заве-
дение набюджетной основе
elite [I´li:t]— элитный
a boarding school [´bD:dIN ,sku:l]— школа-интернат
private [´praIvAt]— частный
to refer to smth. [rI´fQ:] — ссылаться на что-л., обращаться
кчему-л.
to beopposed tosmth. [… A´pAUzd…]— противопоставлять-
ся чему-л.
wealthy [´welFi]— состоятельный, богатый
a tutor [´tju:tA]— репетитор
a church [tSQ:tS]— церковь
to beadopted [… A´dOptId]— быть принятым купотреблению
gentlemanly [´dZentlmAnli]— зд. потомственный
belonging [bI´lONIN]— принадлежность
an upper class [´EpA ,klC:s]— высшее общество
corporal punishment [´kD:pArAl ,pEnISmAnt]— телесное нака-
зание
to beapplied tosmb. [… A´plaId…]— применяться ккому-л.
to break rules and order [´breIk ,ru:lz And ´D:dA]— нарушать
правила ираспорядок
to abolish [A´bOlIS]— отменять
Answer the questions:
1. Who are state schools inthe UKnanced by? Who are tuition fees laid
onmostly inindependent schools? What traditions distinguish public
schools from state and some independent ones? What organisations
take part infunding public schools?
254 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
2. The name “public” seems misleading and confusing, doesn’t it?
Why? Why were these schools inthe UK called public? Would you
like tostudy inone ofthem? Why (not)? What was the most famous
school that got this name rst? Whose children were admitted
tothese schools atthat time? Dowe have prestigious and privileged
schools inRussia?
3. What subject and activities did the pupils inpublic schools learn inthe
past? What changes were introduced inthe curriculum later? Inwhat
way were pupils disciplined there? Doyou think this measure ofpu-
nishment would beeective inour schools now?
4. What traditions ofpublic schools have remained until now? What per-
sonality traits are they trying todevelop intheir pupils? Where dothe
public schools leavers continue their education? What are the most
famous public schools? What famous people graduated from Eton Col-
lege indierent times?
Check yourself ifyou use properly the terms referring
tothe topic “Education inthe UK”:
1. e school where boys and girls study together iscalled a…
school (coeducational / single-sex).
2. Apublic school is… (available for everybody / aprivate and
privileged one for boys).
3. A boarding school is an educational establishment where
children… (study and have meals / study and live).
4. A grammar school is a school where children specialise
inlearning … (grammatical aspects ofdierent modern lan-
guages / ancient Greek and Latin along with other subjects).
5. Anamount ofmoney that students have topay for their edu-
cation iscalled… (tuition fees / aloan).
HIGHER EDUCATION INTHE UK 255
6. A famous person, especially in entertainment or sport,
iscalled… (a person prodigy / acelebrity).
7. Anamount ofmoney that anorganisation gives tosomeone
sothat they could study ataparticular school oruniversity
isa… (grant / scholarship).
8. A person who gives private lessons in a particular subject
isa… (tutor / aprivate teacher).
9. In independent universities students… (have topay tuition
fees / are awarded scholarship).
10. Attendance of classes and lectures at the university is…
(compulsory / optional).
HIGHER EDUCATION INTHE UK
e system ofhigher education inthe United Kingdom in-
cludes universities, colleges of higher education and a number
ofsmall specialised colleges inthe direction ofthe Fine Arts, music, agriculture ortechnology which tend toprovide more workoriented courses than universities. Tobe submitted toauniversity
oranother higher education establishment, schoolchildren ofthe
last form ofa secondary school (the stage ofhigh school) have
totake Alevel examinations intwo orthree subjects. Usually they
come toadecision toget higher education atthe age ofeighteen.
But good examination results are not sucient for anapplicant
tobecome astudent— tohave anidea about their knowledge, interests, and inclination toresearch work all candidates are invited
for aninterview.
ere are over one hundred universities that oer various
degree programmes for students from the UKand around the
world. e most famous and time-honoured are the Universi-
256 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
ties of Oxford and Cambridge that were founded inthe 12th and
13th centuries respectively. ey still retain their old traditions.
London University isalso well-known throughout the world.
British universities are self-governing and academic independence isguaranteed tothem. Education and scientic research
are nanced bydierent funding councils set upby the Parliament.
Higher education inthe UKis not free and tuition fees system
varies greatly depending onmany factors. For example, aresident has topay £2000 for anacademic year whereas for aforeign
student itcosts much more tobe taught atthe university during
the same period— £16000. However, about ninety per cent ofstudents get state grants tocover tuition fees and everyday expenses:
accommodation, food, books, etc. Besides, each ofthem can apply
for astudent loan.
Universities are structured identically throughout the UK.
Each ofthem usually consists of colleges that inturn comprise
some departments. Agroup ofrelated departments form afaculty.
Anacademic year isdivided into three terms: the autumn term,
the spring term, and the summer term with aperiod ofholidays
inbetween— Christmas, Easter orsummer. e head ofthe University isthe Chancellor who iselected for life.
e University provides some stages ofeducation. Virtually,
the rst degree course continues for three years. However, lately
the “sandwich course” is increasing inpopularity inspite ofthe
fact that itlasts for four years. Itis called sobecause itinvolves one
year’s practice inthe workplace inthe third year and isfollowed
bythe nal academic year. Some professional degrees like medicine, veterinary, law etc. have longer programmes that can beas
much asve years. Aer completing the degree courses graduates are awarded aBachelor’s degree inArts, Science, Engi neering,
HIGHER EDUCATION INTHE UK 257
Medicine etc. Later they can apply totake afurther degree course
and study for one ortwo years more toget aMaster’s degree and
nally aer three orve years— ahigher degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy (PhD). us, scientic research isan important part ofthe
university’s curriculum.
