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11

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12

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K –63, 66–67

6.< B E_gbg >hdeZ^ h iZjlbcghc ijh]jZff_

ba \uklmie_gbc gZ VIII kt_a^_ JDI [

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13

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14

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bf_xl ijZdlbq_kdb \_kvfZ g_[hevrh_ agZq_gb_

E_gbg < B Iheg kh[j khq L K 123–126.

7. Ba ibk_f < = Dhjhe_gdh5 : < EmgZqZjkdhfm6

k_gly[jy ]

Ibkvfh r_klh_

<hh[s_ k_j^p_ k`bfZ_lky ijb fukeb h km^v[_ lh]h kehy jmkkdh]h h[s_kl\Z dhlhjuc ijbgylh gZau\Zlv bgl_eeb]_gpb_c JZkkfhljbl_ klZ\db \Zrbo `Zeh\Zgbc b kjZ\gbl_ bo k p_gZfb ohly [u gZ oe_[ <u m\b^bl_ dZdh_ lml kf_rgh_ \_jg__ ljZ]bq_kdh_ g_khhl\_lkl\b_ B \k_-

lZdb `b\ml >Z `b\ml gh q_f" – ijh^Zxl hklZldb ij_`g_]h bfms_kl

\Z kdZl_jlb ieZlhqdb dhnlu iZevlh ib^`Zdb [jxdb ?keb i_j_\_klb wlh gZ h[jZaguc yaud lh hdZ`_lky qlh hgb ijh_^Zxl \k_ aZ]hlh\e_ggh_ ijb ij_`g_f [mj`mZaghf kljh_ dhlhjuc ijb]hlh\be g_dhlhju_ baebr db L_i_jv g_ o\ZlZ_l g_h[oh^bfh]h b wlh jZkl_l dZd eZ\bgZ <u m[beb [mj`mZagmx ijhfure_gghklv gbq_]h g_ kha^Zeb \aZf_g b \ZrZ dhffm gZ y\ey_lky h]jhfguf iZjZablhf iblZxsbfky hl wlh]h ljmiZ <k_ jZa jmrZ_lky ^hfZ hlgylu_ m ij_`gbo \eZ^_evp_\ b gbd_f g_ j_klZ\jbjm_ fu_ jZa\Zeb\Zxlky aZ[hju jZa[bjZxlky gZ lhieb\h h^gbf keh\hf b^_l h[sbc jZa\Ze

Ykgh qlh ^Zevr_ lZd b^lb g_ fh`_l b kljZg_ ]jhayl g_keuoZggu_ [_^kl\by I_j\hc `_jl\hc bo y\blky bgl_eeb]_gpby Ihlhf ]hjh^kdb_ jZ[hqb_ >hevr_ \k_o [m^ml ^_j`Zlvky ohjhrh mkljhb\rb_ky dhffmgb klu b DjZkgZy Zjfby Gh m`_ b \ wlhc kj_^_ kj_^b ^h[jhkh\_klguo ex^_c aZf_lgu ijbagZdb h[gbsZgby Emqr_ \k_]h `b\_lky ijb \Zrbo ihjy^dZo \kydh]h jh^Z ]jZ[bl_eyf B wlh _kl_kl\_ggh \u kljhbl_ \k_ gZ w]hbaf_ Z kZfb lj_[m_l_ kZfhhl\_j`_gby >hdZ`bl_ `_ qlh \hhjm`_gghfm q_eh\_ dm \u]h^gh mf_j_lv k ]heh^m \ha^_j`b\Zykv hl ]jZ[_`Z q_eh\_dZ [_ah jm`gh]h ! < ijhrehf ] dh fg_ ijb_a`Ze dhjj_kihg^_gl \Zr_]h ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggh]h L_e_]jZngh]h Z]_glkl\Z qlh[u ij_^eh`blv fg_ g_ kdhevdh \hijhkh\ h lhf qlh y ^mfZx h ijhbkoh^ys_f Y g_ ex[ex lZdbo bgl_j\vx Ihfbfh lh]h qlh y ibkZl_ev b fh] [u kZf nhjfmebjh\Zlv k\hb fukeb – wlb bgl_j\vx ihqlb \k_]^Z [u\Zxl g_ lhqgu Gh hiylv-

