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THE UKACADEMIC DRESS 261
THE UKACADEMIC DRESS
In the United Kingdom aswell asin other European countries
and inthe United States and Canada, there isatime-honoured university tradition toprovide graduates with acap and gown which
can beregarded asasymbol ofentering the academic world and
belonging tothe learned society. is traditional form ofclothing isalso known as academic dress oracademicals. Nowadays
itcan be commonly seen atgraduation ceremonies though not
only graduates but sometimes undergraduate students ofcertain
universities (mainly the old ones) have towear academic dress
and formerly they wore itdaily.
Academic dress is somewhat dierent at each university
but generally itconsists ofagown (also known as a robe) with
aseparate hood and asquare academic cap. Universities are free
todesign their own clothing using awide range ofavailable gown,
hood, and cap patterns aswell ascolours and cloth. e mo dern
gown for graduates awarded both aBachelor’s and aMaster’s degree is traditionally made of black cloth although occasionally
itcan bedyed inone ofthe university’s colours. ere isaslight
dierence in the fashion: the BAgown has bell-shaped sleeves
while the MAgown has long sleeves closed atthe end, with the
arm passing through aslit above the elbow.
e hood aspart ofclothing performed originally afunctional role: itwas worn toprotect the head from wind, rain, and snow.
Now ithas become adecorative element, soit isworn onspecial
occasions. e colour and lining ofhoods represent the rank and
faculty ofthe wearer.
e academic cap isaat square hat with atassel suspended
from abutton inthe top centre ofthe board. Tobe properly worn,
the cap can beparallel tothe ground though some people especially women wear itangled back.
262 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
Besides academic dress which isintended for graduates, there
isa special kind of clothing for university ocials, for instance
Chancellor and Vice-chancellor.
Graduation day, a degree ceremony, is a special occasion
inastudent’s life. Days before the event graduates are given their
caps and gowns and they are proud towear the academicals during the ceremony. e occasion is kept formal and traditional
and many ocials make aspeech inorder toproperly honour the
achievements ofthe graduates.
Words and Expressions
the academic dress [,BkA´demIk ,dres] — университетская
академическая одежда
a cap and gown [´kBp And ,gaUn]— шапочка имантия / берет
иплащ
to beregarded [rI´gC:dId]— считаться, рассматриваться
a learned society [´lQ:nId sA´saIAti]— научное общество
formerly [´f D:mAli]— впрежние времена
a separate hood [´sepArIt ,hu:d]— съемный капюшон
a square cap [,skweA ´kBp]— квадратная академическая ша-
почка
cloth [klOF]— материя, ткань
to dye [daI]— окрашивать
bell-shaped sleeves [,bel ´SeIpt ,sli:vz]— рукава вформе коло-
кола
a slit— прорезь
THE UKACADEMIC DRESS 263
an elbow [´elbAU]— локоть
on special occasions [… ´speSl A,keIZnz]— поособым случаям
a lining [´laInIN]— подкладка
a rank [rBNk]— звание, высокое положение
a wearer [´weArA]— тот, кто носит данную одежду
at— плоский
a tassel [´tBsl]— кисточка
to suspend [sA´spend]— подвешивать
a button [´bEtn]— кнопка
a board (of acap) [bD:d]— квадратная горизонтальная доска,
закрепленная наермолке
properly [´prOpAli]— должным образом
angled back [´BNgAld ,bBk]— снаклоном назад
to honour the achievements [´OnA GA A´tSi:vmAnts]— зд. отме-
тить достижения
Answer the questions:
1. What tradition tohonour their graduates are universities inthe UKfa-
mous for? Are university graduates the only persons who can wear
academic dress? What are the components of British academicals?
Isit unied inthe way ofcloth, colour and fashion for all British uni-
versities?
2. What distinguishes Bachelor’s academicals from Master’s? The hood
has become adecorative element now, hasn’t it? What was its func-
tional role inthe former times? What doits colour and lining present?
What does the academic cap look like? What way ofwearing itis con-
sidered tobe right?
264 THE SYSTEM OFEDUCATION INTHE UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
3. Would you like any academic dress tobe introduced for our gradu-
ates? What fashion and style could you suggest? What Russian sym-
bols would you like tobe embodied inthe academic dress? What Rus-
sian designers doyou think could take part indesigning the Russian
version ofacademicals?