Degree programmes ofthe British universities have won popularity throughout the world. More and more students in cluding
Russian goto the UKto get higher education that guarantees acquiring high qualications and useful skills.
Words and Expressions
the Fine Arts [´faIn ,C:ts]— изобразительные искусства
agriculture [´BgrI ,kEltSA]— сельское хозяйство
to tend— иметь тенденцию, зд. обычно
high school [´haI ,sku:l]— последние классы средней школы
a decision [dI´sIZn]— решение
sucient [sA´fISnt]— достаточный
inclination [,InklI´neISn]— склонность
time-honoured [´taIm , OnAd]— освященный временем
to befounded [… ´faUndId]— быть основанным
respectively [rI´spektIvli]— соответственно
self-governing [,self ´gEvAnIN]— самоуправляющийся
a funding council [´ fEndIN ,kaUnsl]— совет, обладающий фи-
нансовыми средствами
to cover [´kEvA]— зд. компенсировать
expenses [Ik´spensIz]— расходы
258 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
a loan [lAUn]— заем, ссуда
related [rI´leItId]— зд. смежный
a term [tQ:m]— семестр
the Chancellor [´tSC:nsAlA]— канцлер
to beelected for life [… I´lektId …]— избираться пожизненно
in spite of[In ´spaIt Av]— несмотря на
Answer the questions:
1. After what stage of the secondary education can school- leavers
inthe UK apply toauniversity? Onwhat basis can they be submitted
toahigher education establishment? Are good results ofAlevel exami-
nations enough toget into auniversity? Isthe procedure ofbecoming
astudent dierent inRussia? Did you have toget an interview when
you where anapplicant?
2. What are the most famous old universities inthe UK? Dothey still re-
tain their former traditions? What does itmean that British universities
are independent and self-governing? DoBritish students have topay
tuition fees? What policy inrelation tostudents helps compensate for
their expenses? Ishigher education inRussia free? Can our students
apply toabank for aloan?
3. Who isthe head ofthe university inthe UK? What parts does anaca-
demic year consist of? What holidays doBri tish students have dur-
ing ayear? How isan academic year structured inthe Russian uni-
versities? What holidays do you think British students enjoy most
ofall— Christmas, Easter orsummer? What holidays doyou usually
look forward to?
4. What degree are British students awarded after the rst stage ofhigher
education? What isa“sandwich course”? How long does the rst stage
last? What isnecessary toget aMaster’s degree and then aPhD? Isthe
HIGHER EDUCATION INTHE UK 259
present system ofhigher education inRussia similar tothat inthe UK?
Would you like tocontinue your education inGreat Britain orin some
other country? What results doyou expect?
Here are some quotations about education
and learning:
Education makes apeople easy tolead but dicult todrive;
easy togovern but impossible toenslave. (Henry Peter)—
Образованный народ легко вести вперед, ноим трудно
управлять. Им легко руководить, но невозможно поработить. (Генри Петер)
Education isaprogressive discovery ofour own ignorance.
(Will Durant)—
Образование постепенно (шаг зашагом) открывает нам
наше собственное невежество. (Уильям Дюран)
Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with
anopen one. (Malcolm Forbes)—
Цель образования— открыть разум навстречу знаниям,
ане заполнить пустоту вголове. (Малькольм Форбс)
Education is the key to unlocking the world, a passport
tofreedom. (Oprah Winfrey)—
Образование — это ключ, открывающий врата
во Вселенную, паспорт, обеспечивающий путь к свободе.
(Опра Уинфрей)
Education isnot preparation tolife; education islife itself.
(John Dewey)—
Образование — это не подготовка к жизни; это сама
жизнь. (Джон Дьюи)
260 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
Imagination ismore important than knowledge. (Albert
Einstein)—
Способность ктворческому воображению важнее зна-
ний. (Альберт Эйнштейн)
If one could only teach the English how totalk and the
Irish how tolisten, society would be quite civilised. (Oscar
Wilde)—
Если бытолько можно было англичан научить разговаривать должным образом, аирландцев— слушать, общество
было бывполне цивилизованным. (Оскар Уайльд)
e best teachers are those who show you where tolook,
but don’t tell you what tosee. (Alexandra K. Trenfer)—
Лучший учитель тот, который показывает, вкаком направлении смотреть, но не говорит, что нужно видеть.
(Александра К. Тренфер)
I have never let myschooling tointerfere with myeducation. (Mark Twain)—
Я никогда недопускал, чтобы мое школьное обучение
мешало моему самообразованию. (Марк Твен)
Do something instead ofkilling time. Because time iskilling you. (Paulo Coelho)—
Делай что-нибудь, чтобы неубивать время, ато время
убьет тебя. (Пауло Коэльо)
Do you agree with all the quotations? Which ofthem would you
take asamotto for your life?
How could you interpret the idea of the quotation “Education
isaprogressive discovery ofour own ignorance”?
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