Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

6. <h ]eZ\_ =eZ\gh]h MijZ\e_gby ih ^_eZf ebl_jZlmju b ba^Zl_evkl\Z

klhbl aZ\_^mxsbc gZagZqZ_fuc Dhee_]b_c GZjh^gh]h DhfbkkZjbZlZ Ijhk\_s_gby b ^\Z ihfhsgbdZ gZagZqZ_fu_ wlhc `_ Dhee_]b_c ih kh ]eZr_gbx k J_\hexpbhgguf <h_gguf Kh\_lhf J_kim[ebdb b =hkm^Zj kl\_gguf Iheblbq_kdbf MijZ\e_gb_f b gZoh^ysb_ky \ ih^qbg_gbb dZd aZ\_^mxs_fm lZd b khhl\_lkl\mxs_fm hj]Zgm ih ijbgZ^e_`ghklb

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K 35–36.

46. Ibkvfh Ihebldhgljhey H=IM \ =eZ\ebl h ihjy^d_ p_gamjbjh\Zgby kdmevilmjguo bah[jZ`_gbc < B E_gbgZ

k_gly[jy ]

HL>?E IHEBLDHGLJHEY

AZ\_^ =eZ\eblhf – l E_[_^_\m-Iheygkdhfm

Dhiby aZf aZ\ =hkba^Zlhf l DhgZjm

< p_eyo ijb\_^_gby \ kbkl_fm dZd p_gamjbjh\Zgby lZd b dhgljhey aZ \uimkdhf \ k\_l g_p_gamjbjh\Zgguo kdmevilmjguo ijhba\_^_gbc H=IM kqblZeh [u gm`guf mklZgh\blv ke_^mxsbc ihjy^hd

1. ;xklu < B. E_gbgZ fh]ml [ulv ba]hlh\e_gu =BA lhevdh k jZa-

j_r_gby Dhfbkkbb PBD KKKJ k ihke_^mxs_c mq_lghc \bahc HID H=IM

IJBF?Q:GB? Ijb j_]bkljZpbb \ HID ij_^klZ\ey_lky dhiby jZa j_r_gby Dhfbkkbb PBD KKKJ b h[jZa_p [xklZ \ ]hlh\hf \b^_

2.GZ [xklZo < B E_gbgZ klZ\blky ‹ jZaj_r_gby Dhfbkkbb PBD KKKJ ih nhjf_ ³J D -E ‹´

3.;xklu \h`^_c j_\hexpbb djhf_ < B E_gbgZ b ^j kdmevilmjgu_

ijhba\_^_gby ba]hlh\eyxlky =BA k jZaj_r_gby =eZ\ghc J_^Zdpbb GZ ijhba\_^_gbyo klZ\blky ‹ =eZ\ghc J_^Zdpbb ih nhjf_ ³J J = ‹´

>ey j_]bkljZpbb \ HID H=IM ij_^klZ\ey_lky jZaj_r_gb_ =e J_^Zd pbb k h[yaZl_evguf wda_fieyjhf

4. Kdmevilmjgu_ ijhba\_^_gby < B E_gbgZ fh]ml [ulv ba]hlh\-

ey_fu qZklgufb fZkl_jkdbfb lhevdh ijb gZebqbb m gbo jZaj_r_gby Dh fbkkbb PBD KKKJ kh]eZkby =hkba^ZlZ b ij_^\Zjbl_evghc j_]bkljZpbb \ HID H=IM

GZ ijhba\_^_gbb klZ\blky ‹ Dhfbkkbb PBD KKKJ ih \ur_mdZaZgghc nhjf_ Ijb j_]bkljZpbb \ HID ^hklZ\ey_lky jZaj_r_gb_ Dhfbkkbb kh ]eZkb_ =hkba^ZlZ b h[jZa_p ijhba\_^_gby \ ]hlh\hf \b^_

5. <k_ ^jm]b_ kdmevilmjgu_ ijhba\_^_gby fh]ml ba]hlh\eylvky qZkl gufb fZkl_jkdbfb lhevdh ijb ihemq_gbb ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h jZaj_r_gby

80

HID H=IM gZ dhlhjuo klZ\blky ‹ _]h d\blZgpbb \u^Z\Z_fhc \aZf_g ihemq_gby bf h[yaZl_evgh]h wda_fieyjZ

Ijbf_qZgb_: \ kemqZyo khfgbl_evguo k p_gamjghc klhjhgu HID aZ ijZrb\Z_l aZdexq_gb_ =eZ\eblZ