4. How isthe graduation day arranged inthe British universities? Why
isit soimportant for British graduates? Doyou remember your gra-
duation ceremony? What were you wearing onthis occasion? Whose
speech and wishes impressed you most ofall? Did any wishes come
true?
Here are some proverbs referring tothe role
ofeducation:
Education isagi that none can take away.—
Образование — это дар, который никто нев силах отнять учеловека, имобладающего.
If you think education isexpensive, try ignorance.—
Если кто-то считает, что образование требует больших
затрат, пусть попробует сэтой точки зрения оценить результаты невежества.
Seek education from the cradle tothe grave.—
Учитесь отсамой колыбели допоследних дней.
If your plan isfor one year, plant rice. Ifyour plan for ten
years, plant trees. Ifyour plan isfor one hundred years, educate
children.—
Если ваш план рассчитан на год, культивируйте рис,
на десять лет — посадите деревья. Но если вы планируете
надесять лет вперед, дайте образование детям.
THE UKACADEMIC DRESS 265
Your teacher can open the door, but you must enter
through itby yourself.—
Учитель может открыть перед вами дверь, но сделать
шаг, чтобы войти внее, вам придется самостоятельно.
e love ofmoney and the love oflearning rarely meet.—
Любовь кденьгам илюбовь кучению редко пересекаются.
Learning makes agood man better and abad man worse.—
Образование делает хорошего человека лучше, аплохо-
го хуже.
He that questions nothing learns nothing.—
Тот, кто незадает вопросов, ничего ине знает.
You will never know how far you can y until you spread
your wings.—
Никогда неузнаешь, как далеко тыспособен лететь, пока
нерасправишь крылья.
An illiterate person doesn’t see even ifhe (she) has eyes.—
Необразованный человек, даже имея глаза, неспособен
видеть что кчему.
Which ofthe proverbs could you choose asaslogan for your life?
How could you interpret the meaning ofthe proverb “An illiterate
person doesn’t see even ifhe (she) has eyes”?
MEDICINE, HEALTH
AND CHARITABLE ASSISTANCE
CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE
Health isablessing that money cannot buy. ese words belong toIzaak Walton, anEnglish writer ofthe 17th century. However, everyone gets ill from time totime and needs adoctor. Conventional medicine isthe best option for the majority ofpeople
inthis case.
It isundisputed that medical science has made enormous advances lately. Most ofthe great “killer” diseases have been eradicated, and almost every day anew drug appears onthe market.
Key discoveries that were made both inour country and abroad
in the previous centuries contributed to the medical science’s
success. Some ofthem became areal medical breakthrough. Sufce itto mention creation ofthe smallpox vaccine ordiscovery
ofpenicillin. Smallpox was the most dangerous infectious disease
upthe end ofthe 18
killer ofthat time— more than ten per cent ofthe population died
from it. en quite unexpectedly in1796 Edward Jenner discovered avaccine that could defeat smallpox. Nowadays vaccination
isan ordinary preventive procedure which iswidely used inconventional medicine.
Another breakthrough was discovery ofpenicillin which was
made bythe British scientist Alexander Fleming in1928. New
medical achievements were also connected with asurgical trans-
th
century. Itwas the most feared and greatest
CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE 267
plant procedure that was successfully developed inthe 20thcentury. e rst heart transplantation was performed byChristiaan
Barnard, a South African cardiac surgeon, in1967. Since that
time transplantation has become anordinary surgery. Moreover,
eighty per cent ofoperations onheart nowadays are bloodless
which isregarded asthe greatest advance inmedicine. Scientists
also predict that all types of cancer will be curable within the
next twenty years and anAIDS vaccine will besoon discovered.
As a result, the average life expectancy will rise to a hundred
years inthe near future.
e progress in medical treatment could be impossible
without hi-tech diagnostic equipment which iswidely used todiagnose some diseases. But despite the fact that many ofthem
have been eradicated, new unknown illnesses appear from time
totime, for instance new strains ofu: avian u and swine u.
is makes scientists create new drugs and invent new technologies for treatment.
However atpresent, conventional medicine isexperiencing
acrisis ofpublic credit. According tothe surveys, less than forty
per cent ofpeople really trust doctors. Patients are turning away
from conventional medicine tolook for alternative (or natural)
forms oftreatment. e main reason isthat conventional medicine has stopped to meet the needs of the majority of people.
Inspite ofthe apparent progress made bymedical science, weare
actually less healthy than our parents and grandparents.