lZdb – y ibkZl_ev l _ q_eh\_d klj_fysbcky d lhfm qlh[u _]h fukeb

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klZeb ba\_klgu : \u m[beb k\h[h^gmx i_qZlv B y kh]eZkbeky hl\_qZlv dhjj_kihg^_glm \ujZab\ lhevdh khfg_gb_ qlh[u fhb fukeb gZreb f_ klh \ [hevr_\bklkdhc i_qZlb Hg hl\_lbe qlh aZ wlh hg g_ jmqZ_lky gh Z]_glkl\h jZahre_l wlh bgl_j\vx jmdh\h^bl_eyf kh\_lkdhc \eZklb

Bgl_j\vx \ i_qZlb g_ ihy\behkv G_ agZx [ueh eb hgh ijbkeZgh \Zf b gZreb eb \u \j_fy qlh[u k gbf hagZdhfblvky Y lh]^Z ]h\hjbe \ h[ s_f lh `_ qlh ih\lhjyx l_i_jv \u mf__l_ aZgbfZlv gh\u_ f_klZ gh m^_j`Zlv bo g_ mf__l_ b y qm\kl\mx qlh \u gZ MdjZbg_ ihl_jyeb m`_ ihq\m Kh[ulby wlh fh_ ij_^qm\kl\b_ hijZ\^Zeb f_kypZ q_j_a ihelhjZ \Zf ijbrehkv hklZ\blv MdjZbgm ih^ gZihjhf ^_gbdbgp_\ L_i_jv lmqb gZ^ \Zrbf ]hkih^kl\hf gZ MdjZbg_ hiylv k]msZxlky !

<u ih[_^beb ^h[jh\hevp_\ >_gbdbgZ ih[_^beb X^_gbqZ DheqZdZ iheydh\ \_jhylgh ih[_^bl_ b <jZg]_ey <hafh`gh qlh \hhjm`_ggh_ \f_rZl_evkl\h :glZglu lh`_ hdhgqbehkv [u \Zr_c ih[_^hc hgh ijh[m ^beh [u \ gZjh^_ ^mo iZljbhlbafZ dhlhjuc \u gZijZkgh klZjZebkv m[blv \h bfy bgl_jgZpbhgZebafZ aZ[u\Zy qlh b^_y hl_q_kl\Z ^h kbo ihj _s_ y\ey_lky gZb[hevrbf ^hklb`_gb_f gZ imlb q_eh\_q_kl\Z d _^bgkl\m dhlhjh_ gZ\_jgh [m^_l ^hklb]gmlh lhevdh h[t_^bg_gb_f hl_q_kl\ H^ gbf keh\hf gZ \k_o njhglZo \u y\ey_l_kv ih[_^bl_eyfb g_ aZf_qZy \gmlj_gg_]h g_^m]Z ^_eZxs_]h \Zk [_kkbevgufb i_j_^ njhglhf ijbjh ^u >

<u \b^bl_ ba wlh]h qlh y g_ `^m gb \f_rZl_evkl\Z :glZglu gb ih[_ ^u ]_g_jZeh\ Jhkkby klhbl \ jZa^mfv_ f_`^m ^\mfy mlhibyfb mlhib_c ijhreh]h b mlhib_c [m^ms_]h \u[bjZy \ dZdmx mlhibx _c jbgmlvky <g_rg__ \f_rZl_evkl\h lhevdh aZl_fgbeh [u hiul Z ]_g_jZeu \_jhylgh hiylv ij_^\h^bl_evkl\mxl we_f_glZfb \a^uoZxsbfb h ijhrehf b ]hlh \ufb \ ihevam ijhreh]h lZd `_ aehmihlj_[eylv \eZklvx dZd \u \ ihevam [m^ms_]h Ih fg_gbx fgh]bo iheh`_gb_ Jhkkbb l_i_jv lZdh\h qlh hklZ _lky gZ^_`^Z lhevdh gZ qm^h < jZa]h\hj_ k dhjj_kihg^_glhf h dhlhjhf y ]h\hjbe \ur_ y aZdhgqbe ijbau\hf d \Zf \h`ZdZf kdhjhki_eh]h dhffm gbafZ hldZaZlvky hl wdki_jbf_glZ b kZfbf \aylv \ jmdb a^hjh\mx j_Zd pbx qlh[u bf_lv \hafh`ghklv h\eZ^_lv _x b h[ma^Zlv j_Zdpbx g_a^hjh \mx k\bj_imx b g_jZamfgmx Fg_ ]h\hjyl qlh wlh agZqbeh [u jZkkqblu \Zlv gZ qm^h Fh`_l [ulv wlh b ijZ\^Z Dhg_qgh ^ey wlh]h ihgZ^h[behkv [u \k_ gZijy`_gb_ q_klghklb b ^h[jhkh\_klghklb ^ey lh]h qlh[u ijbagZlv k\hb h]jhfgu_ hrb[db ih^Z\blv k\h_ kZfhex[b_ b k\_jgmlv gZ bgmx ^h jh]m – gZ ^hjh]m dhlhjmx \u gZau\Z_l_ kh]eZrZl_evkl\hf