6. < kemqZyo dh]^Z lbjZ` ijhba\_^_gby ij_\urZ_l wda [xklu \h`^_c HID aZijZrb\Z_l kh]eZkb_ =hkba^ZlZ

H=IM ijhkbl khh[sblv <Zr_ fg_gb_ h k_f b \g_klb ij_^iheZ]Z_fu_ <Zrb baf_g_gby

Ih^e Ih^i <JB> A:FIJ?> H=IM >_jb[Zk

<_jgh G:QIHEBLDHGLJHEY H=IM KmjlZ

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_amju« K

47. AZibkdZ \ Ihebl[xjh PD <DI [ h jZ[hl_

Jhkkbckdhc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc [b[ebhl_db

^_dZ[jy ]

«AZ e_l jhkl qblZl_ey h]jhf_g [b[ebhl_dZ bf__l lukyq qblZ l_e_c b m^h\e_l\hjbeZ 130 lj_[h\Zgbc aZgy\rb lj_lv_ f_klh \ fb

j_ QblZl_ev gZ klm^_gl gZ gZmqguc jZ[hlgbd b ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ mqj_`^_gby =hkieZg GZjdhfZlu b l i

Bklhqgbd ‹ K

48. Ba hlq_lZ =hkba^ZlZ h iheblbq_kdhf dhgljhe_ mq_[ghc ebl_jZlmju

K_gly[jv ]

<k_ mq_[gbdb ^h ba^Zgby bo =hkba^Zlhf ijhoh^yl q_j_a j_^Zdpbhg gmx ih^k_dpbx GZmqgh-I_^Z]h]bq_kdhc k_dpbb =MKZ b ba^Zxlky =hkba

^Zlhf lhevdh \ kemqZ_ h^h[j_gby bo ihke_^g_c J_r_gb_ =MKZ h ijb]h^ ghklb d ba^Zgbx \ughkblky gZ hkgh\Zgbb ^\mo j_p_gabc – f_lh^bq_kdhc

b b^_heh]bq_kdhc B^_heh]bq_kdhc j_p_gabb ijbgZ^e_`bl j_rZxs__ agZq_gb_ ijb mkeh\bb f_lh^bq_kdhc ijb_fe_fhklb < l_q_gb_ e_lg_]h k_ahgZ hl^_ehf mq_[gbdh\ [ue ij_^ijbgyl ]_g_jZevguc iheblbq_kdbcb^_heh]bq_kdbc ijhkfhlj \k_]h j_^Zdpbhggh]h ihjln_ey =hkba^ZlZ – \

qZklb mq_[gbdh\ Wlhl ijhkfhlj [ue aZdhgq_g b \ j_amevlZl_ ijhkfhljZ g_kdhevdh dgb] [ueh batylh agZqbl_evgZy qZklv ih^\_j]ZeZkv i_j_jZ [hld_ b i_j_j_^Zdlbjh\Zgbx \ gZijZ\e_gbb h[gh\e_gby kh^_j`Zgby Z hklZevgZy qZklv ]eZ\guf h[jZahf ih _kl_kl\hagZgbx ihreZ [_a i_j_^_ ehd < gZklhysbc fhf_gl ij_^\Zjbl_evguc iheblbq_kdbc ijhkfhlj y\

81

ey_lky gZ^_`ghc ]ZjZglb_c ijb]h^ghklb \ b^_heh]bq_kdhf hlghr_gbb \gh\v \uimkdZ_fuo mq_[gbdh\

AZ\_^mxsbc hl^_ehf mq_[gbdh\ DbiZjbkh\

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K –433.

EBL?J:LMJ: B BKDMKKL<H

49. Ba ^_dj_lZ KGD JKNKJ³H j_]bkljZpbb ijb_f_ gZ mq_l b hojZg_gbb iZfylgbdh\ bkdmkkl\Z b klZjbgu gZoh^ysboky \h \eZ^_gbb qZklguo ebp h[s_kl\ b mqj_`^_gbc´

hdly[jy ]

< p_eyo hojZg_gby bamq_gby b \hafh`gh [he__ ihegh]h hagZdhfe_gby rbjhdbo fZkk gZk_e_gby k khdjh\bsZfb bkdmkkl\Z b klZjbgu gZoh^y sbfbky \ Jhkkbb Kh\_l GZjh^guo DhfbkkZjh\ ihklZgh\be

1. Ijhba\_klb i_j\mx ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx j_]bkljZpbx \k_o fhgmf_g

lZevguo b \_s_\uo iZfylgbdh\ bkdmkkl\Z b klZjbgu dZd \ \b^_ p_euo kh[jZgbc lZd b hl^_evguo ij_^f_lh\ \ qv_f [u h[eZ^Zgbb hgb gb gZ oh^bebkv