Another reason isthat representatives ofconventional medicine have aone-sided view onthe origin ofadisease. ey believe
that diseases can becaused bygerms, viruses, and toxins. Sotreatment isaimed onattacking these things whereas the mind and
emotions ofpatients are not taken into account inthis process.
But many doctors who practice conventional medicine nowadays
do not agree with this principle. ey suppose that personality
268 MEDICINE, HEALTH AND CHARITABLE ASSISTANCE
and lifestyle are important while considering apatient’s general
health, sothey try totreat the whole person.
It should be noted that patients are better informed today
than ever before. erefore they rely onalternative medical forms
more and more.
Words and Expressions
conventional medicine [kAn´venSNAl ,medsn]— традиционная
медицина
a blessing [´blesIN]— благо
undisputed [,EndI´spju:tId]— неоспоримый
an enormous advance [I´nD:mAs Ad,vC:ns]— большой про-
гресс
a killer disease [´kIlA dI´zi:z] — болезнь, уносящая много
жизней
to eradicate [I´rBdIkeIt]— искоренять
a drug [drEg]— лекарство
a breakthrough [´breIkFru:]— прорыв
suce itto mention [sA´faIs It tA ,menSn]— достаточно упо-
мянуть
a smallpox vaccine [´smD:l,pOks ,vBksi:n]— вакцина отоспы
feared [fIAd]— опасный
to defeat [dI´fi:t]— наносить поражение, побеждать
preventive [prI´ventIv]— превентивный, профилактический
surgical [´sQ:dZIkl]— хирургический
CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE 269
a cardiac surgeon [´kC:di,Bk ´sQ:dZAn]— кардиохирург
an ordinary surgery [´D:dnAri ,sQ:dZAri]— обычная хирургиче-
ская операция
bloodless [´blEdlAs]— бескровный
cancer [´kBnsA]— онкология, рак
curable [´kju:Arbl]— излечимый
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deciency Syndrome) [eIdz /
A´kwaIAd I´mju:n dI´fISnsi ´sIn,drAUm] — синдром приобретенного иммунодефицита
an average life expectancy [´BvArIdZ ´laIf Ik´spektAnsi]— сред-
няя продолжительность жизни
treatment [´tri:tmAnt]— лечение
equipment [I´kwIpmAnt]— оборудование
illness [´IlnAs]— болезнь
a strain [streIn]— штамм
avian u [´eIviAn ,flu:]— птичий грипп
swine u [swaIn…]— свиной грипп
public credit [,pEblIk ´kredIt]— общественное доверие
a survey [´sQ:veI]— обзор
to trust [trEst]— доверять
a patient [´peISnt]— пациент, больной
alternative forms [D:l´tQ:nAtIv ,fD:mz]— нетрадиционные фор-
мы медицины
apparent [A´pBrAnt]— очевидный
healthy [´helFi]— здоровый
a representative [,reprA´zentAtIv]— представитель
270 MEDICINE, HEALTH AND CHARITABLE ASSISTANCE
a one-sided view [,wEn´saIdId ,vju:]— односторонний взгляд
an origin [´OrIdZIn]— происхождение
a germ [dZQ:m]— микроб
to take into account [… A´kaUnt]— принимать врасчет
personality [,pQ:sA´nBlAti]— личные свойства
to rely onsmth. [rI´laI…]— полагаться начто-л.
Answer the questions:
1. What is the most popular medication which is used by conven-
tional doctors? What medical achievements are consi dered real
breakthroughs within the period of two centuries? Why could
such diseases assmallpox and tuberculosis bedefeated? What was
the most outstanding surgical procedure used atthe end of the
20thcentury?
2. What diseases are known asdangerous and hardly curable nowadays?
What new diseases have appeared recently? Why could doctors and
scientists of all the countries joint their eorts in searching for new
ways oftreatment? What makes scientists beoptimistic about the fu-
ture prospects intreatment ofpatients?
3. What does the average life expectancy depend on in your opinion?
How long dopeople inour country live onave rage? What doconven-
tional doctors recommend to those who would like to live longer?
Would you like tolive until you are ahundred years old?
4. How does hi-tech equipment contribute to successful medical
treatment? Which of the technological achievements could you
name? Why are people trying toapply for treatment toalternative
medicine inspite ofthe apparent conventional medicine’s achieve-
ments? Doall conventional doctors recognise usefulness ofalterna-
tive medicine?
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