KhagZx qlh \ lZdhf ij_^iheh`_gbb fgh]h gZb\ghklb Gh y hilbfbkl b om^h`gbd Z wlhl imlv ij_^klZ\ey_lky fg_ _^bgkl\_gguf ^Zxsbf Jhkkbb ^hklhcguc \uoh^ ba gZklhys_]h g_\hafh`gh]h iheh`_gby D lhfm `_ ^Z\gh kdZaZgh qlh \kydbc gZjh^ aZkem`b\Z_l lh]h ijZ\bl_evkl

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\Z dhlhjh_ bf__l < wlhf kfuke_ fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh Jhkkby \Zk aZkem `beZ <u y\ey_l_kv lhevdh gZklhysbf \ujZ`_gb_f __ ijhreh]h k jZ[ kdhc ihdhjghklvx i_j_^ kZfh^_j`Z\b_f ^Z`_ \ lh \j_fy dh]^Z bklh sb\ \k_ l\hjq_kdb_ kbeu \ dj_klvygkdhc j_nhjf_ b _s_ g_kdhevdbo aZ g_c ihke_^h\Z\rbo hgh i_j_reh d ke_ihc j_Zdpbb b fgh]h e_l ih^Z\ey eh hj]Zgbq_kdbc jhkl kljZgu < wlh \j_fy gZjh^ [ue gZ _]h klhjhg_ Z Jhkkby [ueZ h[j_q_gZ gZ ]gbev b jZaeh`_gb_ GhjfZevgh qlh[u \ kljZ g_ [ueb ij_^klZ\e_gu \k_ hll_gdb fukeb ^Z`_ kZfu_ djZcgb_ ^Z`_ ihjhc g_jZamfgu_ @b\Zy [hjv[Z ij_iylkl\m_l ]gb_gbx b ij_l\hjy_l ^Z`_ g_jZamfgu_ klj_fe_gby \ k\h_]h jh^Z ijb\b\dm lh qlh g_jZamfgh b \j_^gh ^ey ^Zggh]h \j_f_gb qZklh khojZgy_l kbem ^ey [m^ms_]h«

IjZ\bl_evkl\Z ih]b[Zxl hl e`b Fh`_l [ulv _klv _s_ \j_fy \_j gmlvky d ijZ\^_ b y m\_j_g qlh gZjh^ ke_ih ke_^h\Z\rbc aZ \Zfb ih imlb gZkbeby k jZ^hklvx ijhkuiZxs_]hky khagZgby ihc^_l ih imlb \ha \jZs_gby d k\h[h^_ ?keb g_ ^ey \Zk b g_ ^ey \Zr_]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z lh wlh [m^_l [eZ]h^_l_evgh ^ey kljZgu b ^ey jhklZ \ g_c khpbZebklbq_kdh]h khagZgby

Gh \hafh`gh eb wlh ^ey \Zk" G_ iha^gh eb _keb [u \u ^Z`_ aZ- ohl_eb wlh k^_eZlv"

Dhjhe_gdh < = A_feb A_feb Fukeb \hkihfbgZgby dZjlbgu F

K 175, 176, 182–186.