2 . <aylv gZ mq_l gZoh^ysb_ky \h \eZ^_gbb h[s_kl\ mqj_`^_gbc b

qZklguo ebp fhgmf_glZevgu_ iZfylgbdb kh[jZgby ij_^f_lh\ bkdmk kl\Z b klZjbgu Z lZd`_ hl^_evgu_ ij_^f_lu bf_xsb_ [hevrh_ gZmq gh_ bklhjbq_kdh_ beb om^h`_kl\_ggh_ agZq_gb_

3 . GbdZdh_ hlqm`^_gb_ beb i_j_oh^ ba h^gh]h qZklgh]h beb h[s_

kl\_ggh]h \eZ^_gby \ bgh_ Z lZd`_ i_j_f_s_gb_ j_fhgl ihijZ\dZ beb i_j_^_edZ ijbgyluo gZ mq_l fhgmf_glZevguo iZfylgbdh\ kh[jZ gbc b hl^_evguo ij_^f_lh\ bkdmkkl\Z b klZjbgu g_ fh]ml [ulv ijhba \_^_gu [_a jZaj_r_gby Dhee_]bb ih ^_eZf fma__\ b hojZg_ iZfylgb dh\ bkdmkkl\Z b klZjbgu \ I_l_j[mj]_ b Fhkd\_

4 . <eZ^_evpZf \ayluo gZ mq_l ij_^f_lh\ beb kh[jZgbc hdZau\Z_lky kh^_ckl\b_ \ ^_e_ bo hojZg_gby b \u^Zxlky hkh[u_ hojZggu_ ]jZfhlu

5 . Ijbgylu_ gZ mq_l fhgmf_glZevgu_ iZfylgbdb kh[jZgby b hl

^_evgu_ ij_^f_lu fh]ml [ulv ijbgm^bl_evgh hlqm`^_gu beb i_j_^Z gu gZ ojZg_gb_ \ \_^_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo hj]Zgh\ hojZgu _keb kh ojZgghklb bo [m^_l ]jhablv hiZkghklv hl g_[j_`gh]h hlghr_gby \eZ ^_evp_\ beb \ke_^kl\b_ g_\hafh`ghklb ^ey \eZ^_evp_\ ijbgylv g_h[ oh^bfu_ f_ju hojZgu beb `_ \ kemqZyo g_kh[ex^_gby \eZ^_evpZfb ijZ\be ojZg_gby !

82

13. >_ckl\b_ gZklhys_]h ^_dj_lZ g_ jZkijhkljZgy_lky gZ ij_^f_lu bkdmkkl\Z gZoh^ysb_ky m bo Z\lhjh\

>_dj_lu Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb F L K –400.

50. Hkgh\gu_ l_abku ^hdeZ^Z Dhgp_jlgh- l_ZljZevghc dhfbkkbb h ^_yl_evghklb k fZjlZ ] ih fZjl ]

1. G_^hklZlhd fZl_jbZevguo kj_^kl\ b `_eZgb_ [Zabjh\Zlv k\hc [x^

`_l g_ gZ kemqZcguo bklhqgbdZo ^hoh^Z Z gZ [he__ beb f_g__ ijhqghf hkgh\Zgbb ih[m^beb NbgZgkh\mx dhfbkkbx DjZkgh]h Dj_klZ \u^_eblv hkh[mx dhfbkkbx – Dhgp_jlgh-l_ZljZevgmx ^Z\ _c ihjmq_gb_ hj]Zgbah

\u\Zlv i_jbh^bq_kdb l_ZljZevgu_ b dhgp_jlgu_ aj_ebsZ…

3. Dhfbkkby ihklZ\beZ k_[_ aZ^Zq_c hlhclb hl h[u^_ggh]h lbiZ kh \j_f_gguo dhgp_jlh\ dhgp_jlh\ k[hjguo g_ h[t_^bg_gguo p_-

ehklghklvx b ebr_gguo \kydh]h om^h`_kl\_ggh]h bgl_j_kZ b ih \ha fh`ghklb mkljZb\Zlv ^_ckl\bl_evgh om^h`_kl\_ggu_ \_q_jZ«

10. Mkljhckl\h Dhgp_jlgh-l_ZljZevghc dhfbkkb_c dhgp_jlZ \ ;mluj

kdhc lxjvf_ ^ey a d \ ihg_^_evgbd fZjlZ ] Mki_o wlh]h dhgp_jlZ b ihimeyjghklv mkljhckl\Z dhgp_jlZ \ lxjvfZo \ Zjlbklbq_kdhf fbj_ \b^gu_ ij_^klZ\bl_eb dhlhjh]h baty\beb k\h_ kh]eZkb_ ijbgylv mqZklb_ \ wlbo dhgp_jlZo [_a\haf_a^gh

Hl_q_kl\_ggZy bklhjby ‹ K –171.

51. Ba ^_dj_lZ KGD JKNKJ³H[ h[t_^bg_gbb l_ZljZevgh]h ^_eZ”

Z\]mklZ ]

1. >ey mj_]mebjh\Zgby \k_]h l_ZljZevgh]h ^_eZ \ Jhkkbb mqj_`^Z_lky

P_gljZevguc dhfbl_l P_gljhl_Zlj ijb GZjh^ghf dhfbkkZjbZl_ ih ijhk\_s_gbx !

4. <kydh_ l_ZljZevgh_ bfms_kl\h a^Zgby j_d\babl \\b^m ij_^-

klZ\ey_fhc bf dmevlmjghc p_gghklb h[ty\ey_lky gZpbhgZevguf bfms_ kl\hf

5. Kh ^gy him[ebdh\Zgby ^_dj_lZ \hkij_sZ_lky dhfm [u lh gb [ueh

\u\ha aZ ]jZgbpm mgbqlh`_gb_ h[_kp_g_gb_ beb ijh^Z`Z l_ZljZevgh]h bfms_kl\Z [_a jZaj_r_gby gZ lh P_gljhl_ZljZ ^ey l_Zljh\ bf_xsbo h[s_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ agZq_gb_ b ^ey l_Zljh\ bf_xsbo f_klgh_ agZq_ gb_ – hl gZjh[jZah\ !

83

16. L_Zlju gZoh^b\rb_ky \ jZkihjy`_gbb qZklguo Zglj_ij_g_jh\

beb hj]ZgbaZpbc g_ ]ZjZglbjmxsbo \ukhdh]h dmevlmjgh]h mjh\gy beb gZdhg_p ljmii \gh\v khklZ\e_gguo b g_ bf_xsbo hij_^_e_gghc nbabh ghfbb ihevamxlky ij_^hklZ\e_gguf bf gZpbhgZevguf l_ZljZevguf bfms_kl\hf ijb mkeh\bb \dexq_gby \ bo ijZ\e_gby ij_^klZ\bl_e_c f_ klgh]h hl^_eZ gZjh^gh]h h[jZah\Zgby _keb ^_eh b^_l h l_Zlj_ f_klgh]h agZq_gby b – P_gljhl_ZljZ _keb ^_eh b^_l h l_Zlj_ ^he`_gkl\mxs_f

bf_lv agZq_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ !

19. Klj_fykv d mkbe_gbx om^h`_kl\_gghc kZfh^_yl_evghklb P_gljh

l_Zlj i_j_\h^bl \ jZajy^ Z\lhghfguo \k_ l_Zlju om^h`_kl\_gguc dhe e_dlb\ dhlhjuo ^hklZlhqgh hdj_i

>_dj_lu Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb F L K –72.

52. < < FZydh\kdbc

H^Z j_\hexpbb

L_[_

Hk\bklZggZy

Hkf_yggZy [ZlZj_yfb

L_[_

Batya\e_ggZy aehkeh\v_f rludh\,

<hklhj`_ggh \haghrm GZ^ jm]Zgvx j__fghc H^u lhj`_kl\_ggh_

³H´

H a\_jbgZy H ^_lkdZy H dhi__qgZy H \_ebdZy

DZdbf gZa\Zgv_f l_[y _s_ a\Zeb" DZd h[_jg_rvky _s_ ^\mebdZy" Kljhcghc ihkljhcdhc

=jm^hc jZa\Zebg" FZrbgbklm

iuevx m]ey h\_ygghfm

RZol_jm ijh[b\Zxs_fm lhesb jm^ DZ^brv

DZ^brv [eZ]h]h\_cgh KeZ\brv q_eh\_q_kdbc ljm^ : aZ\ljZ

;eZ`_gguc

84

KljhibeZ kh[hjh\u

Ls_lgh \haghkbl ihsZ^m fhey –

L\hbo r_klb^xcfh\hd lmihjueu_ [hjh\u <aju\Zxl lukyq_e_lby Dj_fey

³KeZ\Z´

Ojbibl \ ij_^kf_jlghf j_ck_ <ba] kbj_g ijb^mr_ggh lhghd

Lu re_rv fhjydh\ gZ lhgmsbc dj_ck_j Lm^Z

=^_ aZ[uluc FymdZe dhl_ghd : ihke_

Ivyghc lheihc hjZeZ

Mk aZebo\Zlkdbc aZdjmq_g \ nhjk_ IjbdeZ^Zfb ]hgbrv k_^uo Z^fbjZeh\ <gba ]heh\hc

K fhklZ \ =_evkbg]nhjk_ <q_jZrgb_ jZgu eb`_l b eb`_l B kgh\Z \b`m \kdjulu_ \_gu y L_[_ h[u\Zl_evkdh_