8. < B E_gbg Ba ibkvfZ = Fykgbdh\m7

Z\]mklZ ]

“ K\h[h^m i_qZlb hl fhgZjobklh\ ^h ZgZjobklh\ \dexqbl_evgh ”

Hq_gv ohjhrh Gh ba\bgbl_ \k_ fZjdkbklu b \k_ ^mfZ\rb_ gZ^ q_lu j_oe_lgbf hiulhf gZr_c j_\hexpbb jZ[hqb_ kdZ`ml jZa[_j_fky \ lhf dZdmx k\h[h^m i_qZlb" ^ey q_]h ^ey dZdh]h deZkkZ Fu \ “Z[khexlu” g_

\_jbf Fu gZ^ “qbklhc ^_fhdjZlb_c” kf__fky«

K\h[h^Z i_qZlb \ JKNKJ hdjm`_gghc [mj`mZagufb \jZ]Zfb \k_]h fbjZ _klv k\h[h^Z iheblbq_kdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb [mj`mZabb b __ \_jg_crbo kem] f_gvr_\bdh\ b wk_jh\

Wlh nZdl g_hijh\_j`bfuc

;mj`mZaby \h \k_f fbj_ _s_ kbevg__ gZk b \h fgh]h jZa >Zlv _c _s_ lZdh_ hjm`b_ dZd k\h[h^Z iheblbq_kdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb k\h[h^m i_qZlb b[h i_qZlv _klv p_glj b hkgh\Z iheblbq_kdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb – agZ

qbl h[e_]qZlv ^_eh \jZ]m ihfh]Zlv deZkkh\hfm \jZ]m Fu kZfhm[bckl \hf dhgqZlv g_ `_eZ_f b ihlhfm wlh g_ k^_eZ_f

E_gbg < B Iheg kh[j khq L K –79.

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9. I : Khjhdbg8 Kh\j_f_ggh_ khklhygb_ Jhkkbbba\e_q_gby

]

> @ LZdh_ `_ ihegh_ [Zgdjhlkl\h kemqbehkv b k ^bdlZlmjhc ijhe_lZ jbZlZ < kljZg_ ]^_ ijhe_lZjbZl khklZ\eye g_ [hevr_ –4 gZk_e_gby

lZdZy ^bdlZlmjZ _keb [u hgZ b [ueZ hkms_kl\e_gZ fh]eZ [u [ulv lhevdh lbjZgb_c ijhe_lZjkdh]h f_gvrbgkl\Z gZ^ [hevrbgkl\hf NZdlbq_kdb b wlh]h g_ [ueh < – ]] fu bf_eb \eZklv khklZ\e_ggmx ba

intellectueles, ba ebp gbdh]^Z g_ jZ[hlZ\rbo gZ aZ\h^_ beb gZ ihe_ \u

r_^rbo ba kj_^u [mj`mZaguo deZkkh\ E_gbg Ljhpdbc Abgh\v_\ DjZ kbg Qbq_jbg EmgZqZjkdbc F_g`bgkdbc b l ^ gh hibjZ\rboky gZ

klbobcgh_ ^\b`_gb_ agZqbl_evghc qZklb Zjfbb dj_klvyg b jZ[hqbo KlZ\ \h ]eZ\_ ^\b`_gby fZkl_jkdb bkihevamy mklZehklv hl \hcgu g_^h \hevkl\h hl mom^r_gby fZl_jbZevguo mkeh\bc `_eZgb_ hlh[jZlv ihf_ sbqvb a_feb – hgb [ueb \ug_k_gu gZ\_jo wlbfb fZkkZfb AZgy\ \_joh\

gu_ dhfZg^gu_ ihabpbb hgb ^himklbeb gZ ih^qbg_ggu_ f_klZ fgh`_kl \h \uoh^p_\ ba dj_klvyg jZ[hqbo b khe^Zl GZmq_ggu_ hiulhf agZy g_ ijhqghklv k\h_]h iheh`_gby hgb k i_j\uo `_ ^g_c aZo\ZlZ \eZklb ijb gyebkv aZ hj]ZgbaZpbx Zjfbb k\hbo ij_lhjbZgp_\ Kha^Z\ ZiiZjZl gZkb eby b l_jjhjZ \ \b^_ QD l_f kZfuf hgb iheh`beb gZqZeh i_j_jh`^_gbx ljm^h\uo fZkk \h \eZklv lbjZgbb gZ^ wlbfb fZkkZfb