–H [m^v lu ijhdeylZ ljb`^u – B fh_

Ihwlh\h

–H q_luj_`^u keZ\vky [eZ]hkeZ\_ggZy –

Ihx fh_ hl_q_kl\h K[ klbohl\hj_gbc jmkkdbo kh\_lkdbo ihwlh\ Khkl : Lmjdh\ F K –8.

53. H W FZg^_evrlZf

Ghy[jv

Dh]^Z hdly[jvkdbc gZf ]hlh\be \j_f_gsbd Yjfh gZkbeby b aeh[u

B hs_lbgbeky m[bcpZ-[jhg_\bd B ime_f_lqbd gbadheh[uc,

– D_j_gkdh]h jZkiylv – ihlj_[h\Ze khe^Zl B aeZy q_jgv jmdhie_kdZeZ

GZf k_j^p_ gZ rludb iha\hebe \aylv IbeZl B k_j^p_ [blvky i_j_klZeh

B mdhjbag_ggh f_evdZ_l wlZ l_gv =^_ a^Zgbc djZkgZy ih^dh\Z

DZd [m^lh keurm y \ hdly[jvkdbc lmkdeuc ^_gv <yaZlv _]h s_gdZ I_ljh\Z

Kj_^b ]jZ`^Zgkdbo [mjv b yjhklguo ebqbg LhgqZcrbf ]g_\hf ieZf_g_y

85

Lu r_e [_klj_i_lgh k\h[h^guc ]jZ`^Zgbg Dm^Z \_eZ l_[y Ikbo_y

B _keb ^ey ^jm]bo \hklhj`_gguc gZjh^ <_gdb k\b\Z_l ahehlu_ –

;eZ]hkeh\blv l_[y \ ^Ze_dbc Z^ khc^_l KlhiZfb e_]dbfb Jhkkby

FZg^_evrlZf H W Ba[jZggh_: < l F

54. Hlju\hd ba klZlvb ? AZfylbgZ³Y [hxkv´5

]

Y [hxkv qlh fu kebrdhf [_j_`gh b kebrdhf fgh]h_ ojZgbf ba lh]h qlh gZf ^hklZehkv \ gZke_^b_ hl ^\hjph\ <hl \k_ wlb ahehq_gu_ dj_keZ – ^Z bo gZ^h k[_j_qv hgb lZd ]jZg^bhagu b lZd g_`gh eh[u

aZxl ex[h_ k_^Zebs_ B imklv [_kkihjgh qlh ijb^\hjgu_ ihwlu ]jZ pb_c b g_`ghklvx ihoh`b gZ ij_e_klgu_ ahehq_gu_ dj_keZ Gh g_ hrb[dZ eb qlh bgklblml ijb^\hjguo ihwlh\ fu khojZgy_f g_ f_g__ aZ[hleb\h q_f ahehq_gu_ dj_keZ" <_^v hklZebkv lhevdh ^\hjpu gh ^\hjZ m`_ g_l

Y [hxkv qlh fu kebrdhf m` ^h[jh^mrgu b qlh njZgpmakdZy j_\h expby \ jZajmr_gbb \k_]h ijb^\hjgh]h [ueZ [_kihsZ^ghc < ] ,, f_kkb^hjZ IwcZg ij_^k_^Zl_ev dhfbl_lZ ih gZjh^ghfm ijhk\_s_ gbx ba^Ze ^_dj_l – b \hl qlh f_`^m ijhqbf ]h\hjbehkv \ wlhf ^_dj_l_

³?klv fgh`_kl\h xjdbo Z\lhjh\ ihklhyggh ke_^ysbo aZ aeh[hc ^gy hgb agZxl fh^m b hdjZkdm ^Zggh]h k_ahgZ agZxl dh]^Z gZ^h gZ^_lv djZkguc dheiZd b dh]^Z kdbgmlv < blh]_ hgb ebrv jZa\jZsZxl \dmk b ijbgb`Zxl bkdmkkl\h Bklbgguc ]_gbc l\hjbl \^mfqb\h b \hiehsZ_l k\hb aZfukeu \ [jhga_ Z ihkj_^kl\_gghklv ijblZb\rbkv ih^ w]b^hc k\h [h^u ihobsZ_l __ bf_g_f fbfhe_lgh_ lhj`_kl\h b kju\Z_l p\_lu wn_f_j gh]h mki_oZ´

Wlbf ij_ajbl_evguf ^_dj_lhf njZgpmakdZy j_\hexpby ]bevh- lbgbjh\ZeZ i_j_jy`_gguo ijb^\hjguo ihwlh\ : fu – k\hbo ³xjdbo

Z\lhjh\ agZxsbo dh]^Z gZ^_lv djZkguc dheiZd b dh]^Z kdbgmlv´ dh]^Z i_lv kj_l_gb_ pZjy b dh]^Z fhehl b k_ji – fu bo ij_ih^ghkbf

gZjh^m dZd ebl_jZlmjm ^hklhcgmx j_\hexpbb B ebl_jZlmjgu_ d_g lZ\ju ^Z\y ^jm] ^jm]Z b [judZykv fqZlky \ khklyaZgbb gZ \_ebdhe_i guc ijba fhghihevgh_ ijZ\h ibkZgby h^ fhghihevgh_ ijZ\h jupZj

kdb r\ujylv ]jyavx \ bgl_eeb]_gpbx Y [hxkv – IwcZg ijZ\ wlh

ebrv jZa\jZsZ_l b ijbgb`Z_l bkdmkkl\h B y [hxkv qlh _keb lZd [m ^_l b ^Zevr_ lh \_kv ihke_^gbc i_jbh^ jmkkdhc ebl_jZlmju \hc^_l \ bklhjbx ih^ bf_g_f xjdhc rdheu b[h g_xjdb_ \hl m`_ ^\Z ]h^Z fheqZl

86

=eZ\gh_ \ lhf qlh gZklhysZy ebl_jZlmjZ fh`_l [ulv lhevdh lZf ]^_ __ ^_eZxl g_ bkihegbl_evgu_ b [eZ]hgZ^_`gu_ qbgh\gbdb Z [_amfpu hlr_evgbdb _j_lbdb f_qlZl_eb [mglZjb kd_ilbdb : _keb ibkZl_ev ^he`_g [ulv [eZ]hjZamfguf ^he`_g [ulv dZlhebq_kdb-ijZ\h\_jguf

^he`_g [ulv k_]h^gy ihe_aguf g_ fh`_l oe_klZlv \k_o dZd K\bnl g_ fh`_l meu[Zlvky gZf \k_f dZd :gZlhev NjZgk – lh]^Z g_l ebl_jZlmju

[jhgah\hc Z _klv lhevdh [mfZ`gZy ]Za_lgZy dhlhjmx qblZxl k_]h^gy b \ dhlhjmx aZ\ljZ aZ\_jlu\Zxl ]ebgygh_ fueh

Y [hxkv qlh gZklhys_c ebl_jZlmju m gZk g_ [m^_l ihdZ g_ i_-

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H fheh^uo ibkZl_eyo om^h`gbdZo b ij

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G_h[oh^bfh ihklZ\blv k\h_c aZ^Zq_c \gbfZl_evgh_ \iheg_ bg^b\b ^mZebabjh\Zggh_ hlghr_gb_ d ij_^klZ\bl_eyf fheh^h]h kh\_lkdh]h bk dmkkl\Z < wlbo p_eyo g_h[oh^bfh

1. <_klb k_jv_aguc b \gbfZl_evguc mq_l ihwlZf ibkZl_eyf om^h`

gbdZf b ij Mq_l wlhl khkj_^hlhqblv ijb =eZ\ghf p_gamjghf MijZ\e_ gbb \ Fhkd\_ b I_ljh]jZ^_ DZ`^uc ihwl ^he`_g bf_lv k\h_ ^hkv_ ]^_ kh[jZgu [bh]jZnbq_kdb_ k\_^_gby h g_f _]h gug_rgb_ k\yab ebl_jZ lmjgu_ iheblbq_kdb_ b ^j >Zggu_ ^he`gu [ulv lZdh\u qlh[u

Z hgb fh]eb hjb_glbjh\Zlv p_gamjm ijb ijhimkd_ gZ^e_`Zsbo ijh ba\_^_gbc

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[ hgb fh]eb ihfhqv hjb_glbjh\d_ iZjlbcguo ebl_jZlmjguo djblb dh\ \ gZijZ\e_gbb khhl\_lkl\_gguo ihwlh\ b