D gZqZem ] m`_ ijhbahr_e hleb\ fZkk hl \eZklb gZqZebkv jZ[h

qb_ b dj_klvygkdb_ \hkklZgby >bdlZlhju \f_klh m^h\e_l\hj_gby fZkkh \uo `_eZgbc i_j_reb d g_h[ma^Zgghfm mkfbj_gbx bo ihkj_^kl\hf k\h bo ij_lhjbZgp_\ GZqZeky l_jjhj GZb\gu l_ ex^b dhlhju_ ^mfZxl qlh hg [ue gZijZ\e_g lhevdh ijhlb\ [mj`mZaguo deZkkh\ K iheghc ]hlh\gh klvx g_klb hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ k\hb keh\Z y ml\_j`^Zx qlh hg g_ \ f_gvr_c _keb g_ \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb iZe gZ jZ[hqbo b dj_klvyg LZd dZd [hevrbgkl\h Kh\_lh\ ba[jZgguo \ ] ljm^ysbfbky hdZaZehkv Zg

lb[hevr_\bklkdbf \ hlebqb_ hl ] lh wlb Kh\_lu [ueb jZah]gZgu ba[jZggu_ ^_imlZlu Zj_klh\Zgu

JZ[hqb_ kh[jZgby b fblbg]b ijhgbdgmlu_ hiihabpbhggufb gZkljh_ gbyfb d ijZ\bl_evkl\m aZdju\Zebkv g_ ^himkdZebkv Z gZb[he__ \b^gu_ qe_gu bo Zj_klh\u\Zebkv Lh `_ ijhbahreh b k dj_klvygkdbfb kt_a^Zfb

<ke_^ aZ Zj_klZfb ijbreZ b ihehkZ jZkklj_eh\ bg^b\b^mZevguo b fZkkh\uo Ihke_^gb_ ijbgyeb nhjfm gZklhys_c \hcgu k ^_j_\g_c K_eZ b ihk_edb hdjm`Zebkv \h_ggh-ij_lhjbZgkdbfb qZklyfb =jhfbebkv k`b

]Zebkv Zjlbee_jb_c Z \ke_^ aZ “aZ\h_\Zgb_f” bo gZklmiZeZ fZkkh\Zy wd a_dmpby \ nhjf_ jZkklj_eh\ “aZqbgsbdh\” \ nhjf_ m[bckl\Z h^gh]h ba dZ`^h]h ^_kyldZ ebp

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Y ml\_j`^Zx h]jhfgh_ [hevrbgkl\h ba l_o khl_g lukyq dhlhju_ [u eb jZkklj_eygu \eZklvx khklhyeh ba jZ[hqbo b dj_klvyg

Iha`_ \k_ wlh \uebehkv \ nhjfm ]jZg^bhaghc ]jZ`^Zgkdhc \hcgu fgh`_kl\h njhglh\ khklZ\e_gguo \hkklZ\rbfb fZkkZfb b g_h[tylgh]h dhebq_kl\Z jZ[hqbo dj_klvygkdbo b fZljhkkdbo \hkklZgbc ]h\hjysbo \_kvfZ yjdh h oZjZdl_j_ wlhc fgbfhc “^bdlZlmju ijhe_lZjbZlZ” K

1919 ] \eZklv nZdlbq_kdb i_j_klZeZ [ulv \eZklvx ljm^ysboky fZkk b

klZeZ ijhklhc lbjZgb_c khklhys_c ba [_kijbgpbiguo bgl_eeb]_glh\ ^_deZkkbjh\Zgguo jZ[hqbo m]heh\guo ij_klmigbdh\ b jZaghjh^guo Z\Zglxjbklh\«

:jfby [hevr_\bklkdbo ij_lhjbZgp_\ \ g_kdhevdh ^_kyldh\ lukyq kihkh[gZ [ueZ \eZkl\h\Zlv b gZkbeh\Zlv fgh]hfbeebhggmx fZkkm Wlh ^_eZlv [ueh l_f e_]q_ qlh d wlhfm \j_f_gb b iha^g_crb_ ]h^u ijhe_lZjbZlZ \ ]hjh^Zo ihqlb g_ klZeh k jZa\Zehf ijhfure_gghklb kh klZ\ _]h khdjZlbeky \ – jZa IhemqbeZkv “^bdlZlmjZ ijhe_lZjbZlZ [_a

ijhe_lZjbZlZ” FZkkh\u_ \uklmie_gby _]h klZeb g_\hafh`gufb DmeZd

fgh]hlukyqghc ijhe_lZjkdhc fZkku i_j_klZe kms_kl\h\Zlv HklZ\rZyky g_[hevrZy qZklv g_ fh]eZ [ulv \gmrbl_evghc kbehc

?s_ [_kkbevg__ hdZaZeZkv ^_j_\gy GZk_e_gb_ Jhkkbb jZa[jhkZggh_ gZ qZklb a_fgh]h rZjZ jZkiue_gh hq_gv j_^dh b ihlhfm g_ \ khklhy gbb hj]Zgbah\Zggh \uklmiblv kjZam b ^_ckl\h\Zlv ieZghf_jgh Wlh aZ ljm^gyehkv b l_f qlh i_qZlv [ueZ aZo\Zq_gZ \eZklvx \k_ ^jm]b_ hj]Zgu __ [ueb aZdjulu <eZklv `_ aZo\ZlbeZ ihqlm l_e_]jZn l_e_nhg imlb khh[s_gby b h[s_gby Ijbkh_^bgbl_ kx^Z nZdl mf_eh]h h[_ahjm`b\Z gby gZk_e_gby \ ] \ kbem q_]h hgh hdZaZehkv [_ahjm`guf Mqly \k_ wlh e_]dh ihgylv ihq_fm dj_klvygkdb_ ^\b`_gby \kiuob\Zeb g_hj]Zgb ah\Zggh [_a \aZbfghc k\yab ihq_fm g_kfhljy gZ bo dhehkkZevgmx qbk e_gghklv \eZklv e_]dh fh]eZ ih^Z\eylv bo H^bg b lhl `_ hljy^ k_]h^gy jZkijZ\eyeky k h^gbf k_ehf aZ\ljZ i_j_[jZku\Zeky aZ ^_kyldb \_jkl ihke_aZ\ljZ – gZ gh\h_ f_klh b lZdbf iml_f fh] ih^Z\eylv ^_kyldb \hk

klZgbc :jfby `_ “mkfbjbl_e_c” \ g_kdhevdh ^_kyldh\ lukyq e_]dh jZk ijZ\eyeZkv kh fgh]bfb fbeebhgZfb

;hevrmx jhev ku]jZeZ b mklZehklv fZkk \f_kl_ k ]heh^hf Bklhs_g gu_ h[_kkbe_ggu_ mlhfe_ggu_ iylvx ]h^Zfb \hcgu b j_\hexpbb hgb g_ bf_eb ^hklZlhqgh wg_j]bb ^ey [hjv[u L_jjhj ijb wlbo mkeh\byo \u au\Ze e_]dh ihdhjghklv b ZiZlbx

K ^jm]hc klhjhgu gZ^h hl^Zlv ^he`gh_ b \eZklb HgZ ijhy\beZ ]jh fZ^gmx wg_j]bx \ hj]ZgbaZpbb dZjZl_evguo hljy^h\ IblZy bo kulgh aZ kq_l gZk_e_gby ij_^hklZ\eyy bf k\h[h^m ]jZ[blv b gZkbeh\Zlv _`_qZkgh ]bighlbabjmy bo k\h_c Z]blZpb_c hgZ kiZyeZ bo \ _^bgmx dj_idh kieh q_ggmx ]jmiim ij_lhjbZgp_\ b k\yaZeZ km^v[m b [eZ]hihemqb_ ihke_^gbo kh k\h_c kh[kl\_gghc km^v[hc

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