\ qlh[u gZ hkgh\Zgbb wlbo ^Zgguo fh`gh [ueh ijbgbfZlv l_ beb ^jm]b_ f_ju fZl_jbZevghc ih^^_j`db fheh^uo ibkZl_e_c b ij

2. M`_ k_cqZk \u^_eblv g_[hevrhc kibkhd g_khfg_ggh ^Zjh\bluo b

g_khfg_ggh khqm\kl\mxsbo gZf ibkZl_e_c dhlhju_ [hjv[hc aZ aZjZ[h lhd lhedZxlky \ klhjhgm [mj`mZabb b fh]ml aZ\ljZ hdZaZlvky \h \jZ`^_[ ghf beb ihem\jZ`^_[ghf gZf eZ]_j_ ih^h[gh Ibevgydm dZd fg_ khh[ sbe l Bhgh\ KhklZ\e_gb_ kibkdZ lZdbo ibkZl_e_c b om^h`gbdh\ ihjm qblv \ Fhkd\_ ll F_s_jydh\m <hjhgkdhfm b E_[_^_\m-Iheygkdhfm aZ

lj_fy ih^ibkyfb \ I_l_j[mj]_ ll Bhgh\m ;ukljygkdhfm b fh`_l, l Abgh\v_\ gZah\_l dh]h-eb[h

3. >Zlv j_^Zdpbyf \Z`g_crbo iZjlbcguo ba^Zgbc ]Za_l `mjgZeh\

mdZaZgb_ \ lhf kfuke_ qlh[u hlau\u h[ wlbo fheh^uo ibkZl_eyo ibkZ ebkv [he__ mlbeblZjgh l _ k p_evx ^h[blvky hij_^_e_ggh]h \ha^_ckl\by

b \ebygby gZ ^Zggh]h fheh^h]h ebl_jZlhjZ K wlhc p_evx djblbd ^he`_g ij_^\Zjbl_evgh hagZdhfblvky kh \k_fb ^Zggufb h ibkZl_e_ ^Z[u ykg__ ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ ebgbx _]h jZa\blby Hq_gv \Z`gh lZd`_ mklZgh\blvq_j_a ihkj_^kl\h j_^Zdpbc beb ^jm]bfb imlyfb ebqgu_ k\yab f_`^m hl^_evgufb iZjlbcgufb lh\ZjbsZfb bgl_j_kmxsbfbky \hijhkZfb eb l_jZlmju b wlbfb fheh^ufb ihwlZfb b ij

4. P_gamjZ gZrZ lZd`_ ^he`gZ bf_lv mdZaZgguc \ur_ i_^Z]h]bq_-

kdbc mdehg Fh`gh b ^he`gh ijhy\eylv kljh]hklv ih hlghr_gbx d ba^Z gbyf kh \iheg_ hnhjfb\rbfbky [mj`mZagufb om^h`_kl\_ggufb l_g ^_gpbyfb ebl_jZlhjh\ G_h[oh^bfh ijhy\eylv [_kihsZ^ghklv ih hlgh r_gbx d lZdbf om^h`_kl\_ggh-ebl_jZlmjguf ]jmiibjh\dZf dhlhju_

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jh`gh_ b fy]dh_ hlghr_gb_ d lZdbf ijhba\_^_gbyf b Z\lhjZf dhlhju_ ohly b g_kml \ k_[_ [_a^gm \kydbo ij_^jZkkm^dh\ gh y\gh jZa\b\Zxlky \ j_\hexpbhgghf gZijZ\e_gbb

Ihkdhevdm ^_eh b^_l h ijhba\_^_gbyo lj_lv_c dZl_]hjbb aZij_lblv bo i_qZlZgb_ gZ^e_`bl ebrv \ kZfhf djZcg_f kemqZ_ Ij_^\Zjbl_evgh `_ gm`gh ihiulZlvky k\_klb Z\lhjZ k lh\Zjbs_f dhlhjuc ^_ckl\bl_evgh dhfi_l_glgh b m[_^bl_evgh kfh`_l jZatykgblv _fm j_Zdpbhggu_ we_f_g lu ijhba\_^_gby k l_f qlh _keb Z\lhj g_ m[_^blky lh _]h ijhba\_^_gb_ i_qZlZ_lky _keb g_l ^_ckl\bl_evgh k_jv_aguo ^h\h^h\ ijhlb\ gZi_qZlZ gby gh \ lh `_ \j_fy ihy\ey_lky ih^ i_^Z]h]bq_kdbf m]ehf aj_gby gZ ibkZggZy ijZdlbq_kdZy klZlvy.

5. <hijhk h nhjf_ ih^^_j`db fheh^uo ihwlh\ ih^e_`bl hkh[hfm jZkkfhlj_gbx Emqr_ \k_]h jZamf__lky _keb [u wlZ ih^^_j`dZ \ujZ`Z

88

eZkv \ nhjf_ ]hghjZjZ bg^b\b^mZebabjh\Zggh]h) gh ^ey wlh]h gm`gh qlh[u fheh^uf Z\lhjZf [ueh ]^_ i_qZlZlvky ³DjZkgZy Gh\v´ \\b^m __ qbklh iZjlbcgh]h oZjZdl_jZ – g_^hklZlhqgh_ ^ey gbo ihe_ ^_yl_evghklb Fh`_l [ulv ijb^_lky kha^Zlv g_iZjlbcguc, qbklh om^h`_kl\_gguc

`mjgZe ih^ h[sbf l\_j^uf jmdh\h^kl\hf gh k ^hklZlhqguf ijhklhjhf ^ey bg^b\b^mZevguo ³mdehg_gbc´

6.<h \kydhf kemqZ_ gZ wlh ijb^_lky hq_\b^gh Zkkb]gh\Zlv g_dh- lhjmx kmffm ^_g_]

7.L_ `_ f_ju gm`gh i_j_g_klb b gZ fheh^uo om^h`gbdh\ Gh a^_kv

gm`gh hkh[h h[km^blv \hijhk h lhf ijb dZdhf mqj_`^_gbb aZ\_klb mdZ aZggh_ \ur_ ^hkv_ b gZ dh]h i_jkhgZevgh \haeh`blv jZ[hlm

E. Ljhpdbc

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56. AZibkdZ B < KlZebgZ \ Ihebl[xjh PD JDI [

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<ha[m`^_gguc lh\ Ljhpdbf \hijhk h aZ\h_\Zgbb [ebadbo d gZf fh eh^uo ihwlh\ iml_f fZl_jbZevghc b fhjZevghc bo ih^^_j`db y\ey_lky gZ fhc \a]ey^ \iheg_ k\h_\j_f_gguf Y ^mfZx qlh nhjfbjh\Zgb_ kh \_lkdhc dmevlmju \ madhf kfuke_ keh\Z h dhlhjhc lZd fgh]h ibkZeb b ]h\hjbeb h^gh \j_fy g_dhlhju_ ³ijhe_lZjkdb_ b^_heh]b´ ;h]^Zgh\ b ^jm]b_ l_i_jv lhevdh gZqZehkv DmevlmjZ wlZ ih-\b^bfhfm ^he`gZ \u

jZklb \ oh^_ [hjv[u ly]hl_xsbo d kh\_lZf fheh^uo ihwlh\ b ebl_jZlh jh\ k fgh]hh[jZagufb dhgljj_\hexpbhggufb l_q_gbyfb b ]jmiiZfb gZ gh\hf ihijbs_ Kiehlblv kh\_lkdb gZkljh_gguo ihwlh\ \ h^gh y^jh b \kyq_kdb ih^^_j`b\Zlv bo \ wlhc [hjv[_ – \ wlhf aZ^ZqZ Y ^mfZx qlh

gZb[he__ p_e_khh[jZaghc nhjfhc wlh]h kiehq_gby fheh^uo ebl_jZlhjh\ [ueZ [u hj]ZgbaZpby kZfhklhyl_evgh]h kdZ`_f ³H[s_kl\Z jZa\blby jmkkdhc dmevlmju´ beb q_]h-gb[m^v \ wlhf jh^_ IhklZjZlvky ijbkl_]

gmlv fheh^uo ibkZl_e_c d p_gamjghfm dhfbl_lm beb dZdhfm-gb[m^v ³dZ a_gghfm´ mqj_`^_gbx – agZqbl hllhedgmlv fheh^uo ihwlh\ hl k_[y b

jZkkljhblv ^_eh ;ueh [u ohjhrh \h ]eZ\_ lZdh]h h[s_kl\Z ihklZ\blv h[yaZl_evgh [_kiZjlbcgh]h gh kh\_lkdb gZkljh_ggh]h \jh^_ kdZ`_f <k_\heh^Z B\Zgh\Z FZl_jbZevgZy ih^^_j`dZ \iehlv ^h km[kb^bc h[e_ q_gguo \ lm beb bgmx ijb_fe_fmx nhjfm Z[khexlgh g_h[oh^bfZ